Application of Monolayer Graphene to Cryo-Electron Microscopy Grids for High-resolution Structure Determination

Summary

The application of support layers to cryogenic electron microscopy (cryoEM) grids can increase particle density, limit interactions with the air-water interface, reduce beam-induced motion, and improve the distribution of particle orientations. This paper describes a robust protocol for coating cryoEM grids with a monolayer of graphene for improved cryo-sample preparation.

Abstract

In cryogenic electron microscopy (cryoEM), purified macromolecules are applied to a grid bearing a holey carbon foil; the molecules are then blotted to remove excess liquid and rapidly frozen in a roughly 20-100 nm thick layer of vitreous ice, suspended across roughly 1 µm wide foil holes. The resulting sample is imaged using cryogenic transmission electron microscopy, and after image processing using suitable software, near-atomic resolution structures can be determined. Despite cryoEM's widespread adoption, sample preparation remains a severe bottleneck in cryoEM workflows, with users often encountering challenges related to samples behaving poorly in the suspended vitreous ice. Recently, methods have been developed to modify cryoEM grids with a single continuous layer of graphene, which acts as a support surface that often increases particle density in the imaged area and can reduce interactions between particles and the air-water interface. Here, we provide detailed protocols for the application of graphene to cryoEM grids and for rapidly assessing the relative hydrophilicity of the resulting grids. Additionally, we describe an EM-based method to confirm the presence of graphene by visualizing its characteristic diffraction pattern. Finally, we demonstrate the utility of these graphene supports by rapidly reconstructing a 2.7 Å resolution density map of a Cas9 complex using a pure sample at a relatively low concentration.

Introduction

Single particle cryogenic electron microscopy (cryoEM) has evolved into a widely used method for visualizing biological macromolecules¹. Fueled by advances in direct electron detection^2,3,4, data acquisition⁵, and image processing algorithms^6,7,8,9,10, cryoEM is now capable of producing near-atomic resolution 3D structures of a fast-growing number of macromolecules

Protocol

1. Preparation of CVD graphene

1. Prepare graphene etching solution as described below.
   1. Dissolve 4.6 g ammonium persulfate (APS) in 20 mL of molecular grade water in a 50 mL beaker for a 1 M solution and cover with aluminum foil. Allow APS to completely dissolve while proceeding to step 1.2.
2. Prepare a section of CVD graphene for methyl methacrylate (MMA) coating. Carefully cut a square section of CVD graphene. Transfer the square to a coverslip (50 mm x 2.......

Discussion

CryoEM sample preparation involves a host of technical challenges, with most workflows requiring researchers to manually manipulate fragile grids with extreme care to avoid damaging them. Additionally, the amenability of any sample to vitrification is unpredictable; particles often interact with the air-water-interface or with the solid support foil overlaying the grids, which can lead to particles adopting preferred orientations or failing to enter the imaging holes unless very high protein concentrations are applied

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
250 mL beaker (3x)	Fisher	02-555-25B
50 mL beaker (2x)	Corning	1000-50
Acetone	Fisher	A949-4
Aluminum foil	Fisher	15-078-292
Ammonium persulfate	Fisher	(I17874
Coverslips 50 mm x 24 mm	Mattek	PCS-1.5-5024
CVD graphene	Graphene Supermarket	CVD-Cu-2x2
easiGlow discharger	Ted-Pella	91000S
Ethanol	Millipore-Sigma	1.11727
Flat-tip tweezers	Fisher	50-239-60
Glass cutter	Grainger	21UE26
Glass petri plate and cover	VWR	75845-544
Glass serological pipette	Fisher	13-676-34D
Grid Storage Case	EMS	71146-02
Hot plate	Fisher	07-770-108
Isopropanol	Sigma	W292907
Kimwipe	Fisher	06-666
Lab scissors	Fisher	13-806-2
Methyl-Methacrylate EL-6	Kayaku	MMA M310006 0500L1GL
Molecular grade water	Corning	46-000-CM
Negative action tweezers (2x)	Fisher	50-242-78
P20 pipette	Rainin	17014392
P200 pipette	Rainin	17008652
Parafilm	Fisher	13-374-12
Pipette tips	Rainin	30389291
Quantifoil grids with holey carbon	EMS	Q2100CR1
Spin coater	SetCas	KW-4A	with chuck SCA-19-23
Straightedge	ULINE	H-6560
Thermometer	Grainger	3LRD1
UV/Ozone cleaner	BioForce	SKU: PC440
Vacuum desiccator	Thomas Scientific	1159X11
Whatman paper	VWR	28297-216