Name: expression, purification, and liposome binding of budding yeast snx-bar heterodimers
Uploaded: 2019-12-06T12:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Expression, Purification, and Liposome Binding of Budding Yeast SNX-BAR Heterodimers at JoVE.com

Research reported in this publication was supported by the National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under award number GM060221 and in part by the National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under award number T32GM007223. R.C. was supported in part by the UNC-Charlotte Faculty Research Grants Program.

1. Yeast Strain Construction
<ol>
	<li>Begin with TVY614 (pep4&#916;::LEU2 prb1&#916;::hisG prc1&#916;::HIS3)11 as the parent strain. This strain is deficient for vacuolar proteases, which contribute to the majority of protein degradation after cell lysis, and therefore allows for a cleaner and more efficient purification.</li>
	<li>Design primers12 and integrate tandem affinity purification (TAP) tag at the C-terminus of Atg20 (SNX-BAR ORF 1) u...

<ol>
	<li>Teasdale, R. D., Collins, B. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Insights+into+the+PX+(phox-homology)+domain+and+SNX+(sorting+nexin)+protein+families:+structures,+functions+and+roles+in+disease.">Insights into the PX (phox-homology) domain and SNX (sorting nexin) protein families: structures, functions and roles in disease.</a> The Biochemical Journal. 441 (1), 39-59 (2012).</li><li>Zhang, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Retromer+Complex+and+Sorting+Nexins+in+Neurodegenerative+Diseases.">The Retromer Complex and Sorting Nexins in Neurodegenerative Diseases.</a> Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience. 10, 79 (2018).</li><li>Burd, C., Cullen, P. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retromer:+a+master+conductor+of+endosome+sorting.">Retromer: a master conductor of endosome sorting.</a> Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in Biology. 6 (2), (2014).</li><li>Chi, R. J., Harrison, M. S., Burd, C. 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R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+basis+for+SNX-BAR-mediated+assembly+of+distinct+endosomal+sorting+tubules.">Molecular basis for SNX-BAR-mediated assembly of distinct endosomal sorting tubules.</a> The EMBO Journal. 31 (23), 4466-4480 (2012).</li><li>Chi, R. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fission+of+SNX-BAR-coated+endosomal+retrograde+transport+carriers+is+promoted+by+the+dynamin-related+protein+Vps1.">Fission of SNX-BAR-coated endosomal retrograde transport carriers is promoted by the dynamin-related protein Vps1.</a> The Journal of Cell Biology. 204 (5), 793-806 (2014).</li><li>Purushothaman, L. K., Arlt, H., Kuhlee, A., Raunser, S., Ungermann, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retromer-driven+membrane+tubulation+separates+endosomal+recycling+from+Rab7/Ypt7-dependent+fusion.">Retromer-driven membrane tubulation separates endosomal recycling from Rab7/Ypt7-dependent fusion.</a> Molecular Biology of the Cell. 28 (6), 783-791 (2017).</li><li>Purushothaman, L. K., Ungermann, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cargo+induces+retromer-mediated+membrane+remodeling+on+membranes.">Cargo induces retromer-mediated membrane remodeling on membranes.</a> Molecular Biology of the Cell. 29 (22), 2709-2719 (2018).</li><li>Wurmser, A. E., Emr, S. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phosphoinositide+signaling+and+turnover:+PtdIns(3)P,+a+regulator+of+membrane+traffic,+is+transported+to+the+vacuole+and+degraded+by+a+process+that+requires+lumenal+vacuolar+hydrolase+activities.">Phosphoinositide signaling and turnover: PtdIns(3)P, a regulator of membrane traffic, is transported to the vacuole and degraded by a process that requires lumenal vacuolar hydrolase activities.</a> The EMBO journal. 17 (17), 4930-4942 (1998).</li><li>Puig, O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+tandem+affinity+purification+(TAP)+method:+a+general+procedure+of+protein+complex+purification.">The tandem affinity purification (TAP) method: a general procedure of protein complex purification.</a> Methods. 24 (3), 218-229 (2001).</li><li>Kushnirov, V. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+and+reliable+protein+extraction+from+yeast.">Rapid and reliable protein extraction from yeast.</a> Yeast. 16 (9), 857-860 (2000).</li><li>Longtine, M. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Additional+modules+for+versatile+and+economical+PCR-based+gene+deletion+and+modification+in+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae.">Additional modules for versatile and economical PCR-based gene deletion and modification in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.</a> Yeast. 14 (10), 953-961 (1998).</li><li>Tropea, J. E., Cherry, S., Waugh, D. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Expression+and+purification+of+soluble+His(6)-tagged+TEV+protease.">Expression and purification of soluble His(6)-tagged TEV protease.</a> Methods in Molecular Biology. 498, 297-307 (2009).</li><li>Zhang, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Morphology+and+structure+of+lipoproteins+revealed+by+an+optimized+negative-staining+protocol+of+electron+microscopy.">Morphology and structure of lipoproteins revealed by an optimized negative-staining protocol of electron microscopy.</a> Journal of Lipid Research. 52 (1), 175-184 (2011).</li><li>Yong, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Expression+and+purification+of+the+SNX1/SNX6+complex.">Expression and purification of the SNX1/SNX6 complex.</a> Protein Expression and Purification. 151, 93-98 (2018).</li></ol>

Here, we demonstrate an optimized workflow to purify SNX-BAR dimers in yeast and two assays to evaluate their biophysical properties on synthetic liposomes. The main advantage over typical recombinant protein expression in Escherichia coli or other systems is the ability to evenly express SNX-BAR proteins in a native host, thus avoiding the toxicity and insolubility issues found in purifying SNX-BARs in other systems. It is also notable that our system does not require molecular cloning or the harboring of multi...

Membrane-bound organelles such as the plasma membrane, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosome (yeast vacuole), and endosome comprise the endomembrane system of the eukaryotic cell. Most organelles have the ability to communicate and exchange material with other organelles through vesicle transport carriers. How the cell coordinates the packaging and formation of vesicle transport carriers within the endomembrane system is not well understood. However, the proteins and lipids that constitute much of the endomembrane system are known to originate from internalizing endocytic vesicles from the plasma membrane (PM). The endosome is the primary acceptor organelle for these vesicles and is comprised of multiple interconnected sets of tubular organelles. The principal function of the endosome is to facilitate nutrient acquisition, regulate protein and lipid turnover, protect from pathogen infection, and to serve as the primary replenishing source of lipids for the plasma membrane. As the endosome receives the bulk of cargo proteins and lipids from the plasma membrane, it acts as a sorting compartment by isolating cargos into tubular endosomal transport carriers (ETCs). Any proteins not sequestered into ETCs are left to be degraded via the endo-lysosomal system. The dysregulation of cargo sorting into ETCs can lead to the loss of nutrient uptake, protein turnover or lipid homeostasis, resulting in numerous metabolic, developmental, and neurological disorders1,2. However, despite ETCs central role at the endosome, the underlying mechanism of how the endosome can selectively coordinate the packaging of a multitude of heterogeneous cargos into tubular carriers is not known.
The sorting nexin (SNX) family is an evolutionarily conserved class of proteins that have been found to be critical for many vesicle transport reactions in the cell3,4,5. Sorting nexins are recruited to the endosome membrane and aid in cargo capture via their characteristic phox homology (PX) domain, which binds phosphatidylinositol-3-monophosphate (PtdIns(3)P), a lipid enriched on the endosome membrane. Mammals encode thirty-three SNX proteins, which can be further divided into multiple subfamilies, according to the presence of other domains1. Most notably, the SNX-BAR subfamily is the largest subfamily consisting of twelve in human, while in budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the subfamily is reduced to just seven SNX-BARs. SNX-BAR proteins have both a PX domain and a Bin-Amphiphysin-Rvs (BAR) domain that triggers lipid reservoirs to bind positive curvature membranes. Consequently, the SNX-BAR family has a natural affinity for the endosome and can mediate ETC formation via their membrane remodeling abilities. In vitro, the remodeling properties of SNX-BARs can be induced by the addition of purified SNX-BARs to synthetic liposomes and the subsequent formation of narrow, coated tubules can be visualized by electron microscopy. Using these methods, researchers have determined that both oligomerization concentration and constriction strength appear to vary amongst the SNX-BAR family suggesting they could aid in both the formation and scission of ETCs.
The SNX-BARs can be further classified by their exclusive dimerization properties. In vitro binding assays and structural studies have demonstrated that SNX-BAR proteins can only form specific homodimers or heterodimers. Therefore, in principle, each potential SNX-BAR dimer-oligomer could provide a tubule coat for a cargo-specific trafficking pathway and likewise, the restricted oligomerization of the other SNX-BAR protomers, can also define distinct export pathways. However, due to the large number of SNX-BARs and diversity within the SNX family, a one sorting nexin-one cargo hypothesis is highly unlikely. Instead a coordinated effort using a multitude of factors such as SNX-BARs, cargo, lipid specificity and other dependencies is more probable. Likewise, recent studies of the yeast SNX4 family revealed evidence for additional lipid specificity, beyond PtdIns(3)P, to potentiate endosome transport carriers6. In this study, SNX-BAR homodimer Mvp1-Mvp1 was purified from bacteria and native heterodimers Snx4-Atg20 and Vps5-Vps17 were expressed and purified in high yield from yeast, while only Snx4-Atg20 was found to preferentially bind phosphatidylserine (PS) and form narrow tube-like structures in liposome binding studies6. While others in the field have revealed important properties of the SNX-BARs using recombinantly purified SNX-BAR homodimers from bacteria, toxicity associated with expressing SNX-BAR heterodimers in similar systems have hindered their native characterization7,8,9,10. Therefore, without a reliable system to obtain pure recombinantly expressed native heterodimers, researchers must forgo these lines of investigation. In Figure 1, we present a four-part workflow to 1) construct a yeast strain overexpressing SNX-BAR heterodimers for tandem affinity purification, 2) express and purify native SNX-BAR heterodimers, 3) prepare unilamellar synthetic liposomes, and 4) set up a liposome tubulation or sedimentations assay, providing a vital tool for researchers to investigate the growing catalogue of sorting nexins found in nature.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>0.2 micrometer PC Membranes</td>
			<td>Avanti</td>
			<td>610006</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10 mL Poly-Prep Chromatography column (Bio-Rad)</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>731-1550</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>27 Gauge needle</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>301629</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Amicon Ultra Centrifugal Filter with 10K cutoff</td>
			<td>Amicon</td>
			<td>UFC501024</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Avestin EmulsiFlex-C3 Homogenizer</td>
			<td>Avestin</td>
			<td>EF-C3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BCA assay</td>
			<td>Pierce</td>
			<td>23225</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Beckman Optima MAX-XP Ultracentrifuge</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>393315</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>cOmplete Protease Inhibitor Cocktail</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>4693116001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DOPC</td>
			<td>Avanti</td>
			<td>850375</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DOPS</td>
			<td>Avanti</td>
			<td>840035</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ergosterol (Sigma)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>47130-U</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Extruder Set with Block 0.2 microlter/1mL</td>
			<td>Avanti</td>
			<td>610000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="2">FEI Tecnai F20 transmission electron microscope (200 kV)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass culture tubes</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>47729-570</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IgG sepharose beads (GE Healthcare)</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td>17-0969-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microlter glass syringes</td>
			<td>Hamilton</td>
			<td>7637-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>New Brunswick Excella E25</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>M1353-0000</td>
			<td>or equivalent shaking 30 C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ni-NTA Magnetic Agarose Beads</td>
			<td>Pierce</td>
			<td>78605</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Optima XE-90 Ultracentrifuge</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>A94516</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Parafilm M</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>52858-076</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PI3P</td>
			<td>Echelon</td>
			<td>P-3016</td>
			<td>or Echelon equivalent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polycarbonate bottle assembly</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>355622</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TLA-100 Fixed-Angle Rotor</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>343840</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Type 45 Ti Rotor</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vacuum Desiccator, Bottom and Lid with Socket Valve</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>75871-436</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vacuum Pump Alcatel (Pascal 2005 C1)</td>
			<td>A&#38;J Vacuum</td>
			<td>PN07050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vortex with foam holder</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>10153-838</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>VWR KIT MICROTUBE</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>12620-880</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

expression, purification, and liposome binding of budding yeast snx-bar heterodimers

SNX-BAR proteins are an evolutionarily conserved class of membrane remodeling proteins that play key roles in sorting and trafficking of protein and lipids during endocytosis, sorting within the endosomal system, and autophagy. Central to SNX-BAR protein function is the ability to form homodimers or heterodimers that bind membranes using highly conserved phox-homology (PX) and BAR (Bin/Amphiphysin/Rvs) domains. In addition, oligomerization of SNX-BAR dimers on membranes can elicit the formation of membrane tubules and vesicles and this activity is thought to reflect their functions as coat proteins for endosome-derived transport carriers. Researchers have long utilized in vitro binding studies using recombinant SNX-BAR proteins on synthetic liposomes or giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) to reveal the precise makeup of lipids needed to drive membrane remodeling, thus revealing their mechanism of action. However, due to technical challenges with dual expression systems, toxicity of SNX-BAR protein expression in bacteria, and poor solubility of individual SNX-BAR proteins, most studies to date have examined SNX-BAR homodimers, including non-physiological dimers that form during expression in bacteria. Recently, we have optimized a protocol to overcome the major shortcomings of a typical bacterial expression system. Using this workflow, we demonstrate how to successfully express and purify large amounts of SNX-BAR heterodimers and how to reconstitute them on synthetic liposomes for binding and tubulation assays.

This protocol describes a method for reproducible and robust production of endogenous yeast SNX-BAR complexes that can be used for downstream membrane remodeling assays (Figure 1). The construction of the yeast strain used for purification takes advantage of the efficiency of homologous recombination in budding yeast, allowing for modifications at the genomic loci of the targeted SNX-BARs (Figure 2). This design has two advantage...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Expression, Purification, and Liposome Binding of Budding Yeast SNX-BAR Heterodimers at JoVE.com

Expression, Purification, and Liposome Binding of Budding Yeast SNX-BAR Heterodimers

Here, we present a workflow for the expression, purification and liposome binding of SNX-BAR heterodimers in yeast.

SNX-BAR proteins are an evolutionarily conserved class of membrane remodeling proteins that play key roles in sorting and trafficking of protein and ...

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