This work was supported by the Research and Development Program, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University (RD-02-202107), Sichuan Province Science and Technology Support Program (2022NSFSC0743), and Sichuan Postdoctoral Science Foundation (TB2022005) grant to H. Huang.

All animal procedures in this study were reviewed and approved by the Ethical Committee of the West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University. Adult C57BL/6 mice (female) were used for the present study.
1. Surgical preparation
<ol>
	<li>Gather the necessary surgical instruments for the procedure: germinator, ophthalmologic cautery, microsurgical scissors, microsurgical tweezers, syringes, and needles (26 g x&#160; 0.63 inch) (Figure 1A,B) (see Table of Materials). 
	NOTE: Prior to the surgical procedure, autoclave the surgical instruments, including the ophthalmologic cautery, microsurgical tweezers, and microsurgical scissors, at 102.9 kPa (1.05 kg/cm2) and 121 &#176;C for 20 min.</li>
	<li>Collect the required surgical supplies: surgical drapes, latex gloves, sterile cotton, sterile sheets, sterile metal foil, foam board as the surgical platform, rubber bands (which can be obtained by tearing a medical latex glove), and tape (Figure 1C) (see Table of Materials). 
	NOTE: Use a separate set of supplies for each mouse, including syringes and sterile sheets for the surgical field.</li>
	<li>Clean the surgical area and apparatus (light source, foam board, and temperature maintenance device, see Table of Materials) using alcohol wipes. Cover the knobs and handles of instruments that may be required during the procedure with sterile metal foil.</li>
	<li>Aseptically open the individual instruments and carefully position them in the surgical area. Activate the germinator (see Table of Materials) and the lights for use during the procedure. Place the ophthalmologic cautery into the germinator and heat it to 250 &#176;C for 20 min.</li>
</ol>
2. Surgical procedure
<ol>
	<li>Perform fixation of the mouse and open the oral cavity following the steps below.
	<ol>
		<li>Select a female C57BL/6J mouse weighing 20-25 g and aged 8-12 weeks. House the mouse for 7 days before conducting any procedures.</li>
		<li>Anesthetize the mouse by intraperitoneal injection of Zoletil50 (80 mg/kg) and&#160;Xylazine (5 mg/kg) (see Table of Materials). Apply ophthalmic eye ointment to the eye of the mouse. Wait until there is no toe-pinch response. 
		&#8203;NOTE: The mouse is ready for the procedure when it is unable to turn over independently.</li>
		<li>Secure the mouse to a foam board lined with sterile sheets. Use tape to tie the mouse to the surgical platform in a supine position (Figure 2A).</li>
		<li>Open the oral cavity of the mouse. Position two&#160;needles (26 g x&#160; 0.63 inch) in front of the orbital ear plane and two more behind it. Place a rubber band around the needles and cross the incisors to hold the mouth open. Use microsurgical tweezers to prop open the corners of the mouth (Figure 2B). 
		NOTE: Ensure that the hard palate is clearly exposed. Fix the tongue under the rubber band to prevent obstruction of the field of view and burning during subsequent experiments.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Create the oronasal fistula (ONF) on the hard palate (Figure 3A-F).
	<ol>
		<li>Retrieve the ophthalmologic cautery, which has been heated to 250 &#176;C for 20 min. Place the cautery tip 1 mm away from the intersection of the midline of the palate and the line of the first premolar, creating a full-thickness mucosal injury to the hard palate in the midline. 
		NOTE: Avoid scalding the mouse&#39;s tongue.</li>
		<li>After a few seconds, remove the ophthalmologic cautery when the mucosa around the cautery tip turns white.</li>
		<li>Place the ophthalmologic cautery in the germinator and continue heating it to 250 &#176;C for 10 min. Repeat the previous step to enlarge the wound around the edges until it reaches a length of 2.0 mm and a width of 1.5 mm. 
		NOTE: Each extension should follow the edge of the last injury. Use a vernier caliper to measure the length and width of the injury. The injury should cover 10% of the palate.</li>
		<li>Use microsurgical scissors to remove any excess denatured soft tissue around the wound. Use sterile cotton to stop bleeding and prevent inhalation asphyxiation of the mouse. Measure the wound to ensure it forms a full-thickness hard palate mucosal injury measuring 2.0 x 1.5 mm in the midline.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
3. Post-operative care
<ol>
	<li>Administer Meloxicam to the mouse&#160;at the time of postoperative awakening, at a dose of 5 mg/kg/d for 3 days, subcutaneously29.</li>
	<li>Place the mouse on a temperature maintenance device until it fully regains consciousness. 
	&#8203;NOTE: Ensure that the mouse is positioned in a way that facilitates breathing. Rotate the mice every 10-15 min to prevent blood pooling or collapse of lung lobes. Once the mouse has warmed up, return it to its cage. Provide sterile jelly and irradiated feed at the bottom of the cage for the mice to consume.</li>
</ol>
4. Verification of the oronasal fistula creation
NOTE: The success of the oronasal fistula (ONF) creation is assessed on the 7th day following the surgical procedure.
<ol>
	<li>Prepare the necessary surgical supplies: rubber band, tape, syringes, surgical drapes, latex gloves, sterile sheets, sterile metal foil, and foam board.</li>
	<li>Wear surgical drapes and sterile gloves to maintain aseptic conditions. Disinfect the foam board, light source, and temperature maintenance device with alcohol.</li>
	<li>Induce general anesthesia by intraperitoneal injection of Zoletil50 (80 mg/kg). Wait until there is no toe-pinch response. Use the same method as described in step 2.1.3 and 2.1.4 to immobilize the mouse and expose the hard palate.</li>
	<li>Perform anatomical structural verification by ensuring that the septum is still visible at the wound site, indicating successful ONF creation (Figure 4A,B).</li>
	<li>Perform functional verification: close the oral cavity of the mouse and inject sterile water into its oral cavity using a sterile syringe. The successful creation of ONF is confirmed when fluid flows from the mouse&#39;s nostrils.</li>
	<li>Place the mouse on the temperature maintenance device (37 &#176;C) until it fully regains consciousness. Rotate the mice every 10-15 min to prevent blood pooling or collapse of lung lobes.</li>
</ol>

Development of an Effective Mice Model for Studying Oronasal Fistulas

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M., Kumar, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+retrospective+analysis+of+incidence+and+management+of+palatal+fistula.">A retrospective analysis of incidence and management of palatal fistula.</a> Indian Journal of Plastic Surgery. 51 (3), 298-305 (2018).</li><li>Huang, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Validation+of+the+Chinese+Velopharyngeal+Insufficiency+Effects+on+Life+Outcomes+Instrument.">Validation of the Chinese Velopharyngeal Insufficiency Effects on Life Outcomes Instrument.</a> Laryngoscope. 129 (11), E395-E401 (2019).</li><li>Sakran, K. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+Postoperative+Outcomes+in+Two+Cleft+Palate+Repair+Techniques+without+Relaxing+Incisions.">Evaluation of Postoperative Outcomes in Two Cleft Palate Repair Techniques without Relaxing Incisions.</a> Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. , (2023).</li><li>Sakran, K. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+late+cleft+palate+repair+by+a+modified+technique+without+relaxing+incisions.">Evaluation of late cleft palate repair by a modified technique without relaxing incisions.</a> Journal of Stomatology, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 124 (4), 101403 (2023).</li><li>Sakran, K. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Sommerlad-Furlow+modified+palatoplasty+technique:+postoperative+complications+and+implicating+factors.">The Sommerlad-Furlow modified palatoplasty technique: postoperative complications and implicating factors.</a> Laryngoscope. 133 (4), 822-829 (2023).</li><li>Sakran, K. 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J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Platelet-rich+fibrin+and+soft+tissue+wound+healing:+a+systematic+review.">Platelet-rich fibrin and soft tissue wound healing: a systematic review.</a> Tissue Engineering Part B: Reviews. 23 (1), 83-99 (2017).</li><li>Ballestas, S. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improving+hard+palate+wound+healing+using+immune+modulatory+autotherapies.">Improving hard palate wound healing using immune modulatory autotherapies.</a> Acta Biomaterialia. 91, 209-219 (2019).</li><li>Ferreira, C. 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C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+healing+process+of+palatal+tissues+after+palatal+surgery+with+and+without+implantation+of+membranes:+an+experimental+study+in+dogs.">The healing process of palatal tissues after palatal surgery with and without implantation of membranes: an experimental study in dogs.</a> Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine. 9 (5), 249-255 (1998).</li><li>In de Braekt, M. M., van Alphen, F. A., Kuijpers-Jagtman, A. M., Maltha, J. 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C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+dimethyloxalylglycine+on+wound+healing+of+palatal+mucosa+in+a+rat+model.">Effects of dimethyloxalylglycine on wound healing of palatal mucosa in a rat model.</a> BMC Oral Health. 15 (1), 60 (2015).</li><li>Kirschner, R. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Repair+of+oronasal+fistulae+with+acellular+dermal+matrices.">Repair of oronasal fistulae with acellular dermal matrices.</a> Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 118 (6), 1431-1440 (2006).</li><li>Rohleder, N. 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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Researchers have explored various materials, drugs, and novel techniques for treating ONF10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17. With advancements in surgical procedures, the incidence and recurrence of ONF have been reduced. However, due to the unique characteristics of ...

Oronasal fistula (ONF), an abnormal opening between the oral and nasal cavities, clinically manifests as a defect in a structural area from the alveolar process to the uvula, which commonly occurs as a complication following cleft palate repair1. Patients with ONF experience food reflux, articulation disorders, and impaired velopharyngeal function, significantly impacting their quality of life2,3,4. The rate of post-operative ONF ranges from 2.4% to 55% due to factors such as cleft width, Veau type, and surgical method5,6,7,8. Additionally, the recurrence rate after ONF repair is high, ranging from 0% to 43%9.
Several novel treatments have recently shown promise in the field of ONF, including different materials, drugs, and novel techniques10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17. Accurate evaluation of therapeutic effects is essential as it provides the basis for selecting and further developing ONF treatments. However, obtaining a valid assessment in the short term for therapeutic effects other than surgery is challenging, as the characteristics of ONFs vary among different patients. Therefore, establishing an ONF disease model is necessary to verify the effectiveness of these treatment methods.
For several decades, researchers have generated the oronasal fistula (ONF) model in various animal species, including rats18,19, piglets20,21, minipigs22, and dogs23, as these species possess a substantial hard palate suitable for surgical manipulation. However, mice have a genetic sequence and whole genome similar to that of humans, making them an important model for researching and developing new drugs24,25,26. Furthermore, mice offer little variation from batch to batch, making them a favorable choice for establishing the ONF model12,13,27.
However, the detailed steps for creating ONF were not described, and the stability of the ONF size was not taken into consideration. Additionally, the verification of ONF formation relied solely on observation28, without ensuring direct communication between the oral and nasal cavities. It was not demonstrated through other means, such as the mouse&#39;s loss of body weight due to difficulties in eating caused by the ONF. Furthermore, normal variation in wound size was not considered, which is crucial for studies on drugs or materials that promote or inhibit wound healing. Therefore, there is a strong need to establish a stable and validated ONF model.
The objective of this study was to develop a practical ONF model that addresses the aforementioned issues, with the hope that this protocol will serve as the foundation for future research on the mechanisms of palatal wound healing and novel treatments for ONF.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Germinator</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences&#160;</td>
			<td>66118-20</td>
			<td>Heating and disinfection equipment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Latex gloves</td>
			<td>Allmed</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>or similar</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lights</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>A1813</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Meloxicam</td>
			<td>MedChemExpress</td>
			<td>HY-B0261</td>
			<td>crushed; 5 mg/kg</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microsurgical instruments (scissors and tweezers)</td>
			<td>Jiangsu Tonghui Medical Devices Co.</td>
			<td>M-Y-0087</td>
			<td>Surgical instrument</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ophthalmologic cautery</td>
			<td>Suqian Wenchong Medical Equipment Co.</td>
			<td>1.00234E+13</td>
			<td>Surgical instrument</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterile cotton,</td>
			<td>Yancheng Begu Technology Co.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>or similar</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterile metal foil</td>
			<td>Biosharp</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>or similar</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterile sheets</td>
			<td>3M</td>
			<td>XH003801129</td>
			<td>or similar</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgical drapes</td>
			<td>Yancheng Begu Technology Co.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>or similar</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringes</td>
			<td>Yancheng Begu Technology Co.</td>
			<td>S-015301</td>
			<td>or similar</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tape</td>
			<td>Bkmamlab</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>or similar</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Temperature maintenance device</td>
			<td>Harvard Apparatus&#160;</td>
			<td>LE-13-2104</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Zoletil50</td>
			<td>Virbac</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>80 mg/kg</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

establishment of an oronasal fistula mice model

This study presents a method utilizing heated ophthalmologic cautery to develop a viable model for investigating oronasal fistulas. C57BL/6 mice were used to establish the oronasal fistula (ONF) model. To create the ONF, the mice were anesthetized, immobilized, and their hard palates were exposed. During the surgical procedure, a 2.0 x 1.5 mm full-thickness mucosal injury was induced in the midline of the hard palate using ophthalmologic cautery. It was crucial to control the size of the ONF and minimize bleeding in order to ensure the success of the experiment. Verification of the ONF model's effectiveness was conducted on the 7th-day post-operation, encompassing both anatomical and functional assessments. The presence of the nasal septum within the oral cavity and the outflow of sterile water from the nostrils upon injection into the oral cavity confirmed the successful establishment of the ONF model. The model demonstrated a practical and successful oronasal fistula, characterized by a low mortality rate, significant weight changes, and minimal variation in ONF size. Future studies may consider adopting this methodology to elucidate the mechanisms of palate wound healing and explore novel treatments for oronasal fistulas.

Author Spotlight: Investigating Wound Healing in Mice Models of Oronasal Fistulas 

Establishment of an Oronasal Fistula Mice Model

Our research has focused on how to establish the stable and standardized mouse model of oronasal fistula. This protocol has also demonstrated the body weight changes, wound size changes, and the histologic features of the oral nasal fistula formation. The current experimental challenges of establishing oronasal fistula models are the mice mortality by suffocation or blood loss as well as the standardization of the wound size.Our protocol significantly reduces the amount of bleeding in mice during surgery relative to the traditional use of a biopsy punch. This reduces the risk of suffocation due to severe bleeding. Additionally, our experimental method is also simpler and less technically sensitive.Our future research aims to focus on observing the inflammatory response during oronasal fistula formation. We also plan on developing novel strategies to reduce the inflammatory response while promoting palatal wound healing to reduce the incidence of oronasal fistula.

To assess the feasibility and stability of this experimental method, the same procedure was performed on ten mice, and observations were made regarding mortality, changes in wound size, body weight, and histologic analysis. The mice were euthanized on day 7.
The procedure exhibited a low mortality rate. The ophthalmologic cautery and germinator, depicted in Figure 1A-C, were the key instruments utilized in this experiment. The ONF...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Investigating Wound Healing in Mice Models of Oronasal Fistulas at JoVE.com

This article outlines a step-by-step procedure for establishing a mice model with an oronasal fistula. The oronasal fistula was created by employing heated ophthalmologic cautery to damage the midline portion of the hard palate, resulting in the formation of an opening between the oral and nasal cavities.

This study presents a method utilizing heated ophthalmologic cautery to develop a viable model for investigating oronasal fistulas. C57BL/6 mice were used ...

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JoVE Journal

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799 Views.  Sichuan University. Our research has focused on how to establish the stable and standardized mouse model of oronasal fistula. This protocol has also demonstrated the body weight changes, wound size changes, and the histologic features of the oral nasal fistula formation. The current experimental challenges of establishing oronasal fistula models are the mice mortality by suffocation or blood loss as well as the standardization of the wound size.Our protocol significantly reduces the amount of bleeding in ...