Name: three-dimensional co-culture model for tumor-stromal interaction
Uploaded: 2015-02-02T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Three-dimensional Co-culture Model for Tumor-stromal Interaction at JoVE.com

This work was supported by Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (KAKENHI) (26461185 and 25460137).

NOTE: This study was approved by the appropriate Ethics Committees.
1. Primary Culture of Human Lung Fibroblasts
<ol>
	<li>Collection of lung tissue:
	<ol>
		<li>Obtain human lung tissue samples from the surgical operating room directly. Collect approximately 1 cm3 blocks from cancerous and non-cancerous lung tissue, with the non-cancerous sample collected as far away from the tumor as possible.</li>
		<li>Suspend the samples in Dulbecco&#8217;s modified Eagle&#8217;s medium (DMEM...

<ol>
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Sci. 117 (2), 187-195 (2012).</li><li>Augsten, M., H&#228;ggl&#246;f, C., Pe&#241;a, C., Ostman, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+digest+on+the+role+of+the+tumor+microenvironment+in+gastrointestinal+cancers.">A digest on the role of the tumor microenvironment in gastrointestinal cancers.</a> Cancer Microenviron. 3 (1), 167-176 (2010).</li><li>Augsten, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cancer-Associated+Fibroblasts+as+Another+Polarized+Cell+Type+of+the+Tumor+Microenvironment.">Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts as Another Polarized Cell Type of the Tumor Microenvironment.</a> Front. Oncol. 4, 62 (2014).</li><li>Horie, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+human+lung+cancer-associated+fibroblasts+in+three-dimensional+in+vitro+co-culture+model.">Characterization of human lung cancer-associated fibroblasts in three-dimensional in vitro co-culture model.</a> Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 423 (1), 158-163 (2012).</li><li>Ohshima, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=TGF-&#946;+signaling+in+gingival+fibroblast-epithelial+interaction.">TGF-&#946; signaling in gingival fibroblast-epithelial interaction.</a> J. Dent. Res. 89 (11), 1315-1321 (2010).</li><li>Ikebe, D., Wang, B., Suzuki, H., Kato, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Suppression+of+keratinocyte+stratification+by+a+dominant+negative+JunB+mutant+without+blocking+cell+proliferation.">Suppression of keratinocyte stratification by a dominant negative JunB mutant without blocking cell proliferation.</a> Genes Cells. 12 (2), 197-207 (2007).</li><li>Orimo, A., Weinberg, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stromal+fibroblasts+in+cancer:+a+novel+tumor-promoting+cell+type.">Stromal fibroblasts in cancer: a novel tumor-promoting cell type.</a> Cell Cycle. 5 (15), 1597-1601 (2006).</li><li>Paulsson, J., Micke, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prognostic+relevance+of+cancer-associated+fibroblasts+in+human+cancer.">Prognostic relevance of cancer-associated fibroblasts in human cancer.</a> Semin. Cancer Biol. 25, 61-68 (2014).</li><li>Navab, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prognostic+gene-expression+signature+of+carcinoma-associated+fibroblasts+in+non-small+cell+lung+cancer.">Prognostic gene-expression signature of carcinoma-associated fibroblasts in non-small cell lung cancer.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A. 108 (17), 7160-7165 (2011).</li><li>Herrera, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+heterogeneity+of+cancer-associated+fibroblasts+from+human+colon+tumors+shows+specific+prognostic+gene+expression+signature.">Functional heterogeneity of cancer-associated fibroblasts from human colon tumors shows specific prognostic gene expression signature.</a> Clin. Cancer Res. 19 (21), 5914-5926 (2013).</li><li>H&#228;ggl&#246;f, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stromal+PDGFRbeta+expression+in+prostate+tumors+and+non-malignant+prostate+tissue+predicts+prostate+cancer+survival.">Stromal PDGFRbeta expression in prostate tumors and non-malignant prostate tissue predicts prostate cancer survival.</a> PLoS One. 5 (5), e10747 (2010).</li><li>Saito, R. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Forkhead+box+F1+regulates+tumor-promoting+properties+of+cancer-associated+fibroblasts+in+lung+cancer.">Forkhead box F1 regulates tumor-promoting properties of cancer-associated fibroblasts in lung cancer.</a> Cancer Res. 70 (7), 2644-2654 (2010).</li><li>Kalluri, R., Zeisberg, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fibroblasts+in+cancer.">Fibroblasts in cancer.</a> Nat. Rev. Cancer. 6 (5), 392-401 (2006).</li><li>Calvo, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanotransduction+and+YAP-dependent+matrix+remodelling+is+required+for+the+generation+and+maintenance+of+cancer-associated+fibroblasts.">Mechanotransduction and YAP-dependent matrix remodelling is required for the generation and maintenance of cancer-associated fibroblasts.</a> Nat. Cell Biol. 15 (6), 637-646 (2013).</li><li>Horie, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Histamine+induces+human+lung+fibroblast-mediated+collagen+gel+contraction+via+histamine+H1+receptor.">Histamine induces human lung fibroblast-mediated collagen gel contraction via histamine H1 receptor.</a> Exp. Lung Res. 40 (5), 222-236 (2014).</li></ol>

CAFs form a major component of the ECM surrounding cancer cells and not only provide a scaffold for the tumor, but also actively participate in tumor development7. Accumulating evidence unravels the impact of CAFs or their related molecules on the eventual prognosis, highlighting the critical roles of CAF-mediated tumor progression8.
In the previous study, we employed outgrowth method to isolate lung CAFs4. In this experiment, the maintenance of tissue section ...

Cancer tissue can be perceived as a type of organ, which evolves through close interactions between the cancer and the tumor stromal microenvironment, composed of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), immune cells, tumor vessels and the extracellular matrix (ECM). CAFs are the major source of soluble factors (cytokines, growth factors and chemokines) that exert mitogenic, pro-migratory and pro-invasive effects on cancer cells. They also stimulate tumor vessel formation and recruit precursor cells, such as bone marrow-derived cells (BMDC). Activated CAFs are involved in the production and remodeling of the ECM, thereby promoting the growth and spread of cancer cells1. CAFs also provide a niche that facilitates tumor cell colonization and metastasis and are capable of conferring stem cell phenotypes onto neighboring cancer cells. Pathological observations suggest that stromal reactions or fibrotic changes in cancer tissues are indicative of a poor prognosis. Recent studies have also demonstrated that tumor stromal features, such as the gene signature, can predict patient prognosis. Furthermore, CAF-derived factors can modulate sensitivity to chemotherapy, highlighting the role of CAFs in determining drug sensitivity and resistance2.
As CAFs play a multifaceted role in the promotion of tumor progression through signaling pathways that mediate interactions between CAFs and different cell types within the tumor microenvironment, they have attracted increasing attention as novel targets for cancer therapies. The heterogeneity of the cell populations within the cancer microenvironment presents an obstacle for targeting CAFs. Several markers for CAFs have been proposed, such as &#945;-smooth muscle actin (&#945;-SMA), fibroblast activation protein (FAP), and fibroblast specific proten-1 (FSP-1: also called S100A4); however, these molecular markers are not specific for distinguishing CAFs from other cells present in non-cancerous tissues3. Therefore, further studies are needed to obtain more knowledge about the specific properties of CAFs. To this end, it is informative to characterize primary cultured CAFs compared with patient-matched normal fibroblasts.
Recently, analyses on patient-derived CAFs have been reported in several cancer types, revealing unique gene expression patterns and cell behaviors compared with fibroblasts derived from non-cancerous tissues. Using isolated CAFs from human lung cancer tissues, we developed a three-dimensional co-culture method, enabling us to evaluate the properties of lung CAFs. In this model, we investigated the effects of the CAFs on lung cancer cell invasion, proliferation and collagen gel contraction, which experimentally recapitulated the tumor-promoting roles of lung CAFs4.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1035">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:267px;">Name</td>
			<td style="width:297px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:471px;">Catalog Number</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">DMEM</td>
			<td style="width:297px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:471px;">D5796</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">FBS</td>
			<td style="width:297px;">GIBCO</td>
			<td style="width:471px;">10437</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">Collagen type IA</td>
			<td style="width:297px;">Nitta gelatin Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:471px;">CELL-1A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">Reconstitution buffer</td>
			<td style="width:297px;">Nitta gelatin Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:471px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">Cover slip</td>
			<td style="width:297px;">NUNC</td>
			<td style="width:471px;">174934</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">Silicone grease</td>
			<td style="width:297px;">Dow Corning Toray</td>
			<td style="width:471px;">High vacuum grease</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">Dispase I</td>
			<td style="width:297px;">WAKO</td>
			<td style="width:471px;">386-02271</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">6-well plate</td>
			<td style="width:297px;">BD Falcon</td>
			<td style="width:471px;">353046</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">Cell strainer (70 &#956;m)</td>
			<td style="width:297px;">BD Falcon</td>
			<td style="width:471px;">352350</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

three-dimensional co-culture model for tumor-stromal interaction

Cancer progression (initiation, growth, invasion and metastasis) occurs through interactions between malignant cells and the surrounding tumor stromal cells. The tumor microenvironment is comprised of a variety of cell types, such as fibroblasts, immune cells, vascular endothelial cells, pericytes and bone-marrow-derived cells, embedded in the extracellular matrix (ECM). Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) have a pro-tumorigenic role through the secretion of soluble factors, angiogenesis and ECM remodeling. The experimental models for cancer cell survival, proliferation, migration, and invasion have mostly relied on two-dimensional monocellular and monolayer tissue cultures or Boyden chamber assays. However, these experiments do not precisely reflect the physiological or pathological conditions in a diseased organ. To gain a better understanding of tumor stromal or tumor matrix interactions, multicellular and three-dimensional cultures provide more powerful tools for investigating intercellular communication and ECM-dependent modulation of cancer cell behavior. As a platform for this type of study, we present an experimental model in which cancer cells are cultured on collagen gels embedded with primary cultures of CAFs.

This co-culture method, mimicking the tumor microenvironment, is a useful tool to investigate the interactions between cancer cells and fibroblasts embedded in collagen gels. In the previous study, three parameters were evaluated in this experimental model: collagen gel contraction, cancer cell invasion and morphological change. Cancer cell proliferation was also estimated using Ki67 immunostaining4. Lung tissue samples were collected from cancerous and non-cancerous sections of a resected lung lobe (F...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Three-dimensional Co-culture Model for Tumor-stromal Interaction at JoVE.com

Three-dimensional Co-culture Model for Tumor-stromal Interaction

Here we present a protocol to co-culture in three-dimensions, which is useful for investigating multicellular interactions and extracellular matrix-dependent modulation of cancer cell behavior. In this experimental model, cancer cells are cultured on collagen gels embedded with human cancer-associated fibroblasts.

Cancer progression (initiation, growth, invasion and metastasis) occurs through interactions between malignant cells and the surrounding tumor stromal ...

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