Name: generation of fluorescent protein fusions in candida species
Uploaded: 2017-03-04T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Generation of Fluorescent Protein Fusions in Candida Species at JoVE.com

We thank N. Dean for providing the original mCherry FP sequence, M. Gerami-Nejad for construction of plasmids, B. Larson for technical assistance, and T. Heisel for helpful advice during the development of this project. J.B. was supported by the European Research Council Advanced Award 340087 (RAPLODAPT). Microscopy and imaging systems were provided by the University of Minnesota Pediatrics Foundation and the University of Minnesota Imaging Center.

1. Isolate Template Plasmids from E. coli
<ol>
	<li>Grow E. coli containing the template plasmid overnight in 10 ml lysogeny broth (LB) + 200 mg/L ampicillin (AMP) at 37 &#176;C with shaking.</li>
	<li>Harvest cells by centrifuging at 6,000 x g for 2 min.</li>
	<li>Decant liquid, isolate and purify DNA from E. coli cells by a standard method as described previously in Ausubel et al.8.</li>
	<li>Resuspend DNA in Tris-EDTA (TE; 10 mM Tris, pH 8.0, 1 mM EDTA, pH ...

<ol>
	<li>Bendel, C. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Colonization+and+epithelial+adhesion+in+the+pathogenesis+of+neonatal+candidiasis.">Colonization and epithelial adhesion in the pathogenesis of neonatal candidiasis.</a> Semin. Perinatol. 27 (5), 357-364 (2003).</li><li>Gerami-Nejad, M., Berman, J., Gale, C. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cassettes+for+PCR-mediated+construction+of+green,+yellow,+and+cyan+fluorescent+protein+fusions+in+Candida+albicans.">Cassettes for PCR-mediated construction of green, yellow, and cyan fluorescent protein fusions in Candida albicans.</a> Yeast. 18 (9), 859-864 (2001).</li><li>Gerami-Nejad, M., Dulmage, K., Berman, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Additional+cassettes+for+epitope+and+fluorescent+fusion+proteins+in+Candida+albicans.">Additional cassettes for epitope and fluorescent fusion proteins in Candida albicans.</a> Yeast. 26 (7), 399-406 (2009).</li><li>Gerami-Nejad, M., Forche, A., McClellan, M., Berman, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+protein+function+in+clinical+C.+albicans+isolates.">Analysis of protein function in clinical C. albicans isolates.</a> Yeast. 29 (8), 303-309 (2012).</li><li>Gerami-Nejad, M., Hausauer, D., McClellan, M., Berman, J., Gale, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cassettes+for+the+PCR-mediated+construction+of+regulatable+alleles+in+Candida+albicans.">Cassettes for the PCR-mediated construction of regulatable alleles in Candida albicans.</a> Yeast. 21 (5), 429-436 (2004).</li><li>Gonia, S., Larson, B., Gale, C. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=PCR-mediated+gene+modification+strategy+for+construction+of+fluorescent+protein+fusions+in+Candida+parapsilosis.">PCR-mediated gene modification strategy for construction of fluorescent protein fusions in Candida parapsilosis.</a> Yeast. 33 (2), 63-69 (2016).</li><li>Milne, S. W., Cheetham, J., Lloyd, D., Aves, S., Bates, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cassettes+for+PCR-+mediated+gene+tagging+in+Candida+albicans+utilizing+nourseothricin+resistance.">Cassettes for PCR- mediated gene tagging in Candida albicans utilizing nourseothricin resistance.</a> Yeast. 28 (12), 833-841 (2011).</li><li>Ausubel, F. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Current Protocols in Molecular Biology. , (1995).</li><li>Wilson, R. B., Davis, D., Mitchell, A. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+hypothesis+testing+with+Candida+albicans+through+gene+disruption+with+short+homology+regions.">Rapid hypothesis testing with Candida albicans through gene disruption with short homology regions.</a> J. Bacteriol. 181 (6), 1868-1874 (1999).</li><li>Pulver, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rsr1+focuses+Cdc42+activity+at+hyphal+tips+and+promotes+maintenance+of+hyphal+development+in+Candida+albicans.">Rsr1 focuses Cdc42 activity at hyphal tips and promotes maintenance of hyphal development in Candida albicans.</a> Eukaryotic Cell. 12 (4), 482-495 (2013).</li><li>Falgier, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Candida+species+differ+in+their+interactions+with+immature+human+gastrointestinal+epithelial+cells.">Candida species differ in their interactions with immature human gastrointestinal epithelial cells.</a> Pediatr. Res. 69 (5), 384-389 (2011).</li><li>Nosek, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetic+manipulation+of+the+pathogenic+yeast+Candida+parapsilosis.">Genetic manipulation of the pathogenic yeast Candida parapsilosis.</a> Curr. Genet. 42 (1), 27-35 (2002).</li><li>Zemanova, J., Nosek, J., Tomaska, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-efficiency+transformation+of+the+pathogenic+yeast+Candida+parapsilosis.">High-efficiency transformation of the pathogenic yeast Candida parapsilosis.</a> Curr. Genet. 45 (3), 183-186 (2004).</li><li>Benjamin, D. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neonatal+candidiasis+among+extremely+low+birth+weight+infants:+risk+factors,+mortality+rates,+and+neurodevelopmental+outcomes+at+18+to+22+months.">Neonatal candidiasis among extremely low birth weight infants: risk factors, mortality rates, and neurodevelopmental outcomes at 18 to 22 months.</a> Pediatrics. 117 (1), 84-92 (2006).</li><li>Kullberg, B. J., Arendrup, M. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Invasive+Candidiasis.">Invasive Candidiasis.</a> N Engl J Med. 373 (15), 1445-1456 (2015).</li></ol>

Construction of epitope tagged sequences in Candida species using the PCR-mediated gene modification strategy described above can be summarized as a three-step process. First, a cassette is made by PCR that encodes both the sequence desired for integration and regions homologous to the locus of insertion into the yeast genome. Second, the yeast cells to be transformed are made chemically competent with lithium acetate and co-incubated with the cassette. Third, the cells are plated on selective media to recover t...

Candida species are commensal fungi that colonize the intestinal and genitourinary tracts of all humans. Under conditions of immunodeficiency, such as that occur with premature birth or immunosuppressive effects from treatments for cancer, Candida species can become opportunistic pathogens. Of the Candida species, Candida albicans is the most prevalent fungal colonizer and causes the majority of invasive fungal infections. Other Candida species such as C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis, and C. kruseii also cause serious infections in immunocompromised patients, with some exhibiting intrinsic resistance to commonly used anti-fungal antibiotics such as fluconazole and amphotericin B. Hence, infections with some of these species are being observed more frequently, especially in patients being treated prophylactically with anti-fungal agents. Even with appropriate and timely anti-fungal treatment, invasive Candida infections continue to be associated with significant morbidity and mortality1. Because of the significance of Candida species in human health, there is a need for readily available molecular tools that allow the study and elucidation of their pathogenesis mechanisms.
One important tool that allows researchers to visualize and quantify microbial cells and the proteins that they express is FP fusion technology. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-mediated gene modification, as described in this paper, allows the construction of fusions, between FP sequences and a Candida protein coding sequence of interest at its genomic locus. Stable integration of the construct facilitates analysis of protein expression as well as protein localization dynamics. Plasmids containing FP sequences, optimized for expression in Candida albicans and that can be used in the PCR-mediated gene modification strategy, have been previously constructed2,3,4,5. Plasmids contain FP transformation &#34;cassettes&#34;: a FP sequence linked to a nutritional marker gene that facilitates the transformation of C. albicans and C. parapsilosis2,3,4,5,6,7. Currently available plasmids contain a variety of selectable nutritional marker genes (URA3, HIS1, ARG4) for transformation of auxotrophic strains as well as a dominant drug resistance marker (NAT1), which facilitates transformation of clinical strains lacking auxotrophies. In addition, plasmids contain options for up to four different FP sequences (green [GFP], yellow [YFP], cyan [CFP], and cherry [mCherry]) and either an ADH1 termination sequence for construction of carboxy-terminus protein fusions, or a promoter sequence for construction of amino-terminus protein fusions. Primers are designed with homology to the plasmid DNA surrounding the FP cassette. In addition, the primers also contain 5&#39;-extension sequences bearing homology to the yeast gene of interest to be tagged, which facilitates integration of the cassette into the genomic locus via homologous recombination (Figure 1). Gene-specific FP cassettes are generated by PCR and then transformed into Candida cells made competent for uptake of DNA by treatment with lithium acetate.
<img alt="Figure 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/55333/55333fig1.jpg" /> 
Figure 1: Diagram of how FP sequence fusions are generated in Candida species. (A) Plasmid DNA includes a FP sequence and a sequence encoding nourseothricin resistance (NAT1). Relative locations of Forward (FWD) and reverse (REV) primers are shown, with black portions of the primers indicating the region of homology to the plasmid sequence and the purple portions denoting the gene-specific homology region or primer extension. (B) FP cassettes are transformed into Candida and integrate within the ENO1 genomic locus via homologous recombination (dotted lines). (C) Resulting FP fusion sequence at the 3&#39;end of ENO1. <a href="http://cloudflare.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/55333/55333fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
Herein, we present an example of protein fusion (Eno1-FP) constructions in Candida species. We use tagging plasmids containing the NAT1 transformation marker gene along with sequences encoding GFP, YFP, or mCherry (Figure 2). These plasmids are used along with primers in PCR to generate gene-specific cassettes that facilitate fusion of FPs to the 3&#39;-end of ENO1, resulting in expression of Eno1 fused to FPs at its carboxy-terminus.
<img alt="Figure 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/55333/55333fig2.jpg" /> 
Figure 2: Maps of FP cassette-containing plasmids. Forward (F) and reverse (R) primers used to generate the cassettes from the plasmids are indicated along with the relative location of their homology to the plasmids. Primer sequences are as listed in Table 1. F1 and R1 were also used to generate the pYFP-NAT1 cassette. The plasmid containing the YFP-NAT1 cassette (pMG2263) is identical to pMG2120 with the exception of YFP in place of the GFP sequence. Cassette sizes: GFP-NAT1, 3.7 kbp; mCherry-NAT1, 3.2 kbp; YFP-NAT1, 3.7 kbp. This figure has been modified from Gerami-Nejad, et al.4 <a href="http://cloudflare.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/55333/55333fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>100W mercury lamp</td>
			<td>CHIU Technical Corporation</td>
			<td>M-100T</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>95% Ethanol</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Adenine</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ampicillin</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Carrier DNA</td>
			<td>Ambion</td>
			<td>AM9680</td>
			<td>Sheared Salmon Sperm DNA 10 mg/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CCD Camera</td>
			<td>Photometrics</td>
			<td>CoolSNAP HQ</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Conical Tube</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>430828</td>
			<td>50ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Culture Tube Rotator</td>
			<td>New Brunswick</td>
			<td>2013923</td>
			<td>TC-8, or Any Culture Tube Rotator</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Deoxynucleotides (dNTP) PCR Grade</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eppendorf Tubes</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>022363719, 022363212</td>
			<td>0.5ml, 1.5ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Erlenmeyer Flask</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>7250089</td>
			<td>125ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA)</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Freezer (-80 &#176;C )</td>
			<td>Thermo Electron Corporation</td>
			<td>ULT-1386-9-V</td>
			<td>Revco Ultima II</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GFP, YFP and Texas Red Filter Sets</td>
			<td>Chroma Technology Corporation</td>
			<td>49002, 86004v2, 49008</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass culture tubes</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>1496126</td>
			<td>75mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HRP goat anti-mouse antibody</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td>
			<td>SC-2005</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HRP goat anti-rabbit antibody</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td>
			<td>SC-2301</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Incubator (30 &#176;C )</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lithium Acetate</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lysogeny Broth (LB) Media</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnesium Chloride</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microcentrifuge</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>5415 D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>E600</td>
			<td>Nikon Eclipse E600</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope Image Analysis Software</td>
			<td>Universal Imaging Corporation</td>
			<td>6.3r7</td>
			<td>MetaMorph Software Series 6.3r7</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse anti-GFP antibody</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>11814460001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nourseothricin</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>50997939</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PCR Thermocycler</td>
			<td>Applied Biosystems</td>
			<td>9700</td>
			<td>GeneAmp PCR System</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PCR tubes</td>
			<td>BioExpress, GeneMate</td>
			<td>T-3035-1</td>
			<td>0.2ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polyethylene Glycol 3350</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium Chloride</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rabbit anti-mCherry antibody</td>
			<td>BioVision</td>
			<td>5993-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Refrigerator (4&#176;C)</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Acetate</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stereomicroscope</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>SMZ1500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Table Top Centrifuge</td>
			<td>Labnet</td>
			<td>Z 400</td>
			<td>Hermle Z 400</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Taq DNA Polymerase</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (Tris)</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vortex Mixer</td>
			<td>Scientific Industries</td>
			<td>SI-0236</td>
			<td>Vortex Genie 2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Yeast Extract Peptone Dextrose (YPD) Media</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

generation of fluorescent protein fusions in candida species

Candida species, prevalent colonizers of the intestinal and genitourinary tracts, are the cause of the majority of invasive fungal infections in humans. Thus, molecular and genetic tools are needed to facilitate the study of their pathogenesis mechanisms. PCR-mediated gene modification is a straightforward and quick approach to generate epitope-tagged proteins to facilitate their detection. In particular, fluorescent protein (FP) fusions are powerful tools that allow visualization and quantitation of both yeast cells and proteins by fluorescence microscopy and immunoblotting, respectively. Plasmids containing FP encoding sequences, along with nutritional marker genes that facilitate the transformation of Candida species, have been generated for the purpose of FP construction and expression in Candida. Herein, we present a strategy for constructing a FP fusion in a Candida species. Plasmids containing the nourseothricin resistance transformation marker gene (NAT1) along with sequences for either green, yellow, or cherry FPs (GFP, YFP, mCherry) are used along with primers that include gene-specific sequences in a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to generate a FP cassette. This gene-specific cassette has the ability to integrate into the 3'-end of the corresponding gene locus via homologous recombination. Successful in-frame fusion of the FP sequence into the gene locus of interest is verified genetically, followed by analysis of fusion protein expression by microscopy and/or immuno-detection methods. In addition, for the case of highly expressed proteins, successful fusions can be screened for primarily by fluorescence imaging techniques.

As an example, we used the protocol described above to construct GFP and mCherry fusions to Eno1 in a C. parapsilosis laboratory strain. Each putative transformant was initially restreaked for growth. In this example, since the resultant fusion protein is highly expressed (enolase) and the FPs are bright, we were able to screen transformants by fluorescence microscopy prior to performing diagnostic PCR (Figure 3)6.
<p class="jove_conte...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Generation of Fluorescent Protein Fusions in Candida Species at JoVE.com

Generation of Fluorescent Protein Fusions in Candida Species

PCR-mediated gene modification can be used to generate fluorescent protein fusions in Candida species, which facilitates visualization and quantitation of yeast cells and proteins. Herein, we present a strategy for constructing a fluorescent protein fusion (Eno1-FP) in Candida parapsilosis.

Generation of Fluorescent Protein Fusions in Candida Species

Candida species, prevalent colonizers of the intestinal and genitourinary tracts, are the cause of the majority of invasive fungal infections in humans. ...

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