This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China 81402582, Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai 12DZ2295100, 14YF1400600 and 18ZR1404500

All animal procedures were approved and followed the guidelines of the Animal Ethics Committee at Fudan University and all pancreatic cancer specimens were obtained from Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center. Ethical approval was obtained from the FUSCC Ethics Committee, and written informed consent was obtained from each patient.
1. Preparing the Equipment for the Microinjection
<ol>
	<li>Preparing the injection plate.
	<ol>
		<li>Prepare a 50 mL solution of 1% agarose dissolved in E3 solution (0.6 g/L aquarium salt in double distilled water + 0.01 mg/L methylene blue). Boil the solution until the agarose dissolves.</li>
		<li>Pour 50 mL of the agarose solution into a 10 cm Petri dish and then place the zebrafish embryo fixation mold on the surface. Remove the mold when the agarose solution becomes solidified.</li>
		<li>Add 20 mL of E3 solution to the injection plate and maintain it at 4 &#176;C for long-term storage.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Preparing the injection needles.
	<ol>
		<li>Pull a 10 cm glass capillary with an inner dimension of 0.9 mm into two needles on a needle puller.</li>
		<li>Use forceps to cut the end of the needle to create an opening under the microscope.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
2. Preparing Embryos for Transplantation
<ol>
	<li>Place 1 to 2 pairs of adult zebrafish in a mating tank at 7-9 pm and collect the fertilized eggs at around 8 am of the next morning.</li>
	<li>Transfer the fertilized eggs from the mating tank to a Petri dish containing 40 mL of fresh E3 solution and incubate at 28.5 &#176;C.</li>
	<li>After 8 h of incubation in E3 solution, add 0.03% 1-phenyl-2-thiourea (PTU) into E3 solution to inhibit pigmentation. Incubate the embryos in E3 solution with 0.03% PTU at 28.5 &#176;C until 48 hpf. This step can be omitted if using in-bred Casper mutant zebrafish.</li>
</ol>
3. Isolation and Culture of Primary Human Cells from Fresh Surgical Pancreatic Cancer Specimen or Frozen Tissue
<ol>
	<li>Obtain specimens of human pancreatic cancer tissue of the size around 1 cm3 during an abdominal surgery, and immediately transfer the tissue into growth media (DMEM with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 10 &#956;M Y-27632, 100 &#956;g/mL primocin, 10 &#956;g/mL putrescine dihydrochloride, 10 mM nicotinamide and 1% penicillin streptomycin).</li>
	<li>Transfer the pancreatic cancer sample into a Petri dish and remove the surrounding necrotic tissue, adipose tissue and connective tissue.</li>
	<li>Rinse the cancer tissue for 5-6 times with phosphate buffer (PBS) and cut the tissue into 1 mm3 pieces using scalpels.</li>
	<li>Transfer the shredded tissues into 5 mL of HBSS in a 50 mL tube and add collagenase type IV, hyaluronidase and DNase I at final concentrations of 200 units/mL, 100 mg/L and 20 mg/L, respectively. Pipette the mixture up and down to mix well.</li>
	<li>Incubate the mixture at 37 &#176;C in a 5% carbon dioxide incubator for 15-20 min. Pipette the mixture up and down a few times every 5 min.</li>
	<li>Add 7 mL of DMEM to the tube and centrifuge at 110 x g for 5 min at 4 &#176;C when digestion is complete.</li>
	<li>Decant the supernatant and re-suspend the tumor mixture in DMEM.</li>
	<li>Plate the mixture into a 6 cm Petri dish in 3 mL of full growth media (DMEM with 10% FBS, 20 &#956;g/mL insulin, 100 ng/mL bFGF, 10 ng/mL EGF, 10 &#956;M Y-27632, 100 &#956;g/mL primocin, 10 &#956;g/mL putrescine dihydrochloride, 10 mM nicotinamide, 1% penicillin streptomycin). Separate the cells into two groups.</li>
	<li>In group I, add 100x inhibitor of pancreatic cancer fibroblasts into the medium after 48 h to remove the overgrown fibroblasts, leaving the cancer cells as the major cell types;. In group II, the fibroblasts will outgrow the cancer cells within a week.</li>
	<li>Culture both cell groups for 1-2 week depending on the cell densities/purities and change the media every three days. The expected cell types in both group I &#38; II can occupy over 98% in proportion in a typic successful experiment.</li>
</ol>
4. Labeling the Cells with Lentivirus Expressing Anti-apoptosis Gene BCL2L1 (BCL-XL) and Different Fluorescent Proteins Separately
<ol>
	<li>Lentivirus production
	<ol>
		<li>Plate 3 x 106 HEK 293T cells with complete DMEM medium (DMEM supplied with 10% FBS) in 10 cm dishes and culture overnight at 37 &#176;C in a 5% carbon dioxide incubator. Replace the medium with 6 mL of serum-free media before transfection.</li>
		<li>Prepare solution A: 8 &#956;g of BCL2L1-containing lentiviral vectors (pCDH-EF1&#945;-mKate2-E2A-BCL2L1-WPRE or pCDH-EF1&#945;-eGFP-E2A-BCL2L1-WPRE), 2.4 &#956;g of pVSVG, 4 &#956;g pMDL(Gag/Pol), 1.6 &#956;g of pREV and serum-free DMEM in a total volume of 500 &#181;L. Gently pipet the mixture several times, and place it at room temperature for 5 min.</li>
		<li>Prepare solution B: 40 &#181;L of PEI (polyethyleneimine) in 460 &#181;L serum-free DMEM. Place it at room temperature for 5 min.</li>
		<li>Slowly add solution B into solution A and leave the tube at room temperature for 30 min.</li>
		<li>Add the final mixture into the HEK 293T cell culture dish prepared in step 4.1.1 and incubate at 37 &#176;C in a 5% carbon dioxide incubator. After 12 h, add an additional 5 mL of the complete DMEM medium. After 48 h, harvest the medium containing the lentivirus.</li>
		<li>Filter the supernatant using a 0.45 &#956;m sterile filter, add the supernatant into a concentration column, centrifuge at 6,000 x g for 25-30 min at 4 &#176;C. The lentivirus aliquots of 100 &#181;L per tube are made and stored at -80 &#176;C.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Infection of the primary cells
	<ol>
		<li>Seed the cells (group I &#38; II) to be infected in a 12-well plate with 30-40% density and culture the cells overnight at 37 &#176;C in a 5% carbon dioxide incubator.</li>
		<li>Replace the medium with 500 &#181;L of serum-free medium containing 8 &#956;g/mL of polybrene for 4 h. Then, add an additional 100 &#181;L of the lentivirus into the medium (eGFP-E2A-BCL2L1 for Group I or mKate2-E2A-BCL2L1 for Group II). After 12 h, replace the medium with 1&#160;mL of complete medium.</li>
		<li>Check the fluorescence markers after 48 h.</li>
		<li>Harvest the infected cells and mix them at 1:1 ratio with a final concentration of 106/mL.</li>
		<li>Centrifuge the cells at 110 x g for 5 min and re-suspend the cell mixture in 50 &#181;L of injection solution (1640 medium with 10% FBS, 0.05% hyaluronic acid sodium salt, 0.05% methylcellulose).</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
5. Injecting Mixed Cell Suspension into the Zebrafish
<ol>
	<li>Add 10x tricaine solution into E3 water to anesthetize zebrafish larvae and transfer the larvae (from step 2.3) to the injection plate filled by modified E3 (E3 with 1 g/L glucose and 5 mmol/L L-glutamine).</li>
	<li>Fill 25 &#181;L of mixed cell suspension into micro capillaries needle and insert the needle into the micro-injection manipulator.</li>
	<li>Set injection pressure and time. Inject 50-80 cells (~8 nL) into the yolk sac of 48 hpf zebrafish.</li>
</ol>
6. Culture of the Xenografted Zebrafish (zPDX Model)
<ol>
	<li>Transfer the post-xenografted zebrafish larvae into 40 mL of mix solution (E3 solution with 1 g/L glucose and 5 mmol/L L-glutamine) at 32 &#176;C.</li>
</ol>
7. Drug Administration on the Xenografted Zebrafish and the Assessment of Tumor Cells/Fibroblasts Viabilities
<ol>
	<li>Determining the optimal concentration of gemcitabine/navitoclax.
	<ol>
		<li>Place 10 wildtype zebrafish embryos at 48 hpf into each well of a 12-well plate.</li>
		<li>Add different concentrations of gemcitabine or navitoclax in each well and incubate at 32 &#176;C for two days.</li>
		<li>After 2 days, calculate the maximal tolerance dosage (MTD) of gemcitabine and navitoclax at which the zebrafish larvae do not shown significant malformation and abnormal behavior, and the working concentrations are set below the MTD.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Treatment of zPDX models with gemcitabine/navitoclax.
	<ol>
		<li>Place 10 xenografted larvae into each well of a 12 well plate.</li>
		<li>Divide the larvae into four groups, treat the control group in E3 containing 0.1% DMSO, and treat the other groups with 5 &#956;g/mL gemcitabine and/or 50 &#956;M navitoclax, and incubate at 32 &#176;C for two days.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Assessment of the cell viabilities and cellular composition in zPDX models.
	<ol>
		<li>Anesthetize the xenografted larvae post-treatment and place them in 3% methylcellulose.</li>
		<li>Image the larvae from the lateral view using a fluorescence microscope or confocal microscope.</li>
		<li>Quantify the intensity of red and green fluorescence signals using ImageJ and GraphPad software.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>

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No potential conflicts of interest were disclosed.

Both PDX and CDX models are vital platforms in the field of tumor biology22, and the critical step of a successful inter-species transplantation is to improve the survival of the xenograft. &#160;Recently, some studies have shown that transient expression of BCL2L1 (BCL-XL) or BCL2 may significantly improve the viability of human embryonic stem cells in mice hosts without affecting the cell identities and fates23,24</s...

Precision oncology aims to find the most beneficial therapeutic strategies for individual patient1. Currently, numerous preclinical models such as in vitro primary culture, in vitro organoid culture2, and patient-derived xenografts (PDX) in mice before or after organoid culture are proposed for diagnosis and to screen/assess the potential therapeutic choices3. PDX model generated by the injection of human primary cancer cells into immune-compromised mice, is one of the most promising tools for personalized drug screening in clinical oncology3,4. Unlike the cultured cell line in vitro, PDX models usually preserve the integrity and heterogeneity of the in vivo tumor environment, better mimicking the diversity and idiosyncratic characteristics of different tumor patients, and therefore, may predict the potential medical outcome of patients4. However, the generation of PDX models in mice requires high quality patient samples and months of time to gather sufficient cells and models for multi group experiments, and the cellular/genetic compositions of the xenograft may drift from those of the original patient&#8217;s biopsy. The success rate for establishing mice PDX model is also low, making it difficult to be broadly implemented in clinical practice. For the patients carrying rapidly progressed cancers like pancreatic cancer, they may not be able to obtain valuable information from the PDX experiments in time.&#160;
In the past few years, zebrafish has been reported to be potential hosts for not only CDX (cell-derived tumor xenograft) models, but also PDX models5,6,7,8,9,10. As a vertebrate model animal, zebrafish harbors sufficient similarities with mammals in both genetics and physiology, with two significant advantages: transparency and small in size11. Zebrafish is also highly fecundity, and hundreds of inbred larvae can be obtained within a few days from a single pair of adults12. Several studies have employed zebrafish to generate both transgenic and xenograft models of cancer diseases13,14. Compared to mice xenografts, zebrafish xenografts allow tracking at single cell resolution. A certain amount of human tissues is capable of generating hundreds of zebrafish PDX models (zPDXs), while may only be sufficient to generate a couple of mice PDX models15,16. Besides, the zebrafish larvae at 2-5 dpf already develop complete circulatory systems and metabolic organs such as liver and kidney, but not the immune system17, while the remaining yolk sac is a natural 3D medium, ideal for drug screening, drug resistance tests and tumor migration observations6,18,19,20,21.
With an ultimate attempt to use zPDX as a screening/testing platform for clinical use, here, we describe an optimized proposal for zPDX model of pancreatic cancer, which allows the in vivo candidate drug assessment within a short time using fewer cells at lower costs. Compared to the previous references about zPDX6,9,10, we introduced several optimizations to make the system more feasible and reliable for clinical personalized diagnosis: 1) pre-sorting different cell groups in the primary tumor tissues and stabilizing primary cells for one week before further experiments; 2) labeling the human cells and enhancing the cell viability in xenograft via lentivirus-based genetic modification; 3) optimizing the zebrafish culture condition in both nutriment supplements (glucose and glutamine) and temperature; 4) quantifying the drug responses of different cell types in a comparative manner. We also made changes to the injection solution by adding several supplementary materials. Altogether, those improvements provide the possibility to quickly generate a more patient-like xenograft in zebrafish hosts that can be used as a reliable tool to assess the response of candidate drugs.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM</td>
			<td>GIBCO</td>
			<td>C11995500BT</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FBS</td>
			<td>Hyclone</td>
			<td>sv30087.03</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Y-27632</td>
			<td>Cliniscience</td>
			<td>Y0503</td>
			<td>Rho kinase inhibitor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Primocin</td>
			<td>invivogen</td>
			<td>ant-pm-1</td>
			<td>an antibiotic for primary cell cultures</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Putrescine dihydrochloride</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P5780</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nicotinamide&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>N3376</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>penicillin streptomycin</td>
			<td>GIBCO</td>
			<td>15140122.00</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>phosphate buffer (PBS)</td>
			<td>GIBCO</td>
			<td>C10010500CP</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HBSS&#160;</td>
			<td>GIBCO</td>
			<td>14170112.00</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>collagenase type IV</td>
			<td>GIBCO</td>
			<td>17104019.00</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>hyaluronidase</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>H3884</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dnase&#8544;</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>D5025</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>insulin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>I9278</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>b-FGF</td>
			<td>GIBCO</td>
			<td>PHG0264</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EGF</td>
			<td>GIBCO</td>
			<td>PHG0314</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pancreatic cancer fibroblasts inhibitor</td>
			<td>CHI Scientific</td>
			<td>FibrOUT</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.45 &#956;m sterile filter</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>SLHV033RB</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>concentration column</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>Millipore UFC910008</td>
			<td>Concentrate the virus</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>polybrene&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>H9268</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hyaluronic Acid Sodium Salt</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>H7630</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-glutamine</td>
			<td>GIBCO</td>
			<td>21051024.00</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>gemcitabine</td>
			<td>Gemzan</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>methylcellulose</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>M0262</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Navitoclax(ABT-263)</td>
			<td>Selleck</td>
			<td>S1001</td>
			<td>Bcl-xL inhibitor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Equipment</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microinjector</td>
			<td>NARISHIGE</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>stereomicroscope</td>
			<td>OLYMPUS</td>
			<td>MVX10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Confocal Microscope</td>
			<td>LEICA</td>
			<td>SP8</td>
			<td>0.00</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

patient-derived heterogeneous xenograft model of pancreatic cancer using zebrafish larvae as hosts for comparative drug assessment

Patient-derived tumor xenograft (PDX) and cell-derived tumor xenograft (CDX) are important techniques for preclinical assessment, medication guidance and basic cancer researches. Generations of PDX models in traditional host mice are time-consuming and only working for a small proportion of samples. Recently, zebrafish PDX (zPDX) has emerged as a unique host system, with the characteristics of small-scale and high efficiency. Here, we describe an optimized methodology for generating a dual fluorescence-labeled tumor xenograft model for comparative chemotherapy assessment in zPDX models. Tumor cells and fibroblasts were enriched from freshly-harvested or frozen pancreatic cancer tissue at different culture conditions. Both cell groups were labeled by lentivirus expressing green or red fluorescent proteins, as well as an anti-apoptosis gene BCL2L1. The transfected cells were pre-mixed and co-injected into the 2 dpf larval zebrafish that were then bred in modified E3 medium at 32 &#176;C. The xenograft models were treated by chemotherapy drugs and/or BCL2L1 inhibitor, and the viabilities of both tumor cells and fibroblasts were investigated simultaneously. In summary, this protocol allows researchers to quickly generate a large amount of zPDX models with a heterogeneous tumor microenvironment and provides a longer observation window and a more precise quantitation in assessing the efficiency of drug candidates.

A schematized outline of the procedure is represented in Figure 1. In short, the primary cancer tissue cells were seeded into the complete medium after digestion with or without the addition of pancreatic cancer fibroblast inhibitors. Cancer cells and fibroblasts were enriched as two distinct populations that fibroblasts dominated without inhibitors, and cancer cell growth prevailed after the addition of inhibitors (Figure 2). Tw...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Patient-derived Heterogeneous Xenograft Model of Pancreatic Cancer Using Zebrafish Larvae as Hosts for Comparative Drug Assessment at JoVE.com

Patient-derived Heterogeneous Xenograft Model of Pancreatic Cancer Using Zebrafish Larvae as Hosts for Comparative Drug Assessment

患者衍生的胰腺癌异质异种移植模型,使用斑马鱼幼虫作为比较药物评估的宿主

This protocol describes optimization procedures in a virus-based dual fluorescence-labeled tumor xenograft model using larval zebrafish as hosts. This heterogeneous xenograft model mimics the tissue composition of pancreatic cancer microenvironment in vivo and serves as a more precise tool for assessing drug responses in personalized zPDX (zebrafish patient-derived xenograft) models.

Patient-derived tumor xenograft (PDX) and cell-derived tumor xenograft (CDX) are important techniques for preclinical assessment, medication guidance and ...

patient-derived-heterogeneous-xenograft-model-pancreatic-cancer-using

Research

JoVE Journal

Cancer Research

9.0K 次观看.  Fudan University. 今天，我们将介绍一个幼虫斑马鱼PDX模型。此模型非常重要，因为它们可以更好地模拟异种移植中类似的细胞成分，用于评估药物反应，并进一步提高结果与比较分析的一致性。这种技术有两个主要优点。首先，我们使用各种标准化学染料将细胞标记为不同的荧光，从而能够实时跟踪细胞组成和分析相的能力。其次，它还提高了斑马鱼中人类细胞的一般生存时间，其基?...

视频: Patient-derived Heterogeneous Xenograft Model of Pancreatic Cancer Using Zebrafish Larvae as Hosts for Comparative Drug Assessment

Development and Maintenance of a Preclinical Patient Derived Tumor Xenograft Model for the Investigation of Novel Anti-Cancer Therapies

Patient derived tumor xenograft (PDTX) models provide a necessary platform in facilitating anti-cancer drug development prior to human trials. Human tumor pieces are injected subcutaneously into athymic nude mice (immunocompromised, T cell deficient) to create a bank of tumors and subsequently are passaged into different generations of mice in order to maintain these tumors from patients. Importantly, cellular heterogeneity of the original tumor is closely emulated in this model, which provides a more clinically relevant model for evaluation of drug efficacy studies (single agent and combination), biomarker analysis, resistant pathways and cancer stem cell biology. Some limitations of the PDTX model include the replacement of the human stroma with mouse stroma after the first generation in mice, inability to investigate treatment effects on metastasis due to the subcutaneous injections of the tumors, and the lack of evaluation of immunotherapies due to the use of immunocompromised mice. However, even with these limitations, the PDTX model provides a powerful preclinical platform in the drug discovery process.

Utilizing patient-derived tumors in a subcutaneous preclinical model is an excellent way to study the efficacy of novel therapies, predictive biomarker discovery, and drug resistant pathways. This model, in the drug development process, is essential in determining the fate of many novel anti-cancer therapies prior to clinical investigation.

开发和维护的临床前患者来源的肿瘤异种移植模型为新的抗癌疗法的调查

Patient derived tumor xenograft (PDTX) models provide a necessary platform in facilitating anti-cancer drug development prior to human trials. Human tumor ...

科研

癌症研究

Transplantation of Zebrafish Pediatric Brain Tumors into Immune-competent Hosts for Long-term Study of Tumor Cell Behavior and Drug Response

Tumor cell transplantation is an important technique to define the mechanisms controlling cancer cell growth, migration, and host response, as well as to assess potential patient response to therapy. Current methods largely depend on using syngeneic or immune-compromised animals to avoid rejection of the tumor graft. Such methods require the use of specific genetic strains that often prevent the analysis of immune-tumor cell interactions and/or are limited to specific genetic backgrounds. An alternative method in zebrafish takes advantage of an incompletely developed immune system in the embryonic brain before 3 days, where tumor cells are transplanted for use in short-term assays (i.e., 3 to 10 days). However, these methods cause host lethality, which prevents the long-term study of tumor cell behavior and drug response. This protocol describes a simple and efficient method for the long-term orthotopic transplantation of zebrafish brain tumor tissue into the fourth ventricle of a 2-day-old immune-competent zebrafish. This method allows: 1) long-term study of tumor cell behaviors, such as invasion and dissemination; 2) durable tumor response to drugs; and 3) re-transplantation of tumors for the study of tumor evolution and/or the impact of different host genetic backgrounds. In summary, this technique allows cancer researchers to assess engraftment, invasion, and growth at distant sites, as well as to perform chemical screens and cell competition assays over many months. This protocol can be extended to studies of other tumor types and can be used to elucidate mechanisms of chemoresistance and metastasis.

The transplantation of cancer cells is an important tool for the identification of cancer mechanisms and therapeutic responses. Current techniques depend on immune-incompetent animals. Here, we describe a method to transplant zebrafish tumor cells into immune-competent embryos for the long-term analysis of tumor cell behavior and in vivo drug responses.

将斑马鱼小儿脑肿瘤移植入免疫能力的宿主，用于长期研究肿瘤细胞行为和药物反应

Tumor cell transplantation is an important technique to define the mechanisms controlling cancer cell growth, migration, and host response, as well as to ...

A Melanoma Patient-Derived Xenograft Model

Accumulating evidence suggests that molecular and biological properties differ in melanoma cells grown in traditional two-dimensional tissue culture vessels versus in vivo in human patients. This is due to the bottleneck selection of clonal populations of melanoma cells that can robustly grow in vitro in the absence of physiological conditions. Further, responses to therapy in two-dimensional tissue cultures overall do not faithfully reflect responses to therapy in melanoma patients, with the majority of clinical trials failing to show the efficacy of therapeutic combinations shown to be effective in vitro. Although xenografting of melanoma cells into mice provides the physiological in vivo context absent from two-dimensional tissue culture assays, the melanoma cells used for engraftment have already undergone bottleneck selection for cells that could grow under two-dimensional conditions when the cell line was established. The irreversible alterations that occur as a consequence of the bottleneck include changes in growth and invasion properties, as well as the loss of specific subpopulations. Therefore, models that better recapitulate the human condition in vivo may better predict therapeutic strategies that effectively increase the overall survival of patients with metastatic melanoma. The patient-derived xenograft (PDX) technique involves the direct implantation of tumor cells from the human patient to a mouse recipient. In this manner, tumor cells are consistently grown under physiological stresses in vivo and never undergo the two-dimensional bottleneck, which preserves the molecular and biological properties present when the tumor was in the human patient. Notable, PDX models derived from organ sites of metastases (i.e., brain) display similar metastatic capacity, while PDX models derived from therapy naive patients and patients with acquired resistance to therapy (i.e., BRAF/MEK inhibitor therapy) display similar sensitivity to therapy.

Patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models more robustly recapitulate melanoma molecular and biological features and are more predictive of therapy response compared to traditional plastic tissue culture-based assays. Here we describe our standard operating protocol for the establishment of new PDX models and the characterization/experimentation of existing PDX models.

黑色素瘤患者衍生异种移植模型

Accumulating evidence suggests that molecular and biological properties differ in melanoma cells grown in traditional two-dimensional tissue culture ...

Establishment of Gastric Cancer Patient-derived Xenograft Models and Primary Cell Lines

The use of preclinical models to advance our understanding of tumor biology and investigate the efficacy of therapeutic agents is key to cancer research. Although there are many established gastric cancer cell lines and many conventional transgenic mouse models for preclinical research, the disadvantages of these in vitro and in vivo models limit their applications. Because the characteristics of these models have changed in culture, they no longer model tumor heterogeneity, and their responses have not been able to predict responses in humans. Thus, alternative models that better represent tumor heterogeneity are being developed. Patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models preserve the histologic appearance of cancer cells, retain intratumoral heterogeneity, and better reflect the relevant human components of the tumor microenvironment. However, it usually takes 4-8 months to develop a PDX model, which is longer than the expected survival of many gastric patients. For this reason, establishing primary cancer cell lines may be an effective complementary method for drug response studies. The current protocol describes methods to establish PDX models and primary cancer cell lines from surgical gastric cancer samples. These methods provide a useful tool for drug development and cancer biology research.

The current protocol describes methods to establish patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models and primary cancer cell lines from surgical gastric cancer samples. The methods provide a useful tool for drug development and cancer biology research.

建立胃癌患者衍生异种移植模型和原细胞系

The use of preclinical models to advance our understanding of tumor biology and investigate the efficacy of therapeutic agents is key to cancer research. ...

Isolation and Characterization of Patient-derived Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Organoid Models

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is amongst the most lethal malignancies. Recently, next-generation organoid culture methods enabling the 3-dimensional (3D) modeling of this disease have been described. Patient-derived organoid (PDO) models can be isolated from both surgical specimens as well as small biopsies and form rapidly in culture. Importantly, organoid models preserve the pathogenic genetic alterations detected in the patient&#39;s tumor and are predictive of the patient&#39;s treatment response, thus enabling translational studies. Here, we provide comprehensive protocols for adapting tissue culture workflow to study 3D, matrix embedded, organoid models. We detail methods and considerations for isolating and propagating primary PDAC organoids. Furthermore, we describe how bespoke organoid media is prepared and quality controlled in the laboratory. Finally, we describe assays for downstream characterization of the organoid models such as isolation of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA), and drug testing. Importantly we provide critical considerations for implementing organoid methodology in a research laboratory.

Patient-derived organoid cultures of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma are a rapidly established 3-dimensional model that represent epithelial tumor cell compartments with high fidelity, enabling translational research into this lethal malignancy. Here, we provide detailed methods to establish and propagate organoids as well as to perform relevant biological assays using these models.

患者衍生胰腺腺腺腺腺癌有机体模型的分离和特征

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is amongst the most lethal malignancies. Recently, next-generation organoid culture methods enabling the ...

Drug Screening of Primary Patient Derived Tumor Xenografts in Zebrafish

Patient derived xenograft models are critical in defining how different cancers respond to drug treatment in an in vivo system. Mouse models are the standard in the field, but zebrafish have emerged as an alternative model with several advantages, including the ability for high-throughput and low-cost drug screening. Zebrafish also allow for in vivo drug screening with large replicate numbers that were previously only obtainable with in vitro systems. The ability to rapidly perform large scale drug screens may open up the possibility for personalized medicine with rapid translation of results back to clinic. Zebrafish xenograft models could also be used to rapidly screen for actionable mutations based on tumor response to targeted therapies or to identify new anti-cancer compounds from large libraries. The current major limitation in the field has been quantifying and automating the process so that drug screens can be done on a larger scale and be less labor-intensive. We have developed a workflow for xenografting primary patient samples into zebrafish larvae and performing large scale drug screens using a fluorescence microscope equipped imaging unit and automated sampler unit. This method allows for standardization and quantification of engrafted tumor area and response to drug treatment across large numbers of zebrafish larvae. Overall, this method is advantageous over traditional cell culture drug screening as it allows for growth of tumor cells in an in vivo environment throughout drug treatment, and is more practical and cost-effective than mice for large scale in vivo drug screens.

Zebrafish xenograft models allow for high-throughput drug screening and fluorescent imaging of human cancer cells in an in vivo microenvironment. We developed a workflow for large scale, automated drug screening on patient-derived leukemia samples in zebrafish using an automated fluorescence microscope equipped imaging unit.

斑马鱼原发性患者衍生肿瘤异种移植物的药物筛选

Patient derived xenograft models are critical in defining how different cancers respond to drug treatment in an in vivo system. Mouse models are the ...

A Murine Ommaya Xenograft Model to Study Direct-Targeted Therapy of Leptomeningeal Disease

Leptomeningeal disease (LMD) is an uncommon type of central nervous system (CNS) metastasis to the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF). The most common cancers that cause LMD are breast and lung cancers and melanoma. Patients diagnosed with LMD have a very poor prognosis and generally survive for only a few weeks or months. One possible reason for the lack of efficacy of systemic therapy against LMD is the failure to achieve therapeutically effective concentrations of drug in the CSF because of an intact and relatively impermeable blood-brain barrier (BBB) or blood-CSF barrier across the choroid plexus. Therefore, directly administering drugs intrathecally or intraventricularly may overcome these barriers. This group has developed a model that allows for the effective delivery of therapeutics (i.e., drugs, antibodies, and cellular therapies) chronically and the repeated sampling of CSF to determine drug concentrations and target modulation in the CSF (when the tumor microenvironment is targeted in mice). The model is the murine equivalent of a magnetic resonance imaging-compatible Ommaya reservoir, which is used clinically. This model, which is affixed to the skull, has been designated as the &#34;Murine Ommaya.&#34; As a therapeutic proof of concept, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 antibodies (clone 7.16.4) were delivered into the CSF via the Murine Ommaya to treat mice with LMD from human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive breast cancer. The Murine Ommaya increases the efficiency of drug delivery using a miniature access port and prevents the wastage of excess drug; it does not interfere with CSF sampling for molecular and immunological studies. The Murine Ommaya is useful for testing novel therapeutics in experimental models of LMD.

Here, we describe a murine xenograft model that functionally resembles an Ommaya reservoir in patients. We developed the Murine Ommaya to study novel therapeutics for the universally fatal leptomeningeal disease.

研究利普托梅宁格疾病直接靶向治疗的穆林·奥马亚异种格拉夫特模型

Leptomeningeal disease (LMD) is an uncommon type of central nervous system (CNS) metastasis to the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF). The most common cancers ...

Patient-Derived Tumor Explants As a "Live" Preclinical Platform for Predicting Drug Resistance in Patients

An understanding of drug resistance and the development of novel strategies to sensitize highly resistant cancers rely on the availability of suitable preclinical models that can accurately predict patient responses. One of the disadvantages of existing preclinical models is the inability to contextually preserve the human tumor microenvironment (TME) and accurately represent intratumoral heterogeneity, thus limiting the clinical translation of data. By contrast, by representing the culture of live fragments of human tumors, the patient-derived explant (PDE) platform allows drug responses to be examined in a three-dimensional (3D) context that mirrors the pathological and architectural features of the original tumors as closely as possible. Previous reports with PDEs have documented the ability of the platform to distinguish chemosensitive from chemoresistant tumors, and it has been shown that this segregation is predictive of patient responses to the same chemotherapies. Simultaneously, PDEs allow the opportunity to interrogate molecular, genetic, and histological features of tumors that predict drug responses, thereby identifying biomarkers for patient stratification as well as novel interventional approaches to sensitize resistant tumors. This paper reports PDE methodology in detail, from collection of patient samples through to endpoint analysis. It provides a detailed description of explant derivation and culture methods, highlighting bespoke conditions for particular tumors, where appropriate. For endpoint analysis, there is a focus on multiplexed immunofluorescence and multispectral imaging for the spatial profiling of key biomarkers within both tumoral and stromal regions. By combining these methods, it is possible to generate quantitative and qualitative drug response data that can be related to various clinicopathological parameters and thus potentially be used for biomarker identification.

This paper describes methods for the generation, drug treatment, and analysis of patient-derived explants for assessing tumor drug responses in a live, patient-relevant, preclinical model system.

患者源性肿瘤外植体作为预测患者耐药性的"实时"临床前平台

An understanding of drug resistance and the development of novel strategies to sensitize highly resistant cancers rely on the availability of suitable ...

The Establishment and Utilization of Patient Derived Xenograft Models of Central Nervous System Metastasis

The development of novel therapies for central nervous system (CNS) metastasis has been hindered by the lack of preclinical models that accurately represent the disease. Patient derived xenograft (PDX) models of CNS metastasis have been shown to better represent the phenotypic and molecular characteristics of the human disease, as well as better reflect the heterogeneity and clonal dynamics of human patient tumors compared to historic cell line models. There are multiple sites that can be used to implant patient-derived tissue when setting up preclinical trials, each with their own advantages and disadvantages, and each suited for studying different aspects of the metastatic cascade. Here, the protocol describes how to establish PDX models and present three different approaches for utilizing CNS metastasis PDX models in pre-clinical studies, discussing each of their applications and limitations. These include flank implantation, orthotopic injection in the brain, and intracardiac injection. Subcutaneous flank implantation is the easiest to monitor and, therefore, most convenient for pre-clinical studies. In addition, metastases to brain and other tissues from flank implantation were observed, indicating that the tumor has undergone multiple steps of metastasis, including intravasation, extravasation, and colonization. Orthotopic injection in the brain is the best option for recapitulating the brain tumor microenvironment and is useful for determining the efficacy of biologics to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) but bypasses most steps of the metastatic cascade. Intracardiac injection facilitates metastasis to the brain and is also useful for studying organ tropism. While this method forgoes earlier steps of the metastatic cascade, these cells will still have to survive circulation, extravasate, and colonize. The utility of a PDX model, is therefore, impacted by the route of tumor inoculation and the choice of which one to utilize should be dictated by the scientific question and overall goals of the experiment.

Central nervous system metastasis PDX models represent the phenotypic and molecular characteristics of human metastasis, making them excellent models for preclinical studies. Described here is how to establish PDX models and the inoculation routes that are best used for preclinical studies.

患者衍生的中枢神经系统转移异种移植模型的建立与利用

The development of novel therapies for central nervous system (CNS) metastasis has been hindered by the lack of preclinical models that accurately ...

Zebrafish Larvae as a Model to Evaluate Potential Radiosensitizers or Protectors

Zebrafish are extensively used in several kinds of research because they are one of the easily maintained vertebrate models and exhibit several features of a unique and convenient model system. As highly proliferative cells are more susceptible to radiation-induced DNA damage, zebrafish embryos are a front-line in vivo model in radiation research. In addition, this model projects the effect of radiation and different drugs within a short time, along with major biological events and associated responses. Several cancer studies have used zebrafish, and this protocol is based on the use of radiation modifiers in the context of radiotherapy and cancer. This method can be readily used to validate the effects of different drugs on irradiated and control (non-irradiated) embryos, thus identifying drugs as radio sensitizing or protective drugs. Although this methodology is used in most drug screening experiments, the details of the experiment and the toxicity assessment with the background of X-ray radiation exposure are limited or only briefly addressed, making it difficult to perform. This protocol addresses this issue and discusses the procedure and toxicity evaluation with a detailed illustration. The procedure describes a simple approach for using zebrafish embryos for radiation studies and radiation-based drug screening with much reliability and reproducibility.

The zebrafish has recently been exploited as a model to validate potential radiation modifiers. The present protocol describes the detailed steps to use zebrafish embryos for radiation-based screening experiments and some observational approaches to evaluate the effect of different treatments and radiation.

斑马鱼幼虫作为评估潜在放射增敏剂或保护剂的模型

Zebrafish are extensively used in several kinds of research because they are one of the easily maintained vertebrate models and exhibit several features ...