Single-Cell Analysis of the Expression of Pseudomonas syringae Genes within the Plant Tissue

Summary

The present protocol describes a method that allows single-cell gene expression analysis on Pseudomonas syringae populations grown within the plant apoplast.

Abstract

A plethora of pathogenic microorganisms constantly attack plants. The Pseudomonas syringae species complex encompasses Gram-negative plant-pathogenic bacteria of special relevance for a wide number of hosts. P. syringae enters the plant from the leaf surface and multiplies rapidly within the apoplast, forming microcolonies that occupy the intercellular space. The constitutive expression of fluorescent proteins by the bacteria allows for visualization of the microcolonies and monitoring of the development of the infection at the microscopic level. Recent advances in single-cell analysis have revealed the large complexity reached by clonal isogenic bacterial populations. This complexity, referred to as phenotypic heterogeneity, is the consequence of cell-to-cell differences in gene expression (not linked to genetic differences) among the bacterial community. To analyze the expression of individual loci at the single-cell level, transcriptional fusions to fluorescent proteins have been widely used. Under stress conditions, such as those occurring during colonization of the plant apoplast, P. syringae differentiates into distinct subpopulations based on the heterogeneous expression of key virulence genes (i.e., the Hrp type III secretion system). However, single-cell analysis of any given P. syringae population recovered from plant tissue is challenging due to the cellular debris released during the mechanical disruption intrinsic to the inoculation and bacterial extraction processes. The present report details a method developed to monitor the expression of P. syringae genes of interest at the single-cell level during the colonization of Arabidopsis and bean plants. The preparation of the plants and the bacterial suspensions used for inoculation using a vacuum chamber are described. The recovery of endophytic bacteria from infected leaves by apoplastic fluid extraction is also explained here. Both the bacterial inoculation and bacterial extraction methods are empirically optimized to minimize plant and bacterial cell damage, resulting in bacterial preparations optimal for microscopy and flow cytometry analysis.

Introduction

Pathogenic bacteria display differences in diverse phenotypes, giving rise to the formation of subpopulations within genetically identical populations. This phenomenon is known as phenotypic heterogeneity and has been proposed as an adaptation strategy during bacterial-host interactions¹. Recent advances in the optical resolution of confocal microscopes, flow cytometry, and microfluidics, combined with fluorescent proteins, have fostered single-cell analyses of bacterial populations².

The Gram-negative Pseudomonas syringae is an archetypal plant pathogenic bacteria due to both its aca....

Protocol

1. Plant preparation

1. Prepare Arabidopsis Col-0 plants following the steps below.
   1. Fill a 10 cm diameter pot with a 1:3 vermiculite-plant substrate mix (see Table of Materials), previously watered, and cover the pot with a 15 cm x 15 cm metal mesh with 1.6 mm x 1.6 mm holes. Adjust the metal mesh to the wet soil using a rubber band (Figure 1A).
   2. With a wet toothpick, sow Arabidopsis seeds into the holes of the metal mesh. Plac.......

Discussion

The method presented here describes a non-invasive procedure that allows the infiltration of bacteria into the plant foliar tissue, allowing the rapid inoculation of large volumes while minimizing tissue disruption. One of the characteristics of the P. syringae species complex is the ability to survive and proliferate inside the plant apoplast and on the plant surface as epiphyte¹⁴. Thus, the possibility that the bacteria extracted using the present protocol come only from the plant apopl.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
0.17 mm coverslip			No special requirements
1.6 x 1.6 mm metal mesh	Buzifu		Fiberglass screen mesh
10 cm diameter pots			No special requirements
140 mm Petri dishes			No special requirements
20 mL syringe			No special requirements
50 mL conical tubes	Sarstedt
Agarose	Merk
Ampicillin sodium	GoldBio
Bacteriological agar	Roko
Confocal Microscope Stellaris	Leica Microsystems
FACSVerse cell analyzer	BD Biosciences
Fiji software
Gentamycin sulfate	Duchefa	G-0124
Kanamycin monosulfate	Phytotechnology	K378
MgCl2	Merk
NaCl	Merk
Parafilm	Pechiney Plastic Packaging
Plant substrate			No special requirements
Silwet L-77	Cromton Europe Ltd
Toothpicks			No special requirements
Tryptone	Merk
Tweezers			No special requirements
Vacuum chamber 25 cm diameter	Kartell	554
Vacuum pump	GAST	DOA-P504-BN
Vermiculite			No special requirements
Yeast Extract	Merk