This work was supported by Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (KAKENHI) (26461185 and 25460137).

NOTE: Cette étude a été approuvée par les comités d&#39;éthique appropriés. 1. Culture primaire des fibroblastes pulmonaires humains <ol><li> Collecte de tissu pulmonaire: <ol><li> Obtenir des échantillons humains de tissus pulmonaires de la salle d&#39;opération chirurgicale directement. Prélever environ 1 cm 3 pâtés de maisons de tissus pulmonaires cancéreuses et non-cancéreuses, avec l&#39;échantillon non-cancéreuse recueillies aussi loin de la tumeur que possible. </li><li> Suspendre les échantillons dans du milieu de Eagle modifié par Dulbecco (DMEM) supplémenté avec 100 unités / ml de pénicilline, 100 ug / ml de streptomycine et 0,25 pg / ml d&#39;amphotéricine B (milieu sans sérum). Maintenir les échantillons en suspension dans 50 ml tubes stériles et de transférer au laboratoire. NOTE: Les fibroblastes sont hautement migratoires et proliférative rapport à d&#39;autres types de cellules, comme épithéliales, endothéliales et les cellules musculaires lisses. Le procédé de l&#39;excroissance tire profit de ces caractéristiques de fibroblastes, et outgrocellules de l&#39;aile de coupes de tissus sont abondants dans les fibroblastes. Après plusieurs passages cellulaires, d&#39;autres types de cellules ne parviennent pas à survivre et à se propager dans du DMEM avec 10% de sérum bovin fœtal (FBS), ce qui entraîne dans des cultures cellulaires de fibroblastes purifiés. Les cellules pourraient être utilisées 3-7 passages suivants culture primaire. </li></ol></li><li> Explantation culture et de conditionnement pour excroissance de cellules: <ol><li> Effectuer culture primaire de fibroblastes en utilisant un protocole indiqué précédemment avec des modifications 5. </li><li> Dans le laboratoire, placer l&#39;échantillon de tissu sur une boîte de 10 cm de culture de tissu sans milieu de culture et les couper en petites sections ~ 2-3 mm de taille à l&#39;aide de pinces stériles et un scalpel. Pendant ce processus, éviter de faire la section sèche, sinon l&#39;efficacité de l&#39;excroissance des cellules est altérée. </li></ol></li><li> La séparation de la couche de cellules epitheliales et du tissu conjonctif: <ol><li> Faire tremper les coupes de tissus de coupe dans un milieu de culture contenant 2000 PU / ml dispase I et la culture pendant 16 heures à 4 ° C. &lt;/ Li&gt; <li> Transférer les sections de tissu à plat, et on sépare la couche de cellules épithéliales à partir du tissu conjonctif adjacent. Traiter les sections dans un banc propre pour éviter la contamination des micro-organismes. NOTE: Si la culture primaire de cellules épithéliales est nécessaire, effectuer l&#39;étape 1.3. Si seulement les fibroblastes sont d&#39;être isolé, omettre l&#39;étape 1.3, car les Explant et cellulaires passages ultérieurs sont défavorables pour les cellules épithéliales, qui donnent populations de fibroblastes purifiés. </li></ol></li><li> Fixation des coupes de tissus: <ol><li> Émincer les tissus en morceaux de 1 mm à l&#39;aide de deux scalpels. Si les pièces ne sont pas assez petit, elles se détachent plus facilement de l&#39;antenne, et les cellules ne parviennent pas à dépasser sur la surface de la boîte. </li><li> Passer petites sections de tissu pulmonaire les unes des autres pour maintenir une zone vide entourant chaque pièce. Assurez-rayures sur la surface de la boîte de culture tissulaire en utilisant une lame de scalpel pour faciliter la fixation des coupes de tissus. REMARQUE: Grattersemble également faciliter l&#39;excroissance des cellules, fournissent des pistes le long de laquelle les cellules peuvent migrer. <ol><li> Alternativement, placer des morceaux de tissus hachés individuellement dans chaque puits d&#39;une plaque à 6 puits, et les couvrir avec une lamelle. Fixez la lamelle à la surface de la plaque avec de la graisse de silicone. </li><li> Placez la graisse de silicone à deux points 1,5 cm à part dans chaque puits en utilisant une goupille stérile. Couverture des morceaux de tissu améliore l&#39;efficacité de l&#39;excroissance des cellules et la propagation des cellules après plusieurs passages. </li></ol></li></ol></li><li> Explant ultérieure: <ol><li> Ajouter délicatement milieu de culture à l&#39;antenne avant les coupes de tissus se dessèchent, aussi efficace excroissance cellulaire est perdu pour la plupart si les échantillons sécher. Ne versez pas le support trop rapidement que les coupes de tissus seraient détacher. </li><li> des cellules de culture dans du DMEM avec 10% de FBS. Utiliser suffisamment de support pour couvrir tout le tissu, mais pas trop qu&#39;il permet flottant, comme la flottabilité supplémentaire favorise le détachement duplat. </li></ol></li><li> Cellule passage: <ol><li> Manipulez le milieu de culture avec soin en tout temps que les mouvements répétés de la boîte de culture peuvent conduire au détachement des sections de tissus. </li><li> Placez les boîtes de culture dans un incubateur à 37 ° C pendant 5-7 jours. Actualiser le milieu tous les deux jours, et de gérer les boîtes de culture minimale pendant les moyennes changements. Fibroblastes grandissent à partir du bord des sections de tissus au cours des prochaines semaines. REMARQUE: Après ~ 2-3 semaines, les fibroblastes excroissance presque atteignent la confluence, en fonction de la quantité d&#39;aire de surface. </li><li> Laver les cellules avec PBS 1x, et ajouter 1 ml de trypsine I de la plaque. </li><li> Après trypsinisation, détacher les cellules en utilisant 9 ml de DMEM supplémenté avec 10% de FBS. Recueillir les cellules en suspension dans le milieu dans un tube de 10 ml, ainsi que les coupes de tissu. Après centrifugation pour former des pastilles de cellules, remettre en suspension les culots obtenus dans le nouveau milieu. </li><li> Ensemencer les cellules et des coupes de tissus sur un nouveau culplat de ture, à quel point les tissus ne parviennent pas à fixer à la boîte tandis que les cellules adhèrent et se développent. Le lendemain, retirez les morceaux de tissu flottant par aspiration, et de changer le milieu. Fibroblastes attachés propagent avec les cultures suivantes. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. Trois dimensions Co-culture de fibroblastes de poumon humain et les cellules cancéreuses <ol><li> Préparation des cellules et des réactifs: <ol><li> Utiliser environ 2 x 10 5 cellules épithéliales et 2,5 x 10 5 fibroblastes par puits. Préparation de collagène de type IA (3 mg / ml, pH 3), FBS (100%), un tampon de reconstitution (NaOH 50 mM, 260 mM NaHCO 3 mM, HEPES 200), 5x DMEM, DMEM complété avec 10% de FBS pour la culture des fibroblastes, et un milieu de co-culture en 3D (un mélange 1: de milieu de culture de fibroblastes et une milieu de culture pour les cellules cancéreuses). </li><li> Des cellules d&#39;adénocarcinome du poumon A549, la culture des fibroblastes et la co-culture 3D A549 dans du DMEM supplémenté avec 10% de FBS. </li></ol></li><li> Collagène gel formation: <ol><li> Laver les fibroblastes cultivés sur 10 cm plat avec 1x PBS, et ajouter 1 ml de trypsine I de la plaque. Après trypsinisation de ~ 5 min à 37 ° C, de détacher les cellules en utilisant 9 ml de DMEM supplémenté avec 10% de FBS. Recueillir les cellules en suspension dans le milieu dans un tube de 10 ml, et les centrifuger à 200 à 300 xg pour former des pastilles cellulaires. </li><li> Remettre en suspension les pastilles résultantes à 100% de FBS à une densité de 5 x 10 5 / ml. </li><li> Préparer le gel de collagène sur de la glace. Refroidir les réactifs, pipettes et les tubes dans un réfrigérateur avant la procédure suivante. Même sur de la glace, le mélange se solidifie dans une certaine mesure, et le volume total est inférieur à la somme de tous les constituants. </li><li> Dans chaque puits, de préparer le gel de collagène en mélangeant 0,5 ml de suspension de fibroblastes (2,5 x 10 5 cellules) de FBS, 2,3 ml de collagène de type IA, 670 ul de DMEM 5x, et 330 ul de tampon de reconstitution. Laisser les gels de mettre facilement à la température ambiante. <ol><li> Pipette vigoureusement pour assurer un km homogènexture. Éviter de créer des bulles pendant le processus de pipetage. </li></ol></li><li> Ajouter le mélange (3 ml) à chaque puits d&#39;une plaque à 6 puits et laisser gélifier dans l&#39;incubateur à 37 ° C sans perturbation pendant 30 à 60 min. </li></ol></li><li> culture de cellules de cancer sur le gel de collagène: <ol><li> Effectuer co-culture en trois dimensions en utilisant un protocole indiqué précédemment, avec les adaptations 6. </li><li> Resuspendre les cellules cancéreuses dans le milieu de co-culture en 3D (ou dans du DMEM avec 10% de FBS dans le cas des cellules A549) à une densité de 1 x 10 5 / ml. </li><li> Verser 2 ml de la solution de cellules remis en suspension (2 x 10 5 cellules) sur la surface de chaque gel. Modifier le nombre de cellules des cellules cancéreuses ou des fibroblastes en co-culture en fonction des conditions expérimentales. </li></ol></li><li> Gel contraction: <ol><li> Incuber des gels pendant une nuit à 37 ° C de sorte que les cellules cancéreuses peuvent adhérer au gel de collagène. Détachez chaque gel, et de générer une «culture flottant» dans chaque puits of la plaque de 6 puits. NOTE: En utilisant une culture flottante, divers changements dans la taille du gel sont induits par une tension mécanique et la dégradation du collagène, qui sont médiés par l&#39;interaction cellulaire entre les cellules cancéreuses et des fibroblastes co-cultivés. </li><li> Utilisez une aiguille 21 G angle ou petite spatule pour séparer chaque gel à partir du bord du puits. Tous les 2-3 jours, rafraîchir les puits avec 2 ml de 3D milieu de co-culture. Mesurer la taille de chaque gel tous les jours pendant 5 jours. </li></ol></li><li> L&#39;analyse des gels de collagène: <ol><li> Mesure de la teneur en collagène de chaque gel en utilisant des méthodes de quantification de collagène, tels que le dosage Sircol. Effectuer une analyse transcriptomique ou RT-PCR quantitative après avoir recueilli l&#39;ARN à partir des gels 5. </li></ol></li></ol> 3. Air-liquide Interface Culture et Invasion Assay <ol><li> Après la culture des gels de collagène à 37 ° C pendant 5 jours, exposer les gels contractés à l&#39;air en les plaçant sur un maillage (70 um taille des pores) dans la nouvelle 6-plaques à puits. Faire le maillage du tamis cellulaires disponibles dans le commerce utilisés pour la cytométrie de flux. </li><li> Versez doucement chaque puits avec 11 ml de 3D milieu de co-culture. </li><li> Placez les gels sur le maillage en utilisant une cuillère stérile, et retirer tout support restant dans les gels. A cette condition, gels immerger dans le milieu tandis que d&#39;exposer la surface supérieure du gel à l&#39;air. Définir cette condition de la culture comme interface air-liquide. REMARQUE: Après 5-7 jours de culture en maintenant l&#39;interface air-liquide à 37 ° C dans l&#39;incubateur, les cellules cancéreuses invasives migrent dans le gel. Selon le type de cellule et à la suite d&#39;interactions cellulaires, des degrés variables de changement morphologique cellulaire dans les cellules cancéreuses sont induits par la culture d&#39;interface air-liquide. </li><li> Pour l&#39;évaluation histologique, fixer le gel dans une solution de formol nuit à la température ambiante et l&#39;intégrer dans de la paraffine. Colorer sections verticales (4 um) avec hématoxyline et l&#39;éosine (H &amp; E). Effectuer une analyse immunohistochimique on les sections 4. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Strell, C., Rundqvist, H., Ostman, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fibroblasts-a+key+host+cell+type+in+tumor+initiation,+progression,+and+metastasis.">Fibroblasts-a key host cell type in tumor initiation, progression, and metastasis.</a> Ups. J. Med. Sci. 117 (2), 187-195 (2012).</li><li>Augsten, M., H&#228;ggl&#246;f, C., Pe&#241;a, C., Ostman, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+digest+on+the+role+of+the+tumor+microenvironment+in+gastrointestinal+cancers.">A digest on the role of the tumor microenvironment in gastrointestinal cancers.</a> Cancer Microenviron. 3 (1), 167-176 (2010).</li><li>Augsten, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cancer-Associated+Fibroblasts+as+Another+Polarized+Cell+Type+of+the+Tumor+Microenvironment.">Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts as Another Polarized Cell Type of the Tumor Microenvironment.</a> Front. Oncol. 4, 62 (2014).</li><li>Horie, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+human+lung+cancer-associated+fibroblasts+in+three-dimensional+in+vitro+co-culture+model.">Characterization of human lung cancer-associated fibroblasts in three-dimensional in vitro co-culture model.</a> Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 423 (1), 158-163 (2012).</li><li>Ohshima, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=TGF-&#946;+signaling+in+gingival+fibroblast-epithelial+interaction.">TGF-&#946; signaling in gingival fibroblast-epithelial interaction.</a> J. Dent. Res. 89 (11), 1315-1321 (2010).</li><li>Ikebe, D., Wang, B., Suzuki, H., Kato, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Suppression+of+keratinocyte+stratification+by+a+dominant+negative+JunB+mutant+without+blocking+cell+proliferation.">Suppression of keratinocyte stratification by a dominant negative JunB mutant without blocking cell proliferation.</a> Genes Cells. 12 (2), 197-207 (2007).</li><li>Orimo, A., Weinberg, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stromal+fibroblasts+in+cancer:+a+novel+tumor-promoting+cell+type.">Stromal fibroblasts in cancer: a novel tumor-promoting cell type.</a> Cell Cycle. 5 (15), 1597-1601 (2006).</li><li>Paulsson, J., Micke, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prognostic+relevance+of+cancer-associated+fibroblasts+in+human+cancer.">Prognostic relevance of cancer-associated fibroblasts in human cancer.</a> Semin. Cancer Biol. 25, 61-68 (2014).</li><li>Navab, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prognostic+gene-expression+signature+of+carcinoma-associated+fibroblasts+in+non-small+cell+lung+cancer.">Prognostic gene-expression signature of carcinoma-associated fibroblasts in non-small cell lung cancer.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A. 108 (17), 7160-7165 (2011).</li><li>Herrera, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+heterogeneity+of+cancer-associated+fibroblasts+from+human+colon+tumors+shows+specific+prognostic+gene+expression+signature.">Functional heterogeneity of cancer-associated fibroblasts from human colon tumors shows specific prognostic gene expression signature.</a> Clin. Cancer Res. 19 (21), 5914-5926 (2013).</li><li>H&#228;ggl&#246;f, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stromal+PDGFRbeta+expression+in+prostate+tumors+and+non-malignant+prostate+tissue+predicts+prostate+cancer+survival.">Stromal PDGFRbeta expression in prostate tumors and non-malignant prostate tissue predicts prostate cancer survival.</a> PLoS One. 5 (5), e10747 (2010).</li><li>Saito, R. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Forkhead+box+F1+regulates+tumor-promoting+properties+of+cancer-associated+fibroblasts+in+lung+cancer.">Forkhead box F1 regulates tumor-promoting properties of cancer-associated fibroblasts in lung cancer.</a> Cancer Res. 70 (7), 2644-2654 (2010).</li><li>Kalluri, R., Zeisberg, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fibroblasts+in+cancer.">Fibroblasts in cancer.</a> Nat. Rev. Cancer. 6 (5), 392-401 (2006).</li><li>Calvo, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanotransduction+and+YAP-dependent+matrix+remodelling+is+required+for+the+generation+and+maintenance+of+cancer-associated+fibroblasts.">Mechanotransduction and YAP-dependent matrix remodelling is required for the generation and maintenance of cancer-associated fibroblasts.</a> Nat. Cell Biol. 15 (6), 637-646 (2013).</li><li>Horie, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Histamine+induces+human+lung+fibroblast-mediated+collagen+gel+contraction+via+histamine+H1+receptor.">Histamine induces human lung fibroblast-mediated collagen gel contraction via histamine H1 receptor.</a> Exp. Lung Res. 40 (5), 222-236 (2014).</li></ol>

The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

CAF forment une composante majeure de l&#39;ECM entourant les cellules cancéreuses et non seulement fournir un échafaudage pour la tumeur, mais aussi participer activement au développement de la tumeur 7. L&#39;accumulation de preuves dénoue l&#39;impact de la CAF ou de leurs molécules apparentées sur le pronostic éventuelle, en soulignant le rôle crucial de la progression tumorale CAF médiation 8. Dans l&#39;étude précédente, nous avons utilisé la méthode...

Cancer tissue can be perceived as a type of organ, which evolves through close interactions between the cancer and the tumor stromal microenvironment, composed of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), immune cells, tumor vessels and the extracellular matrix (ECM). CAFs are the major source of soluble factors (cytokines, growth factors and chemokines) that exert mitogenic, pro-migratory and pro-invasive effects on cancer cells. They also stimulate tumor vessel formation and recruit precursor cells, such as bone marrow-derived cells (BMDC). Activated CAFs are involved in the production and remodeling of the ECM, thereby promoting the growth and spread of cancer cells1. CAFs also provide a niche that facilitates tumor cell colonization and metastasis and are capable of conferring stem cell phenotypes onto neighboring cancer cells. Pathological observations suggest that stromal reactions or fibrotic changes in cancer tissues are indicative of a poor prognosis. Recent studies have also demonstrated that tumor stromal features, such as the gene signature, can predict patient prognosis. Furthermore, CAF-derived factors can modulate sensitivity to chemotherapy, highlighting the role of CAFs in determining drug sensitivity and resistance2.
As CAFs play a multifaceted role in the promotion of tumor progression through signaling pathways that mediate interactions between CAFs and different cell types within the tumor microenvironment, they have attracted increasing attention as novel targets for cancer therapies. The heterogeneity of the cell populations within the cancer microenvironment presents an obstacle for targeting CAFs. Several markers for CAFs have been proposed, such as &#945;-smooth muscle actin (&#945;-SMA), fibroblast activation protein (FAP), and fibroblast specific proten-1 (FSP-1: also called S100A4); however, these molecular markers are not specific for distinguishing CAFs from other cells present in non-cancerous tissues3. Therefore, further studies are needed to obtain more knowledge about the specific properties of CAFs. To this end, it is informative to characterize primary cultured CAFs compared with patient-matched normal fibroblasts.
Recently, analyses on patient-derived CAFs have been reported in several cancer types, revealing unique gene expression patterns and cell behaviors compared with fibroblasts derived from non-cancerous tissues. Using isolated CAFs from human lung cancer tissues, we developed a three-dimensional co-culture method, enabling us to evaluate the properties of lung CAFs. In this model, we investigated the effects of the CAFs on lung cancer cell invasion, proliferation and collagen gel contraction, which experimentally recapitulated the tumor-promoting roles of lung CAFs4.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1035">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:267px;">Name</td>
			<td style="width:297px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:471px;">Catalog Number</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">DMEM</td>
			<td style="width:297px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:471px;">D5796</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">FBS</td>
			<td style="width:297px;">GIBCO</td>
			<td style="width:471px;">10437</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">Collagen type IA</td>
			<td style="width:297px;">Nitta gelatin Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:471px;">CELL-1A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">Reconstitution buffer</td>
			<td style="width:297px;">Nitta gelatin Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:471px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">Cover slip</td>
			<td style="width:297px;">NUNC</td>
			<td style="width:471px;">174934</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">Silicone grease</td>
			<td style="width:297px;">Dow Corning Toray</td>
			<td style="width:471px;">High vacuum grease</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">Dispase I</td>
			<td style="width:297px;">WAKO</td>
			<td style="width:471px;">386-02271</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">6-well plate</td>
			<td style="width:297px;">BD Falcon</td>
			<td style="width:471px;">353046</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">Cell strainer (70 &#956;m)</td>
			<td style="width:297px;">BD Falcon</td>
			<td style="width:471px;">352350</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

three-dimensional co-culture model for tumor-stromal interaction

Cancer progression (initiation, growth, invasion and metastasis) occurs through interactions between malignant cells and the surrounding tumor stromal cells. The tumor microenvironment is comprised of a variety of cell types, such as fibroblasts, immune cells, vascular endothelial cells, pericytes and bone-marrow-derived cells, embedded in the extracellular matrix (ECM). Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) have a pro-tumorigenic role through the secretion of soluble factors, angiogenesis and ECM remodeling. The experimental models for cancer cell survival, proliferation, migration, and invasion have mostly relied on two-dimensional monocellular and monolayer tissue cultures or Boyden chamber assays. However, these experiments do not precisely reflect the physiological or pathological conditions in a diseased organ. To gain a better understanding of tumor stromal or tumor matrix interactions, multicellular and three-dimensional cultures provide more powerful tools for investigating intercellular communication and ECM-dependent modulation of cancer cell behavior. As a platform for this type of study, we present an experimental model in which cancer cells are cultured on collagen gels embedded with primary cultures of CAFs.

Cette méthode de co-culture, imitant le micro-environnement de la tumeur, est un outil utile pour étudier les interactions entre les cellules cancéreuses et les fibroblastes incorporés dans des gels de collagène. Dans l&#39;étude précédente, trois paramètres ont été évalués dans ce modèle expérimental: contraction du gel de collagène, l&#39;invasion des cellules cancéreuses et les changements morphologiques. la prolifération des cellules du cancer a également été estimée en utilisant une immunocolo...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Three-dimensional Co-culture Model for Tumor-stromal Interaction at JoVE.com

Three-dimensional Co-culture Model for Tumor-stromal Interaction

Here we present a protocol to co-culture in three-dimensions, which is useful for investigating multicellular interactions and extracellular matrix-dependent modulation of cancer cell behavior. In this experimental model, cancer cells are cultured on collagen gels embedded with human cancer-associated fibroblasts.

En trois dimensions modèle de co-culture tumeur stromale-Interaction

Cancer progression (initiation, growth, invasion and metastasis) occurs through interactions between malignant cells and the surrounding tumor stromal ...

three-dimensional-co-culture-model-for-tumor-stromal-interaction

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

17.2K vues.  The University of Tokyo. Here we present a protocol to co-culture in three-dimensions, which is useful for investigating multicellular interactions and extracellular matrix-dependent modulation of cancer cell behavior. In this experimental model, cancer cells are cultured on collagen gels embedded with human cancer-associated fibroblasts.

Vidéo: Three-dimensional Co-culture Model for Tumor-stromal Interaction

Experimental Generation of Carcinoma-Associated Fibroblasts (CAFs) from Human Mammary Fibroblasts

Carcinomas are complex tissues comprised of neoplastic cells and a non-cancerous compartment referred to as the 'stroma'. The stroma consists of extracellular matrix (ECM) and a variety of mesenchymal cells, including fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, endothelial cells, pericytes and leukocytes 1-3.
The tumour-associated stroma is responsive to substantial paracrine signals released by neighbouring carcinoma cells. During the disease process, the stroma often becomes populated by carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) including large numbers of myofibroblasts. These cells have previously been extracted from many different types of human carcinomas for their in vitro culture. A subpopulation of CAFs is distinguishable through their up-regulation of &alpha;-smooth muscle actin (&alpha;-SMA) expression4,5. These cells are a hallmark of 'activated fibroblasts' that share similar properties with myofibroblasts commonly observed in injured and fibrotic tissues 6. The presence of this myofibroblastic CAF subset is highly related to high-grade malignancies and associated with poor prognoses in patients.
Many laboratories, including our own, have shown that CAFs, when injected with carcinoma cells into immunodeficient mice, are capable of substantially promoting tumourigenesis 7-10. CAFs prepared from carcinoma patients, however, frequently undergo senescence during propagation in culture limiting the extensiveness of their use throughout ongoing experimentation. To overcome this difficulty, we developed a novel technique to experimentally generate immortalised human mammary CAF cell lines (exp-CAFs) from human mammary fibroblasts, using a coimplantation breast tumour xenograft model.
In order to generate exp-CAFs, parental human mammary fibroblasts, obtained from the reduction mammoplasty tissue, were first immortalised with hTERT, the catalytic subunit of the telomerase holoenzyme, and engineered to express GFP and a puromycin resistance gene. These cells were coimplanted with MCF-7 human breast carcinoma cells expressing an activated ras oncogene (MCF-7-ras cells) into a mouse xenograft. After a period of incubation in vivo, the initially injected human mammary fibroblasts were extracted from the tumour xenografts on the basis of their puromycin resistance 11.
We observed that the resident human mammary fibroblasts have differentiated, adopting a myofibroblastic phenotype and acquired tumour-promoting properties during the course of tumour progression. Importantly, these cells, defined as exp-CAFs, closely mimic the tumour-promoting myofibroblastic phenotype of CAFs isolated from breast carcinomas dissected from patients. Our tumour xenograft-derived exp-CAFs therefore provide an effective model to study the biology of CAFs in human breast carcinomas. The described protocol may also be extended for generating and characterising various CAF populations derived from other types of human carcinomas.

Experimental Generation of Carcinoma-Associated Fibroblasts CAFs from Human Mammary Fibroblasts

Carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) rich in myofibroblasts present within the tumour stroma, play a major role in driving tumour progression. We developed a coimplantation tumour xengraft model for experimentally generating CAFs from human mammary fibroblasts. The protocol describes how to establish CAF myofibroblasts that acquire an ability to promote tumourigenesis.

Génération expérimentale de carcinome Associated fibroblastes (CAF) à partir des fibroblastes mammaires

Carcinomas are complex tissues comprised of neoplastic cells and a non-cancerous compartment referred to as the 'stroma'. The stroma consists of ...

Recherche

Médecine

Human Neuroendocrine Tumor Cell Lines as a Three-Dimensional Model for the Study of Human Neuroendocrine Tumor Therapy

Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are rare tumors, with an incidence of two per 100,&#x200A;000 individuals per year, and they account for 0.5% of all human malignancies.1 Other than surgery for the minority of patients who present with localized disease, there is little or no survival benefit of systemic therapy. Therefore, there is a great need to better understand the biology of NETs, and in particular define new therapeutic targets for patients with nonresectable or metastatic neuroendocrine tumors. 3D cell culture is becoming a popular method for drug screening due to its relevance in modeling the in vivo tumor tissue organization and microenvironment.2,3 The 3D multicellular spheroids could provide valuable information in a more timely and less expensive manner than directly proceeding from 2D cell culture experiments to animal (murine) models.
To facilitate the discovery of new therapeutics for NET patients, we have developed an in vitro 3D multicellular spheroids model using the human NET cell lines. The NET cells are plated in a non-adhesive agarose-coated 24-well plate and incubated under physiological conditions (5% CO2, 37 &deg;C) with a very slow agitation for 16-24 hr after plating. The cells form multicellular spheroids starting on the 3rd or 4th day. The spheroids become more spherical by the 6th day, at which point the drug treatments are initiated. The efficacy of the drug treatments on the NET spheroids is monitored based on the morphology, shape and size of the spheroids with a phase-contrast light microscope. The size of the spheroids is estimated automatically using a custom-developed MATLAB program based on an active contour algorithm. Further, we demonstrate a simple method to process the HistoGel embedding on these 3D spheroids, allowing the use of standard histological and immunohistochemical techniques. 
This is the first report on generating 3D spheroids using NET cell lines to examine the effect of therapeutic drugs. We have also performed histology on these 3D spheroids, and displayed an example of a single drug's effect on growth and proliferation of the NET spheroids. Our results support that the NET spheroids are valuable for further studies of NET biology and drug development.

We present a simple agarose overlay platform to grow 3D multicellular spheroids using neuroendocrine cancer cell lines. This method provides a very convenient way to examine the effect of therapeutic drugs on the neuroendocrine tumor cells. It could also help us establish human neuroendocrine tumor spheroids for cancer therapy.

L&#39;homme neuroendocriniennes lignées cellulaires tumorales comme un modèle tridimensionnel pour l&#39;étude de la thérapie des tumeurs neuro-endocrines humaines

Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are rare tumors, with an incidence of two per 100,&#x200A;000 individuals per year, and they account for 0.5% of all human ...

A Three-dimensional Tissue Culture Model to Study Primary Human Bone Marrow and its Malignancies

Tissue culture has been an invaluable tool to study many aspects of cell function, from normal development to disease. Conventional cell culture methods rely on the ability of cells either to attach to a solid substratum of a tissue culture dish or to grow in suspension in liquid medium. Multiple immortal cell lines have been created and grown using such approaches, however, these methods frequently fail when primary cells need to be grown ex vivo. Such failure has been attributed to the absence of the appropriate extracellular matrix components of the tissue microenvironment from the standard systems where tissue culture plastic is used as a surface for cell growth. Extracellular matrix is an integral component of the tissue microenvironment and its presence is crucial for the maintenance of physiological functions such as cell polarization, survival, and proliferation. Here we present a 3-dimensional tissue culture method where primary bone marrow cells are grown in extracellular matrix formulated to recapitulate the microenvironment of the human bone (rBM system). Embedded in the extracellular matrix, cells are supplied with nutrients through the medium supplemented with human plasma, thus providing a comprehensive system where cell survival and proliferation can be sustained for up to 30 days while maintaining the cellular composition of the primary tissue. Using the rBM system we have successfully grown primary bone marrow cells from normal donors and patients with amyloidosis, and various hematological malignancies. The rBM system allows for direct, in-matrix real time visualization of the cell behavior and evaluation of preclinical efficacy of novel therapeutics. Moreover, cells can be isolated from the rBM and subsequently used for in vivo transplantation, cell sorting, flow cytometry, and nucleic acid and protein analysis. Taken together, the rBM method provides a reliable system for the growth of primary bone marrow cells under physiological conditions.

In standard culture methods cells are taken out of their physiological environment and grown on the plastic surface of a dish. To study the behavior of primary human bone marrow cells we created a 3-D culture system where cells are grown under conditions recapitulating the native microenvironment of the tissue.

A Tissue Culture Modèle tridimensionnel pour étudier primaire moelle osseuse humaine et de ses affections malignes

Tissue culture has been an invaluable tool to study many aspects of cell function, from normal development to disease. Conventional cell culture methods ...

Quantification of Breast Cancer Cell Invasiveness Using a Three-dimensional (3D) Model

It is now well known that the cellular and tissue microenvironment are critical regulators influencing tumor initiation and progression. Moreover, the extracellular matrix (ECM) has been demonstrated to be a critical regulator of cell behavior in culture and homeostasis in vivo. The current approach of culturing cells on two-dimensional (2D), plastic surfaces results in the disturbance and loss of complex interactions between cells and their microenvironment. Through the use of three-dimensional (3D) culture assays, the conditions for cell-microenvironment interaction are established resembling the in vivo microenvironment. This article provides a detailed methodology to grow breast cancer cells in a 3D basement membrane protein matrix, exemplifying the potential of 3D culture in the assessment of cell invasion into the surrounding environment. In addition, we discuss how these 3D assays have the potential to examine the loss of signaling molecules that regulate epithelial morphology by immunostaining procedures. These studies aid to identify important mechanistic details into the processes regulating invasion, required for the spread of breast cancer.

Quantification of Breast Cancer Cell Invasiveness Using a Three-dimensional 3D Model

This article provides detailed methodologies for the use of three-dimensional (3D) assays to quantify breast cancer cell invasion. Specifically, we discuss the procedures required to set up such assays, quantification, and data analysis, as well as methods to examine the loss of membrane integrity that occurs when cells invade.

Quantification du cancer du sein cellulaire envahissement aide d&#39;un (3D) du modèle en trois dimensions

It is now well known that the cellular and tissue microenvironment are critical regulators influencing tumor initiation and progression. Moreover, the ...

Three-Dimensional (3D) Tumor Spheroid Invasion Assay

Invasion of surrounding normal tissues is generally considered to be a key hallmark of malignant (as opposed to benign) tumors. For some cancers in particular (e.g., brain tumors such as glioblastoma multiforme and squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck &#8211; SCCHN) it is a cause of severe morbidity and can be life-threatening even in the absence of distant metastases. In addition, cancers which have relapsed following treatment unfortunately often present with a more aggressive phenotype. Therefore, there is an opportunity to target the process of invasion to provide novel therapies that could be complementary to standard anti-proliferative agents. Until now, this strategy has been hampered by the lack of robust, reproducible assays suitable for a detailed analysis of invasion and for drug screening. Here we provide a simple micro-plate method (based on uniform, self-assembling 3D tumor spheroids) which has great potential for such studies. We exemplify the assay platform using a human glioblastoma cell line and also an SCCHN model where the development of resistance against targeted epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors is associated with enhanced matrix-invasive potential. We also provide two alternative methods of semi-automated quantification: one using an imaging cytometer and a second which simply requires standard microscopy and image capture with digital image analysis.

Three-Dimensional 3D Tumor Spheroid Invasion Assay

Invasion of surrounding normal tissues is a defining characteristic of malignant tumors. We provide here a simple, semi-automated micro-plate assay of invasion into a natural 3D biomatrix that has been exemplified with a number of models of advanced human cancers.

Tridimensionnelle (3D) Tumor Spheroid Invasion Assay

Invasion of surrounding normal tissues is generally considered to be a key hallmark of malignant (as opposed to benign) tumors. For some cancers in ...

Three-dimensional Alginate-bead Culture of Human Pituitary Adenoma Cells

A three-dimensional culture method is described in which primary pituitary adenoma cells are grown in alginate beads. Alginate is a polymer derived from brown sea algae. Briefly, the tumor tissue is cut into small pieces and submitted to an enzymatic digestion with collagenase and trypsin. Next, a cell suspension is obtained. The tumor cell suspension is mixed with 1.2% sodium alginate and dropped into a CaCl2 solution, and the alginate/cell suspension is gelled on contact with the CaCl2 to form spherical beads. The cells embedded in the alginate beads are supplied with nutrients provided by the culture media enriched with 20% FBS. Three-dimensional culture in alginate beads maintains the viability of adenoma cells for long periods of time, up to four months. Moreover, the cells can be liberated from the alginate by washing the beads with sodium citrate and seeded on glass coverslips for further immunocytochemical analyses. The use of a cell culture model allows for the fixation and visualization of the actin cytoskeleton with minimal disorganization. In summary, alginate beads provide a reliable culture system for the maintenance of pituitary adenoma cells.

Three-dimensional culture in alginate beads, due to its simplicity and reproducibility, was chosen to maintain the pituitary adenoma cells. The procedures included an initial enzymatic digestion and mechanical dissociation of the tumor tissue, and the subsequent cell suspension was encapsulated in alginate beads.

Tridimensionnelle Alginate-perle culture de cellules humaines adénome hypophysaire

A three-dimensional culture method is described in which primary pituitary adenoma cells are grown in alginate beads. Alginate is a polymer derived from ...

Isometric Contractility Measurement of the Mouse Mesenteric Artery Using Wire Myography

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and drugs. It is widely used in many studies on the physiological functions of vascular smooth muscle, the pathogenesis of vascular diseases such as hypertension, and the development of smooth muscle relaxant drugs. The mouse is a widely used model animal with a large pool of disease models and genetically modified strains. We introduced this method to measure the isometric contraction of mouse mesenteric artery in detail. A 1.4-mm segment of mouse mesenteric resistance artery was isolated and mounted on a myograph chamber by passing two steel wires through its lumen. After equilibration and normalization steps, the vessel segment was potentiated by a high-K+ solution twice prior to the contraction assay. As an example of the application of this method in drug development, we measured the relaxant effect of a novel natural substance, neoliensinine, isolated from a Chinese herb, embryos of the lotus seed (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) on mouse mesenteric arteries. The vessel segments mounted on the myograph chamber were stimulated with a high-K+ solution. When the force tension reached a stable sustained phase, cumulative doses of neoliensinine were added to the chamber. We found that neoliensinine had a dose-dependent relaxant effect on smooth muscle contraction, thus suggesting that it bears potential activity against hypertension. In addition, as the vessel segment can survive at least 4 hours after mounting and maintain contractility induced by the high-K+ solution for many times, we suggest that the wire myograph system may be used for the time-consuming process of drug screening.

The wire myograph technique is used to investigate vascular smooth muscle functions and screen new drugs. We report a detailed protocol for measuring the isometric contractility of the mouse mesenteric artery and for screening new relaxants of vascular smooth muscle.

Mesure de la contractilité isométrique de l’artère mésentérique de souris à l’aide de fil myographie

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and ...

Three-Dimensional Printing of a Complex Aortic Anomaly

Complex congenital aortic anomalies include diverse types of malformations that may be clinically asymptomatic or present with respiratory or esophageal symptoms. These anomalies may be associated with other congenital heart diseases. It is hard to identify the accurate anatomic vessel location from two-dimensional imaging data, such as computed tomography. As an additive manufacturing method, three-dimensional (3-D) printing can covert the acquired imaging data into 3-D physical models. This protocol describes the procedure for modeling the volumetric DICOM imaging into 3-D data and printing it as an anatomically realistic 3-D model. Using this model, surgeons can identify the vessel location of complex aortic anomalies, which is helpful for pre-operative planning and intra-operative guidance.

Here, we present a protocol to use three dimensional printed models for pre-operative planning and intra-operative reorganization of complicated vascular locations when handling a congenital aortic anomaly.

Impression en trois dimensions d’une anomalie aortique complexe

Complex congenital aortic anomalies include diverse types of malformations that may be clinically asymptomatic or present with respiratory or esophageal ...

Three-Dimensional Printing Guide Template Assisted Percutaneous Vertebroplasty (PVP)

Percutaneous vertebroplasty (PVP) is considered an effective treatment for the back pain caused by osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture. The accuracy of PVP mainly depends on the surgeons&#39; experience and multiple fluoroscopes during a traditional procedure. Puncture related complications were reported all over the world. To make the surgical procedure more precise and decrease the rate of puncture-related complications, our team applied a three-dimensional printing guide template to PVP to modify the traditional procedure. This protocol introduces how to model target vertebrae DICOM imaging data into three-dimensions in the software, how to simulate operation in this 3-D model, and how to use all of the surgical data to reconstruct a patient specific template for application. Using this template, surgeons can identify suitable puncture points accurately to improve the accuracy of the operation. The whole protocol includes: 1) diagnosis of the osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture; 2) acquisition of CT imaging of the target vertebra; 3) simulation of the operation in the software; 4) design and fabrication of the 3-D printing guide template; and 5) application of the template into an operation procedure.

Three-Dimensional Printing Guide Template Assisted Percutaneous Vertebroplasty PVP

Herein, we present a three-dimensional printing guide template for percutaneous vertebraplasty. A patient with a T11 vertebral compression fracture was selected as a case study.

Guide d'impression tridimensionnel Template Assisted Percutaneous Vertebroplasty (PVP)

Percutaneous vertebroplasty (PVP) is considered an effective treatment for the back pain caused by osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture. The ...

High-Resolution Three-Dimensional Imaging of the Footpad Vasculature in a Murine Hindlimb Gangrene Model

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a significant cause of morbidity resulting from chronic exposure to atherosclerotic risk factors. Patients suffering from its most severe form, chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI), face substantial impairments to daily living, including chronic pain, limited walking distance without pain, and nonhealing wounds. Preclinical models have been developed in various animals to study PAD, but mouse hindlimb ischemia remains the most widely used. There can be significant variation in response to ischemic insult in these models depending on the mouse strain used and the site, number, and means of arterial disruption. This protocol describes a unique method combining femoral artery and vein electrocoagulation with the administration of a nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor to reliably induce footpad gangrene in Friend Virus B (FVB) mice that resembles the tissue loss of CLTI. While traditional means of assessing reperfusion such as laser Doppler perfusion imaging (LDPI) are still recommended, intracardiac perfusion of the lipophilic dye 1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (DiI) is used to label the vasculature. Subsequent whole-mount confocal laser scanning microscopy allows for high-resolution, three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of footpad vascular networks that complements traditional means of assessing reperfusion in hindlimb ischemia models.

The present protocol describes a unique, clinically relevant model of peripheral arterial disease that combines femoral artery and vein electrocoagulation with the administration of a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor to induce hindlimb gangrene in FVB mice. Intracardiac DiI perfusion is then used for high-resolution, three-dimensional imaging of the footpad vasculature.

Imagerie tridimensionnelle haute résolution de la vascularisation du repose-pieds dans un modèle murin de gangrène postérieure

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a significant cause of morbidity resulting from chronic exposure to atherosclerotic risk factors. Patients suffering ...