Rapid Isolation of Stage I Oocytes in Zebrafish Devoid of Granulosa Cells

Summary

This protocol describes a modified procedure for rapidly isolating clean stage I oocytes in zebrafish devoid of granulosa cells, thereby providing a convenient method for oocyte-specific research.

Abstract

The study of oocyte development holds significant implications in developmental biology. The zebrafish (Danio rerio) has been extensively used as a model organism to investigate early developmental processes from oocyte to embryo. In zebrafish, oocytes are surrounded by a single layer of somatic granulosa cells. However, separating granulosa cells from oocytes poses a challenge, as achieving pure oocytes is crucial for precise analysis. Although various methods have been proposed to isolate zebrafish oocytes at different developmental stages, current techniques fall short in removing granulosa cells completely, limiting the accuracy of genome analysis focused solely on oocytes. In this study, we successfully developed a rapid and efficient process for isolating pure stage I oocytes in zebrafish while eliminating granulosa cell contamination. This technique facilitates biochemical and molecular analysis, particularly in exploring epigenetic and genome structure aspects specific to oocytes. Notably, the method is user-friendly, minimizes oocyte damage, and provides a practical solution for subsequent research and analysis.

Introduction

The zebrafish is among the most important model systems in developmental biology. In recent years, numerous studies have utilized the zebrafish as a model to study important biological events and regulatory processes from oocyte to embryo. These encompass the intricate processes of oocyte development and maturation¹, the functionality of maternal genes², the regulation of maternal-zygotic transitions³, and extensive omics analyses⁴.

Granulosa cells, the somatic cells enveloping and nurturing the developing oocyte within the ovarian follicle^5,6, play a pivotal role in this developmental process. As primordial germ cells (PGCs) evolve into oogonia, they become surrounded by a monolayer of granulosa cells⁷. Together with the external thecal cells, the oocyte and its surrounding granulosa cells constitute a mature follicle⁸. Given the fundamental distinction between germ cells and somatic cells, obtaining a pure oocyte sample is imperative, especially for genome-related analyses.

Within the follicular structure of zebrafish, granulosa cells typically exhibit a diameter of only a few microns⁸, emphasizing the intimate interconnection between granulosa cells and oocytes⁹. This close association presents a challenge in achieving complete separation due to the considerable difference in both the number and volume of granulosa cells versus oocytes (hundreds of granulosa cells compared to a single oocyte)^10,11. Even minimal contamination with a single granulosa cell can impede downstream analyses specifically targeting oocytes. Therefore, for studies focusing on genomic and epigenetic characteristics, the elimination of granulosa cells is essential.

Benefiting from well-characterized morphological criteria, oocytes at each stage can be distinguished based on diameter¹¹. The oogenesis process in zebrafish is categorized into five stages according to morphology and karyotype¹¹. Stage I oocytes (7-140 µm diameter) encompass oocytes from the onset of meiosis to the early stage of meiosis I. Crucially, these oocytes are transparent, allowing for the observation of the central nucleus through transmitted light (Figure 1Ai). Stage II oocytes (140-340 µm diameter) gradually become foamy and translucent. With the enlargement of follicles and the proliferation of cortical alveoli, the germinal vesicles in the center become difficult to distinguish¹² (Figure 1Aii). Stage III oocytes (340-690 µm diameter) progressively accumulate vitellogenin, and fresh follicles become increasingly opaque (Figure 1Aiii). Meiosis continues in stage IV oocytes (690-730 µm diameter) as chromosomes enter the middle of meiosis II, where they stagnate (Figure 1Aiv). Stage V oocytes (730-750 µm diameter) have matured and are ready for ovulation^7,11(Figure 1Av).

Based on the unique characteristics of each of the aforementioned stages, a method has been proposed to isolate oocytes from stages I to III by digesting zebrafish ovaries using a digestive solution containing collagenase I, collagenase II, and hyaluronidase, followed by filtration through a specific-sized cell strainer¹³. However, while this method allows for obtaining oocytes at different developmental stages, it fails to completely separate oocytes and granulosa cells. Other researchers have also suggested methods to separate granulosa cells from oocytes. However, these methods primarily rely on mechanical approaches, which can cause oocyte damage, are time-consuming, and are inadequate for obtaining a substantial number of oocytes for analysis^14,15.

Given the limitations of existing methods and specific research requirements, this study aims to establish a procedure to thoroughly separate oocytes and granulosa cells and obtain a sufficient number of clean stage I oocytes for analysis. Expanding upon the referenced method¹³, we employ an improved digestion buffer (see Table of Materials) that is gentler and facilitates the dispersion of oocytes and dissociation of granulosa cells. Subsequently, the oocytes are passed through a cell strainer, followed by washing and further microscopic selection, enabling the acquisition of a large number of clean stage I oocytes.

Protocol

All zebrafish were handled following stringent animal care guidelines outlined by the relevant national and/or local animal welfare bodies. The maintenance and handling of fish received approval from both local authorities and the animal ethics committee of the West China Hospital of Sichuan University (approval No. 20220422003). Zebrafish ovaries contain a mixture of multi-stage oocytes, with each developmental stage being present in adult zebrafish ovaries. However, juvenile zebrafish were selected for this study due to the dominance of late-stage oocytes (stage II-III) in the ovaries of adult fish, which are large and opaque. In contrast, juveniles have flat and elongated ovaries primarily consisting of stage I oocytes (Figure 1B) (Figure 1B). Previous research has demonstrated that the morphological features of early oogenesis in adult and juvenile zebrafish are highly consistent, supporting the feasibility of utilizing juvenile zebrafish¹³. The procedures described below, outlined in Figure 2, provide a detailed description of the isolation process, from dissection to obtaining clean stage I oocytes. For further reference, the reagents, buffers, and equipment utilized in the study are listed in the Table of Materials.

1. Ovary dissection

1. Select several female zebrafish with a standard length (SL) ranging from 10 mm to 15 mm.
   NOTE: The SL, measured from the snout to the tail base in millimeters, serves as a reliable criterion for selecting appropriate fish. It is recommended to use juvenile fish between 5 and 7 weeks post-fertilization (wpf) with an SL ranging from 10 mm to 15 mm for this procedure. The ovaries of juvenile zebrafish are predominantly occupied by early oocytes, providing optimal conditions for easily obtaining stage I oocytes (Figure 1B).
2. Euthanize the juvenile female fish by placing them in ice-cold water (0-4 °C).
   NOTE: The following procedures must be carried out to ensure euthanasia and minimize the pain experienced by zebrafish during euthanasia: confirm that the temperature of the ice-cold water is within the 0-4 °C range using a thermometer, swiftly transfer the zebrafish to the ice-cold water, and maintain them in the ice-cold water for at least 10 min after cessation of opercular movement^16,17,18.
3. Dry excess water on the fish's surface using absorbent paper.
4. Dissect the zebrafish under a stereomicroscope by following these steps:
   1. Cut off the head using micro-scissors along the posterior margin of the gill cover; cut off the tail along the cloaca. Transfer the middle trunk to a 35 mm dish containing 2 mL of L-15 medium (with L-glutamine).
   2. Dissect the middle trunk in the L-15 medium. Cut along the central axis of the abdomen and remove the viscera and swim bladder.
      NOTE: The viscera of zebrafish are connected. Therefore, pinch the hindgut near the anal region and lift it to easily remove the entire visceral mass.
   3. Detach the bilateral ovaries from the abdomen using tweezers. Remove the adipose tissue, scales, and other body tissues attached to the ovary.
      NOTE: The ovaries are covered with adipose tissue. Therefore, it is best to remove them together to avoid mechanical damage to the oocytes.
      CAUTION: Handle tweezers with care to avoid injury.

2. Digestion

1. Transfer the ovaries to a 6-well plate containing 2 mL of Kinger's cell dissociation solution and incubate for 2-3 h at 28.5 °C. Shake the 6-well plate every 30 min to promote dispersion.
   NOTE: Use tweezers to separate the ovaries into small tissue blocks to enhance digestion efficacy. The digestion time is variable; regularly monitor and terminate the process when a significant number of stage I oocytes are scattered under the stereomicroscope. The Kinger's cell dissociation solution is the working solution and can be used directly. It can be stored stably at −20 °C after packaging and thawed at a low temperature (4 °C) before use.
2. Add L-15 medium preheated at 28.5 °C to the digestion buffer to stop digestion.

3. Filtration

1. Place a 100 µm cell strainer into another well of the 6-well plate, add L-15 medium, and ensure that the medium level is higher than the filter.
   NOTE: The theoretical diameter of stage I oocytes is less than 140 µm. However, oocytes with larger diameters may still pass through the cell strainer. Therefore, a cell strainer with a smaller diameter than the target was selected at this step. Mesh sizes can be adjusted depending on the specific experimental needs.
2. Draw the digestive medium through the cell strainer using a pipette. Wait 1-2 min until all the stage I oocytes have passed through the strainer, then remove it. Ensure that the oocytes remain in the liquid throughout the transfer process.
   NOTE: Keeping the oocytes in the medium helps maintain their integrity and optimal condition. If the oocytes are exposed to air for an extended period, they could dry out and become damaged, affecting the final separation efficiency. Keep the pipette below the liquid surface when transferring the oocytes through the cell strainer rather than adding them in a suspended manner.

4. Washing

1. Remove excess medium using a pipette. Add 4 mL of fresh L-15 medium and gently resuspend the oocytes. Wait 1-2 min, then remove the supernatant.
   NOTE: Use instruments with low adhesion properties to prevent damage to the oocytes.
2. Repeat step 4.1 5-6 times until no other impurities are present.
   NOTE: Gentle handling during the washing process is crucial to avoid oocyte damage. Despite obtaining an abundance of stage I oocytes (approximately 200-400 stage I oocytes from one zebrafish) following the previous washing steps, the oocytes may still be mixed with cell fragments, oocytes from other stages, or small granules formed by broken late-stage oocytes. Additionally, some granulosa cells may still adhere to the surface of several oocytes due to incomplete enzyme digestion. Therefore, for applications demanding a higher level of purity, such as genome sequencing, additional steps are necessary to select completely clean oocytes. To address this, proceed to steps 5 and 6.

5. Selection for quality control

1. Transfer the washed stage I oocytes to a 35 mm dish containing fresh L-15 medium.
2. Under a microscope with a magnification equal to or exceeding 10x, remove cell fragments, other-stage oocytes, and stage I oocytes adhered by granulosa cells using a tool that can be manipulated with precision, such as a blunt injection needle.
   NOTE: This step requires patience from the experimenter, but it ensures the isolation of clean and intact oocytes.
   CAUTION: Handle injection needles with care to avoid injury.

6. Confirmation by nuclear staining

NOTE: For further refinement of the isolated oocytes, staining with Hoechst 33342 was employed to identify and remove individual oocytes adhered with granulosa cells that may have been missed in the previous step.

1. Add a final concentration of 5 µg/mL Hoechst 33342 to the L-15 medium and incubate at room temperature for 10 min.
2. Observe the Hoechst fluorescence through a fluorescence microscope under UV laser excitation.
   NOTE: Hoechst is typically excited in the ultraviolet region, usually at wavelengths between 310 and 360 nm. It is recommended to use a magnification between 80x and 100x during this process. Employ the automatic exposure mode. The excitation wavelength and exposure time can be adjusted based on the specific microscope model and individual requirements.
3. Using a needle, carefully pick out the oocytes that do not meet the desired criteria.
   NOTE: When visualizing the cells, a large nuclear chromatin is present in the center of the oocyte. If granulosa cells were adhered to the oocyte, small and bright nuclei would be visible, clinging to the oocyte's edge (Figure 3). Pick them out under the microscope.
4. Thoroughly and repeatedly wash the oocytes with L-15 to remove excess Hoechst.
5. Use the identified stage I oocytes directly for subsequent extraction or store them at −80 °C after flash-freezing in liquid nitrogen.
   CAUTION: Wear a protective face mask and cryogenic gloves when handling liquid nitrogen and ultra-low temperature freezers.

Results

Figure 1 illustrates the ovarian morphology observed in both adult and juvenile zebrafish, showcasing oocytes at different developmental stages to serve as a reference. Figure 1A provides a graphical representation of oocyte morphology and size at each developmental stage, beginning with the primary growth stage (stage I) and ending with the ovulated egg (stage V). Figures 1Ai-v illustrate the diameters corresponding to stages I to V of the oocy...

Discussion

In this study, we developed a method for isolating pure and clean stage I oocytes, excluding granulosa cells, for downstream analysis (particularly genomic analyses). Comparing this modified method with the referenced method¹³, the stage I oocytes obtained using this method are morphologically intact, sufficient in number, and free from contamination with other somatic cells, making them suitable for various subsequent studies and analyses. Furthermore, compared with other mechanical separation me...

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Kinger's cell dissociation solution	PlantChemMed	PC-33689	Kinger's cell dissociation solution can be stored stably at -20 °C after packaging and can be used after thawing at low temperature (4 °C). It can be used directly for dissociating zebrafish ovaries. The optimal temperature is 28.5 °C, for approximately 2-3 hours. The duration can be adjusted according to the specific dissociation conditions, either shortened or extended (https://www.plantchemmed.com/chanpin?productNo=PC-33689).
Cell strainers (100 μm )	Falcon	352360
Fluorescence microscope	Zeiss	Axio Zoom.V16
Forceps	Dumont	#5
Glass capillary needle	/	/	Blunted by burning with lighter
Hoechst	Yesen	40732ES03
Low adsorption pipette tips (10 μl )	Labsellect	T-0010-LR-R-S
Leibovitz’s L-15 medium medium (with L-glutamine)	Hyclone	SH30525.01
Ice bucket	/	/	Ice-cold water is used to euthanize zebrafish
Incubator	WIGGENS	WH-01
Juvenile fish	/	/	5–6 weeks post-fertilization, standard length [SL] of 10–15 mm
Plastic dish (35 mm )	SORFA	230101
Stereomicroscope	Motic	SMZ-161
Tissue Culture Plate (6-wells)	SORFA	0110006
Vannas spring scissors	Fine Science Toosl	#15000-00