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This protocol describes an approach for performing calcium imaging in virus-infected human intestinal organoids and offers an approach to analysis.
Calcium signaling is an integral regulator of nearly every tissue. Within the intestinal epithelium, calcium is involved in the regulation of secretory activity, actin dynamics, inflammatory responses, stem cell proliferation, and many other uncharacterized cellular functions. As such, mapping calcium signaling dynamics within the intestinal epithelium can provide insight into homeostatic cellular processes and unveil unique responses to various stimuli. Human intestinal organoids (HIOs) are a high-throughput, human-derived model to study the intestinal epithelium and thus represent a useful system to investigate calcium dynamics. This paper describes a protocol to stably transduce HIOs with genetically encoded calcium indicators (GECIs), perform live fluorescence microscopy, and analyze imaging data to meaningfully characterize calcium signals. As a representative example, 3-dimensional HIOs were transduced with lentivirus to stably express GCaMP6s, a green fluorescent protein-based cytosolic GECI. The engineered HIOs were then dispersed into a single-cell suspension and seeded as monolayers. After differentiation, the HIO monolayers were infected with rotavirus and/or treated with drugs known to stimulate a calcium response. An epifluorescence microscope fitted with a temperature-controlled, humidified live-imaging chamber allowed for long-term imaging of infected or drug-treated monolayers. Following imaging, acquired images were analyzed using the freely available analysis software, ImageJ. Overall, this work establishes an adaptable pipeline for characterizing cellular signaling in HIOs.
Calcium is a widely conserved second messenger that plays a critical role in regulating cellular physiology1. Given its strong charge, small size, and high solubility in physiological conditions, calcium is an ideal manipulator of protein conformation. This makes calcium a powerful means to transduce electrochemical signals into enzymatic, transcriptional, or post-transcriptional alterations. The strict calcium concentration gradients across the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and plasma membranes create a high driving force that allows for rapid changes in cytosolic calcium concentration. Multiple mechanisms, including both buffering and active tra....
All of the human intestinal organoids (HIOs) used in this protocol and the representative experiments were derived from human tissue obtained and maintained by the Texas Medical Center Digestive Diseases Enteroid Core. All samples were collected in accordance with a protocol approved by the Institutional Review Board at Baylor College of Medicine.
1. Preparation of materials and reagents
Figure 1A shows a BMM dome containing 3-dimensional human intestinal organoids that have been transduced to stably express GCaMP6s. Figure 1B shows the same line of organoid replated as a monolayer at 24, 48, and 72 h post-seeding. To validate the function of GCaMP6s, the monolayer was imaged by fluorescence microscopy every 2 s for 4 min, and 100 nM ADP was added to the media after ~20 s. ADP elicits calcium release from the endoplasmic reticulum, increasi.......
Alterations in cytosolic Ca2+ levels can be both a cause and effect of pathologies within the epithelium10,16,17. Increases in cytosolic calcium can directly drive secretion via activation of the calcium-dependent chloride channel TMEM16A18,19. Activation of TMEM16A in response to Ca2+ allows for the apical efflux of chloride, establishing an osmoti.......
This work was supported by grants R01DK115507 and R01AI158683 (PI: J. M. Hyser) from the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Trainee support was provided by NIH grants F30DK131828 (PI: J.T. Gebert), F31DK132942 (PI: F. J. Scribano), and F32DK130288 (PI: K.A. Engevik). We would like to thank the Texas Medical Center Digestive Diseases Enteroid Core for providing the organoid maintenance media.
....Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
Advanced DMEM F12 | Gibco | 12634028 | |
[Leu15]-Gastrin I | Sigma-Aldrich | G9145 | |
0.05% Trypsin EDTA | Gibco | 25300054 | |
0.05% Trypsin EDTA | Gibco | 25300054 | |
1.5mL microcentrifuge tubes | Fisherbrand | 5408137 | |
15mL conical tubes | Thermofisher Scientific | 0553859A | |
16% formaldehyde | Thermofisher Scientific | 28906 | |
1M HEPES | Gibco | 15630080 | |
1M HEPES | Gibco | 15630080 | |
1X PBS | Corning | 21-040-CV | |
25 gauge needle | Thermofisher Scientific | 1482113D | |
A-83-01 | Tocris | 2939 | |
ADP | Sigma-Aldrich | A2754 | |
Advanced DMEM F12 | Gibco | 12634028 | |
Antibiotic-antimycocytic | Gibco | 15240062 | |
Antibiotic-antimycotic | Gibco | 15240062 | |
B27 Supplement | Gibco | 17504-044 | |
Bovine serum albumin | FisherScientific | BP1600100 | |
CellView Cell Culture Slide, PS, 75/25 MM, Glass Bottom, 10 compartments | Greiner | 543979 | |
Collagen IV | Sigma Aldrich | C5533 | |
DAPI | Thermofisher Scientific | D1306 | |
EDTA | Corning | 46-034-CI | |
Fetal bovine serum | Corning | 35010CV | |
Fetal bovine serum | Corning | 35010CV | |
Fluorobrite | Gibco | A1896701 | |
GlutaMAX | Gibco | 35050079 | |
GlutaMAX | Gibco | 35050079 | |
Human epidermal growth factor | ProteinTech | HZ-1326 | |
Lentivirus | VectorBuilder | (variable) | |
Matrigel | BD Biosceicen | 356231/CB40230C | |
N2 Supplement | Gibco | 17502-048 | |
N-acetylcysteine | Sigma-Aldrich | A9165-5G | |
NH4Cl | Sigma-Aldrich | A9434 | |
Nicotinamide | Sigma-Aldrich | N0636 | |
Nunc Cell Culture Treated 24-well Plates | Thermofisher Scientific | 142475 | |
Polybrene | MilliporeSigma | TR1003G | |
SB202190 | Sigma-Aldrich | S70767 | |
Triton X-100 | Fisher BioReagents | BP151100 | |
TrypLE Express Enzyme, no phenol red | Thermofisher Scientific | 12604013 | |
Trypsin | Worthington Biochemical | NC9811754 | |
Y-27632 | Tocris | 1254 |
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