Ultrastructural Expansion Microscopy in Three In Vitro Life Cycle Stages of Trypanosoma cruzi

Summary

This study shows a detailed protocol to perform ultrastructure expansion microscopy in three in vitro life cycle stages of Trypanosoma cruzi, the pathogen responsible for Chagas disease. We include the optimized technique for cytoskeletal proteins and pan-proteome labeling.

Abstract

We describe here the application of ultrastructure expansion microscopy (U-ExM) in Trypanosoma cruzi, a technique that allows increasing the spatial resolution of a cell or tissue for microscopic imaging. This is performed by physically expanding a sample with off-the-shelf chemicals and common lab equipment.

Chagas disease is a widespread and pressing public health concern caused by T. cruzi. The disease is prevalent in Latin America and has become a significant problem in non-endemic regions due to increased migration. The transmission of T. cruzi occurs through hematophagous insect vectors belonging to the Reduviidae and Hemiptera families. Following infection, T. cruzi amastigotes multiply within the mammalian host and differentiate into trypomastigotes, the non-replicative bloodstream form. In the insect vector, trypomastigotes transform into epimastigotes and proliferate through binary fission.The differentiation between the life cycle stages requires an extensive rearrangement of the cytoskeleton and can be recreated in the lab completely using different cell culture techniques.

We describe here a detailed protocol for the application of U-ExM in three in vitro life cycle stages of Trypanosoma cruzi, focusing on optimization of the immunolocalization of cytoskeletal proteins. We also optimized the use of N-Hydroxysuccinimide ester (NHS), a pan-proteome label that has enabled us to mark different parasite structures.

Introduction

Expansion microscopy (ExM) was described for the first time in 2015 by Boyden et al.¹. It is an imaging protocol with which a conventional microscope can achieve a spatial resolution below the diffraction limit. This higher resolution is obtained because of a physical enlargement of the sample. To accomplish this, fluorescently labeled molecules are crosslinked to a hydrogel, which is subsequently expanded isotropically with water. As a result of this expansion, the signals are separated nearly isotropically in all three dimensions. This method employs low-cost chemicals and enables a spatial resolution of approximately 65 nm using conventional....

Protocol

NOTE: Figure 1 illustrates the complete experimental design.

Figure 1: U-ExM workflow for three in vitro life cycle stages of T. cruzi. Please click here to view a larger version o.......

Discussion

Ultrastructural expansion microscopy is a technique that allows obtaining high-resolution images of biological samples by physically expanding them to several times their original size. The U-ExM protocol involves several critical steps that must be carefully executed to achieve optimal results⁴. First, the sample must be fixed with a CP agent and embedded in a swellable hydrogel matrix. The formaldehyde present in the CP solution interacts with the free covalent bonds of the acrylamide to prevent.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
0.22 micrometers sterile syringe filters PES	Membrane solutions	SFPES030022S
1 L beaker	Schott Duran	10005227
1.5-mL SPINWIN Micro Centrifuge Tube	Tarson	T38-500010
10 mL disposable sterile serynge	NP	66-32
10 mL serological pipette sterile	Jet Biofil	GSP211010
12-mm coverslips	Merienfeld GmbH	01 115 20	Round coverslips
12-well plates	Jet Biofil	TCP011012
22-mm coverslips	Corning	2845-22	Square coverslips
24-well plates	Jet Biofil	TCP-011-024
250 mL beaker	Schott Duran	C108.1
3 mL Pasteur pipette	Deltalab	200037
35-mm glass bottom dishes	Matsunami glass ind	D11130H
4′,6-Diamidine-2′-phenylindole dihydrochloride	Sigma Aldrich	D9542	DAPI
5 ml serological pipette sterile	Jet Biofil	GSP010005
6-well plates	Sarstedt	83.3920
Acrilamide	BioRad	1610101
Ammonium persulfate	Sigma Aldrich	A3678-25G	APS
ATTO 647 NHS ester	BOC Sciences	F10-0107	For pan-proteome labelling
Biosafty Cabinet	Telstar	Bio II A/P
Bovine Sodium Albumine	Sigma Aldrich	A7906	BSA
CO2 Incubator	Sanyo	MCO-15A
Confocal Microscope	Zeiss	LSM 880
Disposable Petridish	Tarsons	460095	90 mm diameter
DMEM, High Glucose	Thermo Fisher Cientific	12100046	Powder
Electronic digital caliper	Radar	RADAR-SLIDE-CALIPER
Ethanol Absolute	Supelco	1,00,98,31,000
Fetal Calf Serum	Internegocios SA	FCS FRA 500	Sterile and heat-inactivated
Fiji image processing package	ImageJ		doi:10.1038/nmeth.2019
Formaldehyde 37%	Sigma Aldrich	F8775	FA
Glass Petridish	Marienfeld Superior	PM-3400300	60 mm diameter
Glucosa D(+)	Cicarelli	716214
Glutaraldehyde 70%	Sigma Aldrich	G7776
Goat anti-Mouse IgG Secondary Antibody Alexa Fluor 555	Invitrogen	A-21422
Goat anti-Rabbit IgG Secondary Antibody FICT	Jackson Immunoresearch	115-095-003
Graduated cylinder	Nalgene	3663-1000
Graduated glass flask	Glassco	GL-274.202.01	100 mL
Heating Block	IBR		Made in house
Hemin	Frontier Scientific	H651-9
Hydrochloric acid 36.8-38.0%	Ciccarelli	918110
Ice bucket	Corning	1167U68
Incubator	Tecno Dalvo	TOC130
Liver Infusion	Difco	226920
Magnetic stirrer and heater	Lab companion	HP-3000
Metal spatula	SALTTECH	200MM
Metal tweezers	Marienfeld Superior	PM-6633002
Methanol absolut	Cicarelli	897110
Microcentrifuge tube 1.5 mL	Tarson	500010-N
Microscopy grade paper KimWipes	Kimtech Science	B0013HT2QW
Milli-Q water sistem	Merk Millipore	IQ-7003
mouse anti- alpha tubulin clone DM1A	Sigma Aldrich	T9026
mouse anti-PFR	Purified antibodies		Donated by Dr. Ariel Silber (USP)
N,N´-methylenbisacrilamide	ICN	193997	BIS
Na2HPO4	Cicarelli	834214
Neubauer chamber	Boeco	BOE 01
p1000 pipette	Gilson	PIPETMAN P1000
p1000 pipette tips	Tarson	TAR-521020B
p20 pipette	Gilson	PIPETMAN P20
p20 pipette tips	Tarson	TAR-527108
p200 pipette	Gilson	PIPETMAN P200
p200 pipette tips	Tarson	TAR-521010Y
Paraformaldehyde	Sigma Aldrich	P6148	PFA
pH / ORP / °C meter	HANNA Instruments	HI 2211
Poly-D-Lysine 0.1%	Sigma Aldrich	P8920
Potassium Chloride	Cicarelli	867212	KCl
Razor blade	Printex	BS 2982:1992
Sealing FIlm "Parafilm M"	Bemis	PM996
Sodium Acrilate	Sigma Aldrich	408220-25G	SA
Sodium Bicarbonate	Cicarelli	929211	NaHCO3
Sodium Chloride	Cicarelli	750214	NaCl
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate	BioRad	1610302	SDS
Sodium Hidroxide	Merk	1-06498	NaOH
Sorvall ST 16 Centrifuge	Thermo Fisher Scientific	75004380
T-25 flasks	Corning	430639
TEMED	Invitrogen	15524-010
Tissue paper	Elite
Triptose	Merck	1106760500
Tris	BioRad	1610719
Tween-20	Biopack	2003-07	Polysorbate 20
Vaccum pump	Silfab	N33-A
Vero cells	ATCC	CRL-1587
Vortex MIxer	Dragon Lab	MX-S