Establishing a Diaphyseal Femur Fracture Model in Mice

Summary

This protocol describes a surgical procedure for the establishment of a diaphyseal fracture in the femur of mice, which is stabilized with an intramedullary wire, for fracture healing studies.

Abstract

Bones have a significant regenerative capacity. However, fracture healing is a complex process, and depending on the severity of the lesions and the age and overall health status of the patient, failures can occur, leading to delayed union or nonunion. Due to the increasing number of fractures resulting from high-energy trauma and aging, the development of innovative therapeutic strategies to improve bone repair based on the combination of skeletal/mesenchymal stem/stromal cells and biomimetic biomaterials is urgently needed. To this end, the use of reliable animal models is fundamental to better understanding the key cellular and molecular mechanisms that determine the healing outcomes. Of all the models, the mouse is the preferred research model because it offers a wide variety of transgenic strains and reagents for experimental analysis. However, the establishment of fractures in mice may be technically challenging due to their small size. Therefore, this article aims to demonstrate the procedures for the surgical establishment of a diaphyseal femur fracture in mice, which is stabilized with an intramedullary wire and resembles the most common bone repair process, through cartilaginous callus formation.

Introduction

The skeleton is a vital and functionally versatile organ. The bones of the skeleton enable body posture and movement, protect the internal organs, produce hormones that integrate physiological responses, and are the site of hematopoiesis and mineral storage¹. If fractured, bones have a remarkable capacity to regenerate and fully restore their pre-injury form and function. The healing process begins with the formation of a hematoma and an inflammatory response, which induces the activation and condensation of skeletal stem/progenitor cells from the periosteum, endosteum, and bone marrow and their subsequent differentiation to form the soft carti....

Protocol

All the experiments were approved by the Animal Use and Care Committee of the Center for Health Sciences of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (Protocol Number 101/21). Male Balb/c mice at 10-12 weeks of age (25-30 g body weight) were used in this study. The surgical procedure takes approximately 15-20 min per mouse. Before each procedure, the required instruments (listed in the Table of Materials) must be organized over a sterile surgical field covering the operating table (Fi.......

Discussion

As the number of fractures increases worldwide^9,10,25, innovative treatments for nonunion are becoming increasingly urgent. As fracture healing involves a complex and tightly orchestrated summation of events that occur over a long timescale³, the use of valid animal models is central to improving our understanding of the mechanisms that determine the success of bone repair and to selecting effective drugs.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Alcohol 70º	Merck	109-56-8	Or any general available supplier
Canada balsam (mounting medium)	Merck	C1795	Or any general available supplier
Cefazoline	ABL	Not applicable	Similar brands of the item may be used according to local availability
Coverslip	Merck	CSL284525	Or any general available supplier
Dental X-Ray Generator	Focus	-	Sold by Instrumentarium Dental Inc.
DEPC water	Merck	W4502	Or any general available supplier
Dissecting Scissor	ABC Instrumentos	0327	Similar brands of the item may be used according to local availability
EDTA	Vetec	60REAVET014340	Similar brands of the item may be used according to local availability
Eosin solution	Laborclin	EA-65	Similar brands of the item may be used according to local availability
Ethanol P.A	Vetec	60REAVET012053	Similar brands of the item may be used according to local availability
Gauze pads	Cremer	Not applicable	Or any general available supplier
Harris Hematoxylin Solution	Laborclin	620503	Similar brands of the item may be used according to local availability
Heating pad	Tonkey Electrical Technology	E114273	Similar brands of the item may be used according to local availability
Histological slides	Merck	CSL294875X25	Or any general available supplier
Histology cassettes	Merck	H0542-1CS	Or any general available supplier
Hydrochloric acid - 37%	Merck	258148	Similar brands of the item may be used according to local availability
Insulin syringe	BD	324918	Or any general available supplier
Iodopovidone sponge	Rioquímica	372106	Or any general available supplier
Ketamine hydrochloride	Ceva	Not applicable	Similar brands of the item may be used according to local availability
Lacribel collyrium	Cristalia	Not applicable	Similar brands of the item may be used according to local availability
Microtome	Leica	149AUTO00C1
Mouse Tooth Forceps Tweezer	ABC Instrumentos	0164	Similar brands of the item may be used according to local availability
Needle 26 G	BD	2239	Or any general available supplier
Needle Holder	Golgran	135-18	Similar brands of the item may be used according to local availability
Nonresorbable Nylon Suture thread nº 6	Atramat	C1546-NT	Or any general available supplier
Paraffin	Exodo	8002 - 74 - 2	Similar brands of the item may be used according to local availability
Paraformaldehyde	Sigma	30525-89-4	Similar brands of the item may be used according to local availability
PBS 1x	Lonza	BE17-516F	Similar brands of the item may be used according to local availability
Resorbable Nylon Suture thread nº 6	Atramat	C1596-45B	Or any general available supplier
Rod Wire SS CrNi 0.016"	Orthometric	56.50.2016
Scalpel nº 11	Descarpak	15782	Or any general available supplier
Serrated Tip Tweezer	Quinelato	QC.404.12	Similar brands of the item may be used according to local availability
Shaver	Phillips	Not applicable	Similar brands of the item may be used according to local availability
Surgical tape	3M	2734	Or any general available supplier
Surgical tnt field	Polarfix	6153	Or any general available supplier
Tramadol hydrochloride	Teuto	Not applicable	Similar brands of the item may be used according to local availability
Water bath for histology	Leica	HI1210
Xylazine hydrochloride	Ceva	Not applicable	Similar brands of the item may be used according to local availability
Xylene	Dinamica	60READIN001105	Similar brands of the item may be used according to local availability