Single-Molecule Measurement of Protein Interaction Dynamics Within Biomolecular Condensates

Summary

Many intrinsically disordered proteins have been shown to participate in the formation of highly dynamic biomolecular condensates, a behavior important for numerous cellular processes. Here, we present a single-molecule imaging-based method for quantifying the dynamics by which proteins interact with each other in biomolecular condensates in live cells.

Abstract

Biomolecular condensates formed via liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) have been considered critical in cellular organization and an increasing number of cellular functions. Characterizing LLPS in live cells is also important because aberrant condensation has been linked to numerous diseases, including cancers and neurodegenerative disorders. LLPS is often driven by selective, transient, and multivalent interactions between intrinsically disordered proteins. Of great interest are the interaction dynamics of proteins participating in LLPS, which are well-summarized by measurements of their binding residence time (RT), that is, the amount of time they spend bound within condensates. Here, we present a method based on live-cell single-molecule imaging that allows us to measure the mean RT of a specific protein within condensates. We simultaneously visualize individual protein molecules and the condensates with which they associate, use single-particle tracking (SPT) to plot single-molecule trajectories, and then fit the trajectories to a model of protein-droplet binding to extract the mean RT of the protein. Finally, we show representative results where this single-molecule imaging method was applied to compare the mean RTs of a protein at its LLPS condensates when fused and unfused to an oligomerizing domain. This protocol is broadly applicable to measuring the interaction dynamics of any protein that participates in LLPS.

Introduction

A growing body of work suggests that biomolecular condensates play an important role in cellular organization and numerous cellular functions, e.g., transcriptional regulation^1,2,3,4,5, DNA damage repair^6,7,8, chromatin organization^9,10,11,12, X-chromosome inactivation^13....

Protocol

1. Labeling of proteins in cells

1. Express the protein of interest fused to HaloTag in the desired cell line.
2. Stably express Halo-tagged H2B in the same type of cells as in 1.1 using transposons or viral transduction.

2. Preparation of coverslips

1. Before using coverslips for cell culture, clean coverslips to remove autofluorescent contaminants.
   1. Mount 25 mm diameter, #1.5 coverslips on a ceramic staining rack an.......

Discussion

The protocol as presented here is designed for systems like those investigated in Irgen-Gioro et al.⁴⁰. Depending on the application, some components of the protocol can be modified, e.g., the method for generating fluorescently labeled cell lines, the fluorescent labeling system, and the style of coverslip used. Halo-tagging of a protein in a cell can be done using two strategies, depending on which is more suitable for a given experiment. 1) Exogenous expression: fusing the protein of interest t.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
0.1 µm TetraSpeck microsphere	Invitrogen	T7279	Single-molecule imaging
25 mm Diameter, #1.5 Coverslips	Marienfeld Superior	111650	Preparation of coverslips
593/40 nm bandpass filter	Semrock	FF01-593/40-25	Single-molecule imaging
676/37 nm bandpass filter	Semrock	FF01-676/37-25	Single-molecule imaging
6-Well TC Plate	Genesee	25-105MP	Preparation of cells for microscopy
Cell Line: U-2 OS	ATCC	HTB-96	Labeling of proteins in cells
ConvertASCII_SlowTracking_css3 .m			Analysis of single-molecule imaging data: Available in Chong et al., 2018
Coverglass Staining Rack	Thomas	24957	Preparation of coverslips
Deuterated Janelia Fluor 549 (JFX549)	Janelia Research Campus		Preparation of cells for microscopy
DMEM, Low Glucose	Gibco	10-567-022	Labeling of proteins in cells: Growth media used: DMEM with 5% fetal bovine serum, 1% penstrep
Eclipse Ti2-E Inverted Microscope	Nikon		Single-molecule imaging
Ethanol 200 Proof	Lab Alley	EAP200-1GAL	Preparation of coverslips
evalSPT			Analysis of single-molecule imaging data: Available in Drosopoulos et al., 2020
Fetal Bovine Serum	Cytiva	SH30396.03	Labeling of proteins in cells: Growth media used: DMEM with 5% fetal bovine serum, 1% penstrep
Fiji			Analysis of single-molecule imaging data
Ikon Ultra CCD Camera	Andor	X-13723	Single-molecule imaging
Longpass dichroic beamsplitter	Semrock	Di02-R635-25x36	Single-molecule imaging: Red/Far Red beamsplitter
LUN-F Laser Unit	Nikon		Single-molecule imaging: 405/488/561/640
MatTek glass-bottom dish	MatTek	P35G-1.5-20-C	Preparation of cells for microscopy: 35 mm, #1.5 coverslip dish for cell culture.
NIS-Elements	Nikon		Single-molecule imaging: Microscope acquisition software
nucleus and cluster mask_v2.txt			Analysis of single-molecule imaging data: Available in Chong et al., 2018
Penicillin-Streptomycin	Gibco	15-140-122	Labeling of proteins in cells: Growth media used: DMEM with 5% fetal bovine serum, 1% penstrep
Phosphate Buffered Saline	Thermo Fisher Scientific	18912014	Labeling of proteins in cells
Photoactivatable Janelia Fluor 646 (PA-JF646)	Janelia Research Campus		Preparation of cells for microscopy
PLOT_ResidenceHist_css.m			Analysis of single-molecule imaging data: Available in Chong et al., 2018
Potassium Hydroxide	Mallinckrodt Chemicals	6984-06	Preparation of coverslips
pretracking_comb.txt			Analysis of single-molecule imaging data: Available in Chong et al., 2018
SLIMfast			Analysis of single-molecule imaging data: Available in Teves et al., 2016
Stage-top incubation system	Tokai Hit		Single-molecule imaging: For live-cell imaging
TwinCam dual emission image splitter	Cairn Research		Single-molecule imaging
Ultrasonic Cleaner	Branson	5800	Preparation of coverslips