Rat Burn Model to Study Full-Thickness Cutaneous Thermal Burn and Infection

Summary

A model mimicking the clinical scenario of burn injury and infection is necessary for furthering burn research. The present protocol demonstrates a simple and reproducible rat burn infection model comparable to that in humans. This facilitates the study of burn and infections following burn for developing new topical antibiotic treatments.

Abstract

Burn induction methodologies are inconsistently described in rat models. A uniform burn wound model, which represents the clinical scenario, is necessary to perform reproducible burn research. The present protocol describes a simple and reproducible method to create ~20% total body surface area (TBSA) full-thickness burns in rats. Here, a 22.89 cm² (5.4 cm diameter) copper rod heated at 97 °C in a water bath was applied to the rat skin surface to induce the burn injury. A copper rod with a high thermal conductivity was able to dissipate the heat deeper in the skin tissue to create a full-thickness burn. Histology analysis shows attenuated epidermis with coagulative damage to the full-thickness extent of the dermis and the subcutaneous tissue. Additionally, this model is representative of the clinical situations observed in hospitalized burn patients following burn injury such as immune dysregulation and bacterial infections. The model can recapitulate the systemic bacterial infection by both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. In conclusion, this paper presents an easy-to-learn and robust rat burn model that mimics the clinical situations, including immune dysregulation and bacterial infections, which is of considerable utility for the development of new topical antibiotic drugs for burn wound and infections.

Introduction

Burn injuries are among the most devastating forms of trauma, with mortality rates reaching 12% even in specialized burn centers^1,2,3. According to recently published reports, ~486,000 burn patients require medical care annually in the United States, with nearly 3,500 deaths^1,2,3,4,5,6. Burn injury imposes a major challenge for patients' immune system and creates a signif....

Protocol

All procedures were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) of The University of North Carolina and were conducted in accordance with its established guidelines. Male and female Sprague Dawley rats (250-300 g) aged 7-9 weeks old were used for the experiments. All animals were housed in a 12 h:12 h light-dark cycle with free access to food and water ad libitum. Always work with your institutional veterinarian about an analgesic plan prior to study initiation. 

Discussion

Several burn models have been presented to study the pathophysiology of burn injury^8,12,16,17. In the present study, we employed a rat model to develop a simple and reproducible protocol to induce a full-thickness burn followed by bacterial infection to simulate an infected burn trauma in patients. The choice of the rat as the animal model to mimic human conditions is based on a balance of cost.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
1 mL syringe	BD, USA	309597	Used to inject the analgesic
1.7 mL Microtube	Olympus, USA	24-282	Used to carry morphine
10% NBF	VWR, USA	16004-115	Used to fix the skin piece for staining
30 mL syringe	BD, USA	302832	Used to inject the lactate ringer solution
70% ethyl alcohol	Fischer Scientific, USA	BP28184
Aperio AT2 Digital Pathology  Slide Scanner with ImageScope software	Aperio, Technologies Inc., Vista, CA, USA	n/a	Scanning of H & E slides and analysis
Cetrimide agar plates	BD, USA	285420	Selective media plates for Pseudomonas aeruginosa growth
Copper rods	n/a	n/a	Used to induce the burn injury
Cotton tipped applicators	OMEGA Surgical supply, USA	4225-IMC	Used to apply eye ointment
Electric shaver	Oster, USA	Golden A5	Used to remove the dorsal side hairs
Eye lube	Dechra, UK	n/a	The eye wetting agent to provide long lasting comfort and avoid eye dryness
Fluff filled underpads	Medline, USA	MSC281225	Used in the burn procedure
Forcep	F.S.T.	11027-12	Used to hold the skin piece
Gauze sponges	Oasis, USA	PK412	Used to clean the applied nair cream from the dorsal side
Heat-resistant gloves	n/a	n/a	Used to hold the heated copper rods
Hematology Analyzer	IDEXX laboratories, USA	ProCyte Dx
Induction chamber	Kent Scientific, USA	vetFlo-0730	Used to anesthesize the animals
Insulin syringe	BD, USA	329461
Isoflurane	Pivetal, USA	NDC46066-755-04	Used to anesthesized rats to induce a loss of consciousness
Isoflurane vaporiser	n/a	n/a
Lactated ringer's solution	icumedical, USA	NDC0990-7953-09	Used to resuscitate the rats
L-shaped spreader	Fischer Scientific, USA	14-665-230
Mannitol Agar	BD, USA	211407	Selective media plates for Staphylococcus aureus growth
Minicollect tubes (K2EDTA)	greiner bio-one, USA	450480	Used to collect the blood
Morphine	Mallinckrodt, UK	NDC0406-8003-30	This analgesia was used to induce the inability to feel burn injury pain
Muller Hinton Broth	BD, USA	275730
Muller Hinton II Agar	BD, USA	211438
Nair hair removal lotion	Nair, USA	n/a	Used to remove the residual hairs on dorsal side
Needle 23 G	BD, USA	305193	Used to inject the lactate ringer solution
Normal saline	n/a	n/a
Spectrophotometer	ThermoScientific, USA	Genesys 30
Sprague-Dawley rats, male and female	Charles River Labs	n/a	7-9 weeks old for burn induction
Surgical Scissor	F.S.T.	14501-14	Used to cut the desired skin piece
Tissue collection tubes	Globe Scientific	220101236
Tissue Homogenizer	Kinematica, Inc, USA	POLYTRON PT2100	Used to homogenize the tissue samples
Water bath	Fischer Scientific, USA	n/a	Used to induce the burn injury
Weighted heating pad	Comfytemp, USA	n/a	Used during the procedure to keep rat's body warm