Name: posterior approach for debridement of the psoas abscess
Uploaded: 2020-03-02T13:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Posterior Approach for Debridement of the Psoas Abscess at JoVE.com

The authors would like to acknowledge all those who donate their bodies for research and keep impacting others after they have gone.

The use of deceased human specimens, for the purposes of developing this method, has been approved by the WellStar Research Institute&#39;s institutional review board and conforms with the ethical guidelines established by the institution&#39;s ethics committee. The specimens used in this method were all formalin-fixed, transected at the T12 vertebral body, and had their abdominal organs and viscera removed.
1. Preparation of the cadaveric specimen and surgical field
<ol>
	<li>Place the prev...

<ol>
	<li>Bartolo, D. C., Ebbs, S. R., Cooper, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Psoas+abscess+in+Bristol:+a+10-year+review.">Psoas abscess in Bristol: a 10-year review.</a> International Journal of Colorectal Disease. 2, 72-76 (1987).</li><li>Dietrich, A., Vaccarezza, H., Vaccaro, C. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Iliopsoas+abscess:+presentation,+management,+and+outcomes.">Iliopsoas abscess: presentation, management, and outcomes.</a> Surgical Laparoscopy Endoscopy &amp; Percutaneous Techniques. 23, 45-48 (2013).</li><li>Santaella, R. O., Fishman, E. K., Lipsett, P. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Primary+vs+secondary+iliopsoas+abscess.+Presentation,+microbiology,+and+treatment.">Primary vs secondary iliopsoas abscess. Presentation, microbiology, and treatment.</a> Archives of Surgery. 130, 1309-1313 (1995).</li><li>Yamagami, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Percutaneous+drainage+of+psoas+abscess+under+real-time+computed+tomography+fluoroscopic+guidance.">Percutaneous drainage of psoas abscess under real-time computed tomography fluoroscopic guidance.</a> Skeletal Radiology. 38, 275-280 (2009).</li><li>Tabrizian, P., Nguyen, S. Q., Greenstein, A., Rajhbeharrysingh, U., Divino, C. 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J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+age-related+loss+of+skeletal+muscle+mass+and+function:+Measurement+and+physiology+of+muscle+fibre+atrophy+and+muscle+fibre+loss+in+humans.">The age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass and function: Measurement and physiology of muscle fibre atrophy and muscle fibre loss in humans.</a> Ageing Research Reviews. 47, 123-132 (2018).</li><li>Aszmann, O. C., Dellon, E. S., Dellon, A. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Anatomical+course+of+the+lateral+femoral+cutaneous+nerve+and+its+susceptibility+to+compression+and+injury.">Anatomical course of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve and its susceptibility to compression and injury.</a> Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 100, 600-604 (1997).</li><li>Spivak, J. M., Paulino, C. B., Patel, A., Shanti, N., Pathare, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Safe+zone+for+retractor+placement+to+the+lumbar+spine+via+the+transpsoas+approach.">Safe zone for retractor placement to the lumbar spine via the transpsoas approach.</a> Journal of Orthopedic Surgery. 21, 77-81 (2013).</li><li>Reid, J. G., Livingston, L. A., Pearsall, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+geometry+of+the+psoas+muscle+as+determined+by+magnetic+resonance+imaging.">The geometry of the psoas muscle as determined by magnetic resonance imaging.</a> Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 75, 703-708 (1994).</li><li>Hanson, P., Magnusson, S. P., Sorensen, H., Simonsen, E. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differences+in+the+iliolumbar+ligament+and+the+transverse+process+of+the+L5+vertebra+in+young+white+and+black+people.">Differences in the iliolumbar ligament and the transverse process of the L5 vertebra in young white and black people.</a> Acta Anatomica. 163, 218-223 (1998).</li><li>Ilayperuma, I., Nanayakkara, B. G., Hasan, R., Uluwitiya, S. M., Palahepitiya, K. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Coracobrachialis+muscle:+morphology,+morphometry+and+gender+differences.">Coracobrachialis muscle: morphology, morphometry and gender differences.</a> Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy. 38, 335-340 (2016).</li></ol>

The most critical steps for finding the safe zone for irrigation and debridement of a psoas muscle abscess through a dorsal approach are 1) careful blunt dissection of the lumbar plexus during the ventral and dorsal approach; 2) preservation of the transverse processes during their isolation, as they can be fragile, for better visualization; and 3) calibrating the ImageJ software with the surgical ruler and taking careful measurements to elucidate the relationship between the TP, LP, and psoas muscle.
<p class="jove_...

A psoas abscess (PA) is a rare diagnosis reported in 0.4&#8211;1 per 10,000 admissions to the hospital1,2. A PA can be caused by hematogenous spread, lymphatic spread from a distant infectious site, or by contiguous spread from adjacent organs3. Currently, percutaneous drainage under real-time computed tomography is a safe and first-line treatment for a PA4. Dietrich et al. found that it has a higher success rate compared to open surgery, offering a lower mortality rate and shorter hospital length of stay2. However, Tabrizian et al. found that 44% of the patients treated with percutaneous drainage underwent open surgery to eradicate the infection5.
Given the rate of open surgeries performed for treatment of psoas abscesses, the aim of the method developed in this study is to find a &#34;safe zone&#34; for irrigation and debridement (I&#38;D) of a psoas abscess via a dorsal approach. An initial ventral approach is taken to identify and isolate key anatomical structures, including the transverse processes (TP), psoas muscle, and lumbar plexus (LP). A dorsal approach is then taken to further isolate the TP and LP from the surrounding structures. Throughout the various steps of dissection, photographs are obtained. Once the dissection is complete, the images are uploaded to ImageJ (1.48v, National Institute of Health) and several measurements are taken to identify the relationship between the TP, LP, and psoas muscle. Finally, using the measurements obtained, a &#34;safe zone&#34; for entering the substance of the psoas and minimizing the risk of lumbar plexus injury is calculated. To our knowledge, this is the first work that uses the transverse processes as reference points for the purpose of finding a safe zone for I&#38;D of a psoas abscess.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Blunt ended dissecting scissors</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>To cover the specimens</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Camera</td>
			<td>Sony a7 III</td>
			<td>ILCE-7</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cobb elevator</td>
			<td>Sklar</td>
			<td>40-6950</td>
			<td>For isolation of TP and general dissection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dissection table</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Formalin fixed cadavers</td>
			<td>Restore Life USA</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Transected at T12 with abdominal organs removed</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hemostats</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Retractors</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>For blunt dissection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rongeur</td>
			<td>Sklar</td>
			<td>40-4085</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scissors</td>
			<td>Sklar</td>
			<td>15-2555</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgical absorbent pads</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Placed under the cadaver to absorb fluids</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgical blades/scalpels</td>
			<td>Dynarex</td>
			<td>4110</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgical drape/blanket</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>For blunt dissection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgical gauze sponges</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgical lights</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgical Ruler</td>
			<td>Aspen Surgical Products</td>
			<td>42182702</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tissue forceps</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tool tray</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

posterior approach for debridement of the psoas abscess

This method focuses on outlining a safe zone for irrigation and debridement of a psoas abscess through a posterior approach. Initially, an anterior approach to the spine was performed to ensure that the anterior longitudinal ligament and the psoas muscle could be visualized. All the abdominal organs were removed. Subsequently, a posterior approach was performed to remove the paraspinal muscles from L1&#8211;L5. The transverse processes, pars interarticularis and lamina of L1&#8211;L5 were identified. The exiting nerve root was identified between the transverse processes and followed into the substance of the psoas muscle. Using the anterior and posterior approach, the lumbar plexus was isolated from the substance of the psoas muscle. Before and after various steps of dissection, digital photographs were obtained. These images were uploaded into ImageJ and multiple measurements, including the distance between the lateral superior and inferior tip of each TP to the most lateral region of the plexus, the distance between the lateral superior and inferior tip of the TP to the lateral edge of the psoas, and the width of the lumbar plexus were recorded. The safe zone for entering the substance of the psoas muscle was defined between the lateral edge of the psoas muscle and the lateral edge of the lumbar plexus. The relationship of this interval to the tip of the transverse process at each level was measured and reported.

Eleven formalin-fixed cadavers were included, with an average age of 80.5 years6. Two cadavers had damaged lumbar vertebrae on the right side and were removed. Thus, a total of 20 measurements were included, 13 female and 7 male. The medial border of the safe zone, defined by the most lateral aspect of the lumbar plexus, was found to be approximately 1 cm medial to the tip of the TP at L1&#8211;L3, but narrowed down to approximately 6 and 1 mm at L4 and L5, respect...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Posterior Approach for Debridement of the Psoas Abscess at JoVE.com

Posterior Approach for Debridement of the Psoas Abscess

This is a cadaveric study investigating the landmarks for the posterior approach for irrigation and debridement of the psoas abscess. The interval between the transverse processes (TP) was used to access the substance of the psoas muscle.

This method focuses on outlining a safe zone for irrigation and debridement of a psoas abscess through a posterior approach. Initially, an anterior ...

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