Automated Imaging and Analysis for the Quantification of Fluorescently Labeled Macropinosomes

Summary

Automated assays using multi-well microplates are advantageous approaches for identifying pathway regulators by allowing the assessment of a multitude of conditions in a single experiment. Here, we have adapted the well-established macropinosome imaging and quantification protocol to a 96-well microplate format and provide a comprehensive outline for automation using a multi-mode plate reader.

Abstract

Macropinocytosis is a non-specific fluid-phase uptake pathway that allows cells to internalize large extracellular cargo, such as proteins, pathogens, and cell debris, through bulk endocytosis. This pathway plays an essential role in a variety of cellular processes, including the regulation of immune responses and cancer cell metabolism. Given this importance in biological function, examining cell culture conditions can provide valuable information by identifying regulators of this pathway and optimizing conditions to be employed in the discovery of novel therapeutic approaches. The study describes an automated imaging and analysis technique using standard laboratory equipment and a cell imaging multi-mode plate reader for the rapid quantification of the macropinocytic index in adherent cells. The automated method is based on the uptake of high molecular weight fluorescent dextran and can be applied to 96-well microplates to facilitate assessments of multiple conditions in one experiment or fixed samples mounted onto glass coverslips. This approach is aimed at maximizing reproducibility and reducing experimental variation while being both time-saving and cost-effective.

Introduction

The non-specific endocytic pathway of macropinocytosis allows cells to internalize a variety of extracellular components, including nutrients, proteins, antigens, and pathogens, through bulk uptake of extracellular fluid and its constituents¹. Though important for the biology of numerous cell types, increasingly, the macropinocytosis pathway is described to play an essential role in tumor biology, where, through macropinocytic uptake, tumor cells are able to survive and proliferate in the presence of a nutrient-depleted microenvironment^2,3. The uptake of extracellular macromolecules, in....

Protocol

1. Preparation of materials

1. Dissolve 70 kDa dextran labeled with FITC or tetramethylrhodamine (TMR) in PBS to obtain a 20 mg/mL solution. Store the aliquots at -20 °C.
2. Dissolve DAPI in ddH₂O to obtain a 1 mg/mL solution. Store the aliquots at -20 °C.
   CAUTION: DAPI is a potential carcinogen and should be handled with care.
3. On the day of fixation, prepare fresh 3.7% ACS grade formaldehyde in PBS.
   CAUTION: Formaldehyde is a fixative, known carcinogen and is toxic if inhaled. Make the solution in a chemical fume hood to avoid inhalation and handle with care.
4. Prepare acid-washed coverslips.
   ....

Results

When the steps and adjustment of the above-described protocol are followed accordingly, the final experimental results should provide information about whether the studied cell culture conditions or inhibitors induce or reduce macropinocytosis in the cell line of interest. To strengthen the validity of these findings, the inclusion of control conditions will allow for the scrutinization of the results to determine whether the experiment has been completed successfully. Macropinocytosis induction controls will provide inf.......

Discussion

The quality of the experiments and data acquisition highly depends on the quality of the reagents, the optimization of the settings, and the cleanliness of the coverslips and microplate. The final results should give minimal variation between replicates; however, biological variations do naturally occur or may otherwise be caused by a number of factors. Cell density may cause cells to respond more or less to macropinocytosis inducers or inhibitors. It is, therefore, crucial to adhere to the 80% confluency as proposed her.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
0.25% Trypsin	Corning	25053CI	0.1% EDTA in HBSS w/o Calcium, Magnesium and Sodium Bicarbonate
1.5 mL Microcentrifuge tube	Fisherbrand	05-408-129
10-cm Tissue culture dish	Greiner Bio-One	664160	CELLSTAR
15 mL Centrifuge tube	Fisherbrand	07-200-886
2 L Beaker	Fisherbrand	02-591-33
24-well Tissue culture plate	Greiner Bio-One	662160	CELLSTAR
25 mL Reagent reservoir	Genesee Scientific Corporation	28-121
500 mL Beaker	Fisherbrand	02-591-30
6-cm Tissue culture dish	Greiner Bio-One	628160	CELLSTAR
8-Channel aspiration adapter	Integra Biosciences	155503
8-Channel aspiration adapter for standard tips	Integra Biosciences	159024
95% Ethanol	Decon Laboratories Inc	4355226
Ammonia-free glass cleaner	Sparkle	FUN20500CT
Black 96-well high-content screening microplate	PerkinElmer	6055300	CellCarrier-96 Ultra
Cotton-tipped applicator	Fisherbrand	23-400-101
Coverslips	Fisherbrand	12-545-80	12 mm diameter
Cytation 5 Cell Imaging Multi-Mode Reader	Biotek	CYT5FW
DAPI	Millipore Sigma	5.08741
Dextran 70 kDa - FITC	Life Technologies	D1822	Lysine-fixable
Dextran 70 kDa - TMR	Life Technologies	D1819
DMSO	Millipore Sigma	D1435
DPBS	Corning	21031CV	Without Calcium and Magnesium
Forceps	Fine Science Tools	11251-20	Dumont #5
Formaldehyde, 37%	Ricca Chemical	RSOF0010-250A	ACS Reagent Grade
Glycerol	Fisher BioReagents	BP229-1
Hardening fluorescence mounting media	Agilent Tech	S302380-2	DAKO
Hoechst 33342	Millipore Sigma	B2261
Hydrochloric acid (HCl)	Fisher Chemical	A144-212	Certified ACS Plus, 36.5%–38.0%
Lint-free wipes	Kimberly-Clark	34155	Kimwipes
Miscroscope slides	Fisherbrand	12-544-1	Premium plain glass
Multichannel pipette	Gilson	FA10013	8 channels, 0.5–10 µL
Multichannel pipette	Gilson	FA10012	12 channels, 20–200 µL
Multichannel pipette	Gilson	FA10011	8 channels, 20–200 µL
Parafilm M	Pechiney	PM996
Plastic wrap	Kirkland Signature	208733	Stretch-Tite
Silicone isolators	Grace Bio Labs Inc	664107	13 mm Diameter X 0.8 mm Depth ID, 25 mm X 25 mm
Slide adapter	Biotek	1220548
Wash bottle	Fisherbrand	FB0340922C