Two-Photon Calcium Imaging of Forebrain Activity in Behaving Adult Zebrafish

Summary

Here, we present a protocol to perform two-photon calcium imaging in the dorsal forebrain of adult zebrafish.

Abstract

Adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) exhibit a rich repertoire of behaviors for studying cognitive functions. They also have a miniature brain that can be used for measuring activities across brain regions through optical imaging methods. However, reports on the recording of brain activity in behaving adult zebrafish have been scarce. The present study describes procedures to perform two-photon calcium imaging in the dorsal forebrain of adult zebrafish. We focus on steps to restrain adult zebrafish from moving their heads, which provides stability that enables laser scanning imaging of the brain activity. The head-restrained animals can freely move their body parts and breathe without aids. The procedure aims to shorten the time of head restraint surgery, minimize brain motion, and maximize the number of neurons recorded. A setup for presenting an immersive visual environment during calcium imaging is also described here, which can be used to study neural correlates underlying visually triggered behaviors.

Introduction

Calcium fluorescence imaging with genetically encoded indicators or synthetic dyes has been a powerful method of measuring neuronal activity in behaving animals, including non-human primates, rodents, birds, and insects¹. The activity of hundreds of cells, up to approximately 800 µm below the brain surface, can be measured simultaneously using multi-photon imaging^2,3. The activity of specific cell types can also be measured by expressing calcium indicators in genetically defined neuronal populations. Application of the imaging method for small vertebrate models opens up new possibi....

Protocol

All animal procedures were approved and carried out in accordance with the guidelines of the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Academia Sinica. Details of the research tools can be found in the Table of Materials.

1. Preparation of recording chamber

1. Prepare a semi-hexagonal tank, a base plate, and a head stage (Figure 1A; Supplementary Files 1-3). The head stage consists of two metal posts attached to a circular plate. The circular plate contains grooves that can be locked onto the base plate. After being locked together, the head stage....

Results

The protocol consists of two parts: head restraint surgery and two-photon calcium imaging of neuronal activities in the forebrain. The success of surgery is defined by the survival of the animal and the stability of the head restraint. The survival rate can be greatly improved by frequent perfusion of 0.01% TMS solution through the mouth during surgery. Fish should recover from anesthesia and breathe actively within 1-2 min after being immersed into fish tank water. Two-photon calcium imaging enables activity recording o.......

Discussion

Here, we describe a detailed protocol to restrain the head of adult zebrafish for two-photon calcium imaging. There are two critical steps to achieve a head restraint that is stable enough for laser scanning imaging. First, the head bar has to be glued to the specific attachment sites of the skulls. Other parts of the skull are often too thin to provide mechanical stability and may even be fractured during strong body movements. Second, the skin above the attachment sites has to be thoroughly removed. Residual water.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Acquisition card	MBF Bioscience	Vidrio vDAQ	Microscope
Back-projection film	Kimoto	Diland screen - GSK	present visual stimulus
Band-pass filter (510/80 nm)	Chroma	ET510/80m	Microscope
Base plate for the semi-hexagonal tank	custom made	see supplemental files	recording chamber
Camera filter (<875 nm)	Edmund optics	#86-106	Behavior recording
Camera filter (>700 nm)	Edmund optics	#43-949	Behavior recording
Camera lens	Thorlabs	MVL50M23	Behavior recording
Chameleon Vision-S	Coherent	Vision-S	Laser
Circular plate for the head stage	custom made	see supplemental files	recording chamber
Controller for piezo actuator	Physik Instrumente	E-665. CR	Microscope
Current amplifier	Thorlabs	TIA60	Microscope
Elitedent Q-6	Rolence Enterprise	Q-6	Surgery: UV lamp
Emission Filter 510/80 nm	Chroma	ET510/80m	Microscope
Head bar	custom made	see supplemental files	recording chamber
Infrared light	Thorlabs	M810L3	Behavior recording
LED projector	AAXA	P2B LED Pico Projector	present visual stimulus
Moist paper tissue (Kimwipe)	Kimtech Science	34155	Surgery: moist paper tissue
Motorized XY sample stage	Zaber	X-LRM050	Microscope
Neutral Density Filters (50% Transmission)	Thorlabs	NE203B	present visual stimulus
Ø1/2" Post Holder	ThorLabs	PH1.5V	Surgery: hollow tube for cannon
Ø1/2" Stainless Steel Optical Post	ThorLabs	TR150/M	Surgery: fish loading module
Objective lens 16x, 0.8NA	Nikon	CF175	Microscope
Oil-based modeling clay	Ly Hsin Clay	C4086	Surgery: head bar holder
Optical adhesive	Norland Products	NOA68	Surgery: UV curable glue
Photomultiplier tube	Hamamatsu	H11706P-40	Microscope
Piezo actuator	Physik Instrumente	P-725.4CA PIFOC	Microscope
Pockels Cell	Conoptics	M350-80-LA-BK-02	Microscope
Red Wratten filter (> 600 nm)	Edmund optics	#53-699	present visual stimulus
Resonant-Galvo Scan System	INSS	RGE-02	Microscope
Right-Angle Clamp for Ø1/2" Post	ThorLabs	RA90/M	Surgery: fish loading module
Rotating Clamp for Ø1/2" Post	ThorLabs	SWC/M	Surgery: fish loading module
ScanImage	MBF Bioscience	Basic version	Microscope
Semi-hexagonal tank	custom made	see supplemental files	recording chamber
Super-Bond C&B Kit	Sun Medical Co.	Super-Bond C&B	Surgery: dental cement
Tricaine methanesulfonate	Sigma Aldrich	E10521	Surgery: anesthetic
USB Camera	FLIR	BFS-U3-13Y3M-C	Behavior recording
Vetbond	3M	1469SB	Surgery: tissue glue