Name: establishment and evaluation of a porcine vein graft disease model
Uploaded: 2022-07-25T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Establishment and Evaluation of a Porcine Vein Graft Disease Model at JoVE.com

The authors thank Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute for technical support, animal care, and sample collection. They also thank Shenzhen Mindray Bio-Medical Electronics Co., Ltd, for technical support in the ultrasonic examination. This work was supported by Guangdong Science and Technology Program, China, and Jinan University Central Universities Basic Scientific Research Business Expenses Project (2017A020215076, 2008A08003, and 21621409).

The procedures for the care and use of laboratory animals were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute. All experiments were conducted in accordance with the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (8th Ed., 2011, National Research Council, USA). The surgical procedure is shown in Figure 1.
1. Preoperative preparation of animals
<ol>
	<li>Randomly divide 10 3-m...

<ol>
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In this study, we described in detail the protocol for animal selection, instrument preparation, surgical procedures, and post-operative evaluation when developing a CABG-induced VGD model. We performed ultrasonic examination of the venous graft before and after CABG surgery and histological examination of the graft 30 days after the surgery. The blood flow in the internal mammary vein was normal before the CABG surgery, while retrograde flow was observed in the graft of the internal mammary vein. Compared with the sham ...

Although coronary heart disease mortality has declined significantly in recent years, half of middle-aged adults in the United States develop ischemic heart-related symptoms each year, and one-third of older adults die from coronary heart disease1. Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is an effective surgical modality to improve myocardial ischemia, and more importantly, it is an irreplaceable surgical modality for the treatment of multivessel coronary artery disease2. Over time, however, vascular grafts develop inflammation, intimal hyperplasia, and progressive atherosclerosis, which is known to lead to vein graft failure or vein graft disease (VGD)3. In patients after CABG, if restenosis occurs, only the diseased blood vessel can be replaced in some cases2. Older patients and added comorbidities make redoing coronary artery bypass grafting quite challenging. Delaying or controlling the pathological problems associated with grafted blood vessels is an urgent problem to be solved. Large animal models of CABG-VGD are needed for the investigation of disease mechanisms and the development of therapeutic strategies. Researchers have successfully established animal VGD models in small and large animals such as mice4, rats5, rabbits6, and pigs7. Compared with small animals, large animals such as pigs have anatomical structures and physiological characteristics similar to humans and have longer lifespans8,9. Thus, large animals are more suitable for exploring long-term pathological changes in venous graft disease and for preclinical testing of drugs or devices. We and our collaborating team have successfully applied surgical techniques to establish a porcine heart failure model and described the cardiac pathological changes in this model10.
CABG surgery has been standardized in clinical practice, but when it is applied to the establishment of VGD animal models, the differences between species, the acquisition of animal equipment and facilities, animal surgical operations, and animal feeding and nursing are huge challenges for researchers. As in clinical practice, the approaches for CABG surgery used to establish VGD animal models include midline sternotomy11 and left lateral thoracotomy12. Midline sternotomy is more commonly used13,14. However, this approach has high risks for both humans and animals. In the study reported by Thankam et al., two of the six pigs used for modeling died during surgery15. High model mortality increases study costs and affects the accuracy of results. A study showed earlier that a left chest wall incision was feasible to establish CABG-induced VGD in pigs11. Here, this study aims to describe a step-by-step protocol to establish a reproducible surgery for a CABG-induced VGD model in minipigs and to evaluate the phenotype of this model. The experimental protocol was jointly designed by the cardiac surgery and anesthesia teams. The surgical approach for the left third intercostal space was determined according to the cadavers of other minipigs in the laboratory before surgery, and the anesthesia method was performed according to the method used at the center16. Blood biochemical tests, ultrasonic examination, and histology examination were conducted to evaluate animal models.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Aortic Punch</td>
			<td>Medtronic Inc. , America</td>
			<td>3.0mm, 3.5mm, 4.0mm</td>
			<td>Used for proximal coronary bridge anastomosis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Automatic biochemical analyzer</td>
			<td>IDEXX Laboratories, Inc. America</td>
			<td>Catalyst One</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cardiac coronary artery bypass grafting instrument kit</td>
			<td>LANDANGER, France</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cardiogram monitor</td>
			<td>Shenzhen Mindray Bio-Medical Electronics Co, Ltd</td>
			<td>MEC-1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Coronary Shunt</td>
			<td>AXIUS&#160;</td>
			<td>OF-1500, OF-2500, OF-3000</td>
			<td>The product temporarily blocks the coronary artery during arteriotomy to reduce the amount of bleeding in the surgical field and provide blood flow to the distal end during anastomosis.&#160; The Axius shunt plug is not an implant and should be removed prior to completion of the anastomosis.&#160;&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Defibrillator</td>
			<td>MEDIANA</td>
			<td>Mediana D500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Diazepam</td>
			<td>Nanguo pharmaceutical Co. LTD, Guangdong, China</td>
			<td>H37023039&#160;</td>
			<td>Narcotic inducer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Disposable manual electric knife</td>
			<td>Covidien, America</td>
			<td>E2516H</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electric negative pressure suction machine</td>
			<td>Shanghai Baojia Medical Instrument Co, Ltd</td>
			<td>YX932D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Esmolol</td>
			<td>Guangzhou Wanzheng Pharmaceutical Co. LTD</td>
			<td>H20055990</td>
			<td>Emergency drugs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ice machine&#160;</td>
			<td>Local suppliers, Guangzhou, China</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lidocaine&#160;</td>
			<td>Chengdu First Pharmaceutical Co. LTD</td>
			<td>H51021662</td>
			<td>Emergency drugs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luxtec headlight system</td>
			<td>Luxtec, America</td>
			<td>AX-1375-BIF</td>
			<td>Used for lighting fine parts during operation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Medical operation magnifier (glasses)</td>
			<td>Germany Lista co, LTD</td>
			<td>SuperVu Galilean 3.5&#215;</td>
			<td>Used for fine site operation during operation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Multi-function high-frequency electrotome</td>
			<td>Shanghai Hutong Electronics Co, Ltd</td>
			<td>GD350-B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nitrogen canister</td>
			<td>Local suppliers, Guangzhou, China</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nonabsorbable surgical suture (polypropylene suture)</td>
			<td>Johnson &#38; Johnson, America</td>
			<td>6-0, 7-0</td>
			<td>Used to suture blood vessels.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nonabsorbable suture (cotton thread)</td>
			<td>Covidien, America</td>
			<td>1-0</td>
			<td>Used for skin and muscle tissue tugging</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Open heart surgery instrument kit</td>
			<td>Shanghai Medical Instrument (Group) Co., LTD</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Propofol injection</td>
			<td>Xi &#39;an Libang Pharmaceutical Co. LTD</td>
			<td>H19990282</td>
			<td>Anesthetic sedative</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Refrigerator</td>
			<td>Local suppliers, Guangzhou, China</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Respiratory anesthesia machine for animal</td>
			<td>Shenzhen Reward Life Technology Co, Ltd, China</td>
			<td>R620-S1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Semi-occlusion clamp</td>
			<td>Xinhua Surgical Instrument Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>ZL1701RB</td>
			<td>Temporarily cut off the aortic flow</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>vecuronium bromide</td>
			<td>Richter, Hungary&#160;</td>
			<td>JX20090127</td>
			<td>Muscle relaxant</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Veterinary ultrasound system&#160;</td>
			<td>Royal Philips, Netherlands</td>
			<td>CX50</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Zoletil</td>
			<td>Virbac, France</td>
			<td>Zoletil 50&#160;</td>
			<td>Animal narcotic</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

establishment and evaluation of a porcine vein graft disease model

Venous graft disease (VGD) is the leading cause of coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) failure. Large animal models of CABG-VGD are needed for the investigation of disease mechanisms and the development of therapeutic strategies. 
To perform the surgery, we enter the cardiac chamber through the third intercostal space and carefully dissect the internal mammary vein and immerse it in normal saline. The right main coronary artery is then treated for ischemia. The target vessel is incised, a shunt plug is placed, and the distal end of the graft vein is anastomosed. The ascending aorta is partially blocked, and the proximal end of the graft vein is anastomosed after perforation. The graft vein is checked for patency, and the proximal right coronary artery is ligated. 
CABG surgery is performed in minipigs to harvest the left internal mammary vein for its use as a vascular graft. Serum biochemical tests are used to evaluate the physiological status of the animals after surgery. Ultrasound examination shows that the proximal, middle, and distal end of the graft vessel are unobstructed. In the surgical model, turbulent blood flow in the graft is observed upon histological examination after the CABG surgery, and venous graft stenosis associated with intimal hyperplasia is observed in the graft. The study here provides detailed surgical procedures for the establishment of a repeatable CABG-induced VGD model.

BMI and serum biochemical indices 
The BMI between the sham and VGD groups was not significantly different (sham vs. VGD, 22.05 kg/cm2 &#177; 0.46 kg/cm2 vs. 21.14 kg/cm2 &#177; 0.39 kg/cm2, p = 0.46). The serum biochemical results&#160;are listed in Table 1. Statistically significant changes between the groups were found in four biochemical indexes, including aspartate aminotransferase (AST, sham vs. VGD, 25.25 IU/L &#177; 1.88 I...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Establishment and Evaluation of a Porcine Vein Graft Disease Model at JoVE.com

Establishment and Evaluation of a Porcine Vein Graft Disease Model

In this protocol, novel pig vein bypass grafting was performed through a small incision in the left chest wall without cardiopulmonary bypass. A postoperative pathology study was done, which showed intimal thickening.

Venous graft disease (VGD) is the leading cause of coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) failure. Large animal models of CABG-VGD are needed for the ...

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Isometric Contractility Measurement of the Mouse Mesenteric Artery Using Wire Myography

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and ...

Establishment of a Mouse Severe Acute Pancreatitis Model using Retrograde Injection of Sodium Taurocholate into the Biliopancreatic Duct

The prevalence of acute pancreatitis (AP), especially severe acute pancreatitis (SAP), is increasing in younger age groups annually. However, there is a ...

Repetitive Blood Sampling from the Subclavian Vein of Conscious Rat

Rats are widely used in pharmacokinetics (PK) and toxicokinetic (TK) studies that need to collect a certain amount of blood at specific time points to ...

Modified Arteriovenous Fistula Surgery to Establish the RV Volume Overload Mouse Model

Establishment and Confirmation of a Postnatal Right Ventricular Volume Overload Mouse Model

Establishment and Confirmation of a Postnatal Right Ventricular Volume Overload Mouse Model (Video) | JoVE 

Right ventricular (RV) volume overload (VO) is common in children with congenital heart disease. In view of distinct developmental stages,the RV ...

Comparative Study of Blood Collection Techniques in Rats

Modified Tail Vein and Penile Vein Puncture for Blood Sampling in the Rat Model

Context Dependent Blood Collection Methods in Rats (Video) | JoVE

Blood samples are required in most experimental animal designs to assess various hematological parameters. This paper presents two procedures for blood ...

Adjunctive Exosome Therapy: Enhancing Myocardial Recovery Post-CABG Surgery

Surgical Porcine Model of Chronic Myocardial Ischemia Treated by Exosome-laden Collagen Patch and Off-pump Coronary Artery Bypass Graft

Author Spotlight: Enhancing Coronary Artery Revascularization

Chronic myocardial ischemia resulting from progressive coronary artery stenosis leads to hibernating myocardium (HIB), defined as myocardium that adapts ...

Development of an Effective Mice Model for Studying Oronasal Fistulas

Establishment of an Oronasal Fistula Mice Model

Investigating Wound Healing in Mice Models of Oronasal Fistulas (Video) | JoVE

This study presents a method utilizing heated ophthalmologic cautery to develop a viable model for investigating oronasal fistulas. C57BL/6 mice were used ...