Name: analysis of hematopoietic stem progenitor cell metabolism
Uploaded: 2019-11-09T12:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Analysis of Hematopoietic Stem Progenitor Cell Metabolism at JoVE.com

This work is in part supported by the funding support from the National Institutes of Health (HL131645, CA016058), the St. Baldrick&#8217;s Foundation, and the Pelotonia Foundation.

This protocol was approved by Nationwide Children&#8217;s Hospital Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC).
NOTE: The protocol is described in chronological order that spans over the period of two days. Use fresh reagents as described in the protocol below.
1. Preparation of Reagents on the Day Prior to the Assay
<ol>
	<li>Hydrate the sensor cartridge.
	<ol>
		<li>Incubate 5 mL of the calibrant (Table of Materials) ...

<ol>
	<li>Dharampuriya, P. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tracking+the+origin,+development,+and+differentiation+of+hematopoietic+stem+cells.">Tracking the origin, development, and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells.</a> Current Opinion in Cell Biology. 49, 108-115 (2017).</li><li>Wilkinson, A. C., Yamazaki, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+hematopoietic+stem+cell+diet.">The hematopoietic stem cell diet.</a> International Journal of Hematology. 107, 634-641 (2018).</li><li>Kohli, L., Passegue, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Surviving+change:+the+metabolic+journey+of+hematopoietic+stem+cells.">Surviving change: the metabolic journey of hematopoietic stem cells.</a> Trends in Cell Biology. 24, 479-487 (2014).</li><li>Abdel-Wahab, O., Levine, R. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Metabolism+and+the+leukemic+stem+cell.">Metabolism and the leukemic stem cell.</a> The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 207, 677-680 (2010).</li><li>Papa, L., Djedaini, M., Hoffman, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mitochondrial+Role+in+Stemness+and+Differentiation+of+Hematopoietic+Stem+Cells.">Mitochondrial Role in Stemness and Differentiation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells.</a> Stem Cells International. 2019, 4067162 (2019).</li><li>Vannini, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Specification+of+haematopoietic+stem+cell+fate+via+modulation+of+mitochondrial+activity.">Specification of haematopoietic stem cell fate via modulation of mitochondrial activity.</a> Nature Communication. 7, 13125 (2016).</li><li>Anso, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+mitochondrial+respiratory+chain+is+essential+for+haematopoietic+stem+cell+function.">The mitochondrial respiratory chain is essential for haematopoietic stem cell function.</a> Nature Cell Biology. 19, 614-625 (2017).</li><li>Wanet, A., Arnould, T., Najimi, M., Renard, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Connecting+Mitochondria,+Metabolism,+and+Stem+Cell+Fate.">Connecting Mitochondria, Metabolism, and Stem Cell Fate.</a> Stem Cells and Development. 24, 1957-1971 (2015).</li><li>Maryanovich, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+MTCH2+pathway+repressing+mitochondria+metabolism+regulates+haematopoietic+stem+cell+fate.">An MTCH2 pathway repressing mitochondria metabolism regulates haematopoietic stem cell fate.</a> Nature Communication. 6, 7901 (2015).</li><li>Suda, T., Takubo, K., Semenza, G. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Metabolic+regulation+of+hematopoietic+stem+cells+in+the+hypoxic+niche.">Metabolic regulation of hematopoietic stem cells in the hypoxic niche.</a> Cell Stem Cell. 9, 298-310 (2011).</li><li>Zhang, C. C., Sadek, H. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hypoxia+and+metabolic+properties+of+hematopoietic+stem+cells.">Hypoxia and metabolic properties of hematopoietic stem cells.</a> Antioxidants &amp; Redox Signaling. 20, 1891-1901 (2014).</li><li>Snoeck, H. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mitochondrial+regulation+of+hematopoietic+stem+cells.">Mitochondrial regulation of hematopoietic stem cells.</a> Current Opinion in Cell Biology. 49, 91-98 (2017).</li><li>Wu, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multiparameter+metabolic+analysis+reveals+a+close+link+between+attenuated+mitochondrial+bioenergetic+function+and+enhanced+glycolysis+dependency+in+human+tumor+cells.">Multiparameter metabolic analysis reveals a close link between attenuated mitochondrial bioenergetic function and enhanced glycolysis dependency in human tumor cells.</a> American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology. 292, 125-136 (2007).</li><li>Chen, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enrichment+of+hematopoietic+stem+cells+with+SLAM+and+LSK+markers+for+the+detection+of+hematopoietic+stem+cell+function+in+normal+and+Trp53+null+mice.">Enrichment of hematopoietic stem cells with SLAM and LSK markers for the detection of hematopoietic stem cell function in normal and Trp53 null mice.</a> Experimental Hematology. 36, 1236-1243 (2008).</li><li>Jung, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hematopoietic+stem+cells+regulate+mesenchymal+stromal+cell+induction+into+osteoblasts+thereby+participating+in+the+formation+of+the+stem+cell+niche.">Hematopoietic stem cells regulate mesenchymal stromal cell induction into osteoblasts thereby participating in the formation of the stem cell niche.</a> Stem Cells. 26, 2042-2051 (2008).</li><li>Masuda, S., Li, M., Izpisua Belmonte, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Niche-less+maintenance+of+HSCs+by+2i.">Niche-less maintenance of HSCs by 2i.</a> Cell Research. 23, 458-459 (2013).</li><li>Anderson, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hematopoietic+stem+cells+develop+in+the+absence+of+endothelial+cadherin+5+expression.">Hematopoietic stem cells develop in the absence of endothelial cadherin 5 expression.</a> Blood. 126, 2811-2820 (2015).</li><li>Lo Celso, C., Scadden, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+and+transplantation+of+hematopoietic+stem+cells+(HSCs).">Isolation and transplantation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs).</a> Journal of Visualized Experiment. (157), (2007).</li><li>Van Wyngene, L., Vandewalle, J., Libert, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reprogramming+of+basic+metabolic+pathways+in+microbial+sepsis:+therapeutic+targets+at+last.">Reprogramming of basic metabolic pathways in microbial sepsis: therapeutic targets at last.</a> EMBO Molecular Medicine. 10, (2018).</li><li>Olson, K. A., Schell, J. C., Rutter, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pyruvate+and+Metabolic+Flexibility:+Illuminating+a+Path+Toward+Selective+Cancer+Therapies.">Pyruvate and Metabolic Flexibility: Illuminating a Path Toward Selective Cancer Therapies.</a> Trends in Biochemical Sciences. 41, 219-230 (2016).</li><li>Halestrap, A. P., Wilson, M. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+monocarboxylate+transporter+family--role+and+regulation.">The monocarboxylate transporter family--role and regulation.</a> IUBMB Life. 64, 109-119 (2012).</li><li>Kim, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mitochondria+in+Cancer+Energy+Metabolism:+Culprits+or+Bystanders.">Mitochondria in Cancer Energy Metabolism: Culprits or Bystanders.</a> Toxicological Research. 31, 323-330 (2015).</li><li>Fosslien, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mitochondrial+medicine--molecular+pathology+of+defective+oxidative+phosphorylation.">Mitochondrial medicine--molecular pathology of defective oxidative phosphorylation.</a> Annals of Clinical &amp; Laboratory Science. 31 (1), 25-67 (2001).</li><li>Wick, A. N., Nakada, H. I., Wolfe, J. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Localization+of+the+primary+metabolic+block+produced+by+2-deoxyglucose.">Localization of the primary metabolic block produced by 2-deoxyglucose.</a> The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 224 (2), 963-969 (1957).</li><li>Linnett, P. E., Beechey, R. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inhibitors+of+the+ATP+synthetase+systems.">Inhibitors of the ATP synthetase systems.</a> Methods in Enzymology. 55, 472-518 (1979).</li><li>Rimmele, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mitochondrial+metabolism+in+hematopoietic+stem+cells+requires+functional+FOXO3.">Mitochondrial metabolism in hematopoietic stem cells requires functional FOXO3.</a> EMBO Reports. 16, 1164-1176 (2015).</li><li>Riviere, I., Dunbar, C. E., Sadelain, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hematopoietic+stem+cell+engineering+at+a+crossroads.">Hematopoietic stem cell engineering at a crossroads.</a> Blood. 119, 1107-1116 (2012).</li><li>Ito, K., Suda, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Metabolic+requirements+for+the+maintenance+of+self-renewing+stem+cells.">Metabolic requirements for the maintenance of self-renewing stem cells.</a> Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology. 15 (4), 243-256 (2014).</li></ol>

Here, we demonstrate the isolation of a maximum amount of pure and viable murine LSK HSPCs population as well as the measurement of their glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration with an extracellular flux analyzer. Specifically, the protocol overcomes the following technical issues for the use of LSK HSPCs : i) the low frequency of LSK HSPCs in murine bone marrow14, ii) low basal metabolic activity of LSK HSPCs26, iii) the fragility of LSK HSPCs27, ...

Since the lifespan of most mature blood cells is short, the homeostasis of blood relies on the self-renewal and differentiation of a long-lived but rare population of hematopoietic stem cells (HSPCs)1. HSPCs are quiescent, but they are quick to proliferate and undergo differentiation upon stimulation to sustain demands of the blood system. As each HSPC cellular state requires a unique bioenergetic demand, the metabolic changes are key drivers of HSPC fate decisions. Therefore, the loss of metabolic plasticity, by altering the equilibrium between quiescence, self-renewal, and differentiation of HSPCs, often leads to myelo- or lympho-proliferative disorders. Together, the understanding of metabolic regulation of HSPC development is critical to uncover mechanisms underlying hematologic malignancies2,3,4,5.
Mitochondrial respiration and glycolysis generate ATP to drive intracellular reactions and produce the building blocks necessary for macromolecule synthesis. Since HSPCs have low mitochondrial mass compared to differentiated cells6 and they sustain quiescence in hypoxic bone marrow niches, HSPCs primarily rely on glycolysis. Activation of HSPCs enhances their mitochondrial metabolism that leads to the loss of quiescence and their subsequent entry into the cell cycle. Such metabolic plasticity of HSPCs allows the maintenance of the HSPC pool throughout adult life6,7,8,9,10,11,12. Therefore, it is critical to investigate their metabolic activities, such as the oxygen consumption rate (OCR; index of oxidative phosphorylation) and the extracellular acidification rate (ECAR; index of glycolysis) to analyze the HSPC activation and the health status. Both the OCR and the ECAR can be measured simultaneously, in real time, using an extracellular flux analyzer. However, the current method requires large numbers of cells and is optimized for adherent cells13. Since HSPCs cannot be isolated in large quantities from mice14, require sorting to obtain a pure population, are non-adherent cells15, and cannot be cultured overnight without avoiding differentiation16, it has been difficult to measure the OCR and the ECAR of HSPCs. Here, we provide a set of clear, step-by-step instructions to accompany video-based tutorials on how to measure metabolic respiration and glycolysis of few thousands murine bone marrow-LineagenegSca1+c-Kit+ (LSK) HSPCs.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>0.01% (w/v) poly-L-lysine solution</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P8920</td>
			<td>Used for LSK attachment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>40 &#181;m cell strainer</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>22-363-547</td>
			<td>Used for cell filtration after bone crushing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Biotin MicroBeads</td>
			<td>Miltenyi</td>
			<td>130-090-485</td>
			<td>Used for Lin- separation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Biotin Rat Anti-Mouse CD45R/B220 Clone RA3-6B2</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>553086</td>
			<td>Used for Lin- separation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Biotin Rat Anti-Mouse CD5 Clone 53-7.3</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>553019</td>
			<td>Used for Lin- separation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Biotin Rat Anti-Mouse CD8a Clone 53-6.7</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>553029</td>
			<td>Used for Lin- separation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Biotin Rat Anti-Mouse Ly-6G and Ly-6C Clone RB6-8C5</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>553125</td>
			<td>Used for Lin- separation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Biotin Rat Anti-Mouse TER-119/Erythroid Cells Clone TER-119</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>553672</td>
			<td>Used for Lin- separation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD117 (c-Kit) Monoclonal Antibody (2B8), APC</td>
			<td>eBioscience</td>
			<td>17-1171-83</td>
			<td>Used for LSK sorting</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Falcon 15 ml Conical Centrifuge Tubes</td>
			<td>Falcon-Fischer Scientific</td>
			<td>14-959-53A</td>
			<td>Used in cell isolation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Falcon 50 ml Conical Centrifuge Tubes</td>
			<td>Falcon-Fischer Scientific</td>
			<td>14-432-22</td>
			<td>Used in cell isolation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Falcon Round-Bottom Polypropylene Tubes</td>
			<td>Falcon-Fischer Scientific</td>
			<td>14-959-11A</td>
			<td>Used for LSK sorting</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td>Neuromics</td>
			<td>FBS001-HI</td>
			<td>Used in FACS buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Histopaque-1083</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>10831</td>
			<td>Used for ficoll gradient separation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-glutamine 100x</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>25-030-081</td>
			<td>Used for the assay media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LS Column</td>
			<td>Miltenyi</td>
			<td>130-042-401</td>
			<td>Used for Lin- separation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ly-6A/E (Sca-1) Monoclonal Antibody (D7), PE-Cyanine7</td>
			<td>eBioscience</td>
			<td>25-5981-82</td>
			<td>Used for LSK sorting</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Murine Stem Cell Factor (SCF)</td>
			<td>PeproTech</td>
			<td>250-03-100UG</td>
			<td>Used for the assay media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Murine Thrombopoietin (TPO)</td>
			<td>PeproTech</td>
			<td>315-14-100UG</td>
			<td>Used for the assay media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS 1%</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>SH3002802</td>
			<td>Used for FACS buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin-Streptomycin (10,000 U/mL)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>15140122</td>
			<td>Used for the assay media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Propidium Iodide</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>P1304MP</td>
			<td>Used for LSK sorting</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Seahorse XFp Cell Culture Miniplate</td>
			<td>Agilent Technologies</td>
			<td>103025-100</td>
			<td>Used for LSK seeding</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Pyruvate (100 mM)</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>11360070</td>
			<td>Used for the assay media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Streptavidin eFluor 450 Conjugate</td>
			<td>eBioscience</td>
			<td>48-4317-82</td>
			<td>Used for LSK sorting</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>XF Calibrant</td>
			<td>Agilent Technologies</td>
			<td>100840-000</td>
			<td>Used for cartridge equilibration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>XF media</td>
			<td>Agilent Technologies</td>
			<td>103575-100</td>
			<td>Used for the assay media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>XFp Glycolysis Stress Test Kit</td>
			<td>Agilent Technologies</td>
			<td>103017100</td>
			<td>Drugs for glycolysis stress test</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>XFp Mitochondrial Stress Test Kit</td>
			<td>Agilent Technologies</td>
			<td>103010100</td>
			<td>Drugs for mitochondrial stress test</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>XFp Sensor Cartridge</td>
			<td>Agilent Technologies</td>
			<td>103022-100</td>
			<td>Used for glycolysis and mitochondrial stress test</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

analysis of hematopoietic stem progenitor cell metabolism

Hematopoietic stem progenitor cells (HSPCs) have distinct metabolic plasticity, which allows them to transition from their quiescent state to a differentiation state to sustain demands of the blood formation. However, it has been difficult to analyze the metabolic status (mitochondrial respiration and glycolysis) of HSPCs due to their limited numbers and lack of optimized protocols for non-adherent, fragile HSPCs. Here, we provide a set of clear, step-by-step instructions to measure metabolic respiration (oxygen consumption rate; OCR) and glycolysis (extracellular acidification rate; ECAR) of murine bone marrow-LineagenegSca1+c-Kit+ (LSK) HSPCs. This protocol provides a higher amount of LSK HSPCs from murine bone marrow, improves the viability of HSPCs during incubation, facilitates extracellular flux analyses of non-adherent HSPCs, and provides optimized injection protocols (concentration and time) for drugs targeting oxidative phosphorylation and glycolytic pathways. This method enables the prediction of the metabolic status and the health of HSPCs during blood development and diseases.

Our extraction method allowed us to harvest up to ~80,000 LSK HSPCs per mouse. The viability and numbers of LSK cells were improved with our method, because we: (1) combined bone marrow from upper and lower limbs, hip bones, sternum, rib cage, and spine, (2) avoided using red cell lysis buffer that would have increased cell-death and clumping, (3) used the density gradient medium separation of mono-nucleated cells, and (4) avoided using pre-chilled buffer that would have caused the loss of cells-of-interest in clumps.</p...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Analysis of Hematopoietic Stem Progenitor Cell Metabolism at JoVE.com

Analysis of Hematopoietic Stem Progenitor Cell Metabolism

Hematopoietic stem progenitor cells (HSPCs) transition from a quiescent state to a differentiation state due to their metabolic plasticity during blood formation. Here, we present an optimized method for measuring mitochondrial respiration and glycolysis of HSPCs.

Hematopoietic stem progenitor cells (HSPCs) have distinct metabolic plasticity, which allows them to transition from their quiescent state to a ...

Metabolic changes in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells allow them to transition from their quiescent state to a differentiation state to sustain demands of blood formation. Alteration in metabolic plasticity of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells leads to hematologic disorders. Our protocol will help measure the metabolic regulation and the health of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells during blood development and diseases.Analysis of the mitochondrial respiration and glycolysis of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells is difficult as they are fragile and rare population. Our optimized protocol allows the isolation of a higher amount of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells from murine bone marrow, improves their viability during incubation, facilitates extracellular flux analysis of non-adherent HSPCs, and provide optimized injection parameters for drug targeting oxidative phosphorylation as well as glycolytic pathways. To begin this procedure, fill the wells of the utility plate and the chambers around the wells with sterile water.Submerge the sensor cartridge into the utility plate making sure that the sensors are completely covered by water. Then place the cartridge submerged in the utility plate in a non CO2 incubator at 37 degrees Celsius to incubate overnight. In a class II biosafety cabinet, add 40 microliters of commercially available 0.1%PLL solution to each well of the assay plate.Cover the assay plate with the lid provided in the kit and incubate the closed plate at room temperature under the hood for one hour. After this, use a sterile vacuum-based aspirator to remove the excess solution and air dry the plate under the hood. To harvest mononucleated murine bone marrow cells, add five milliliters of density gradient medium to a 15 milliliter conical tube.Slowly add five milliliters of the bone marrow cell suspension making sure that the cells remain as a layer above the density gradient medium. Centrifuge at 500 times g and at room temperature for 30 minutes making sure that the centrifuge is at the lowest possible acceleration. Harvest the middle interface of mononucleated cells into a fresh 15 milliliter tube.Then wash the cells with five milliliters of 1X PBS containing 2%FBS. Centrifuge at 500 times g and at four degrees Celsius for five minutes. Remove the supernatant and resuspend the cells in 300 microliters of 1X PBS containing 2%FBS.Next, aliquot 10 microliters of the cell suspension for unstained or single-colored control in a FACS tube. To harvest LSK HSPCs from mononucleated murine bone marrow cells, add 15 microliters of biotin antibody cocktail to 300 microliters of mononucleated bone marrow cells. To harvest LSK HSPCs from mononucleated murine bone marrow cells, add 15 microliters of biotin antibody cocktail to 300 microliters of mononucleated bone marrow cells.Place the tubes in an ice bucket positioned on a shaker in a refrigerator to incubate at four degrees Celsius with agitation for 30 minutes. Then add 10 milliliters of pre-chilled 1X PBS containing 2%FBS to the cells. Centrifuge at 500 times g and at four degrees Celsius for five minutes.Discard the supernatant and resuspend the cell pellet in 400 microliters of 1X PBS containing 2%FBS. Briefly vortex the anti-biotin microbeads before use. Add 80 microliters of the microbeads to each sample and mix well.Incubate for an additional 20 minutes at four degrees Celsius with agitation. After this, add 10 milliliters of pre-chilled PBS containing 2%FBS to the cells. Centrifuge the tube at 500 times g and at four degrees Celsius for five minutes.Discard the supernatant and resuspend the cell pellet in one milliliter of PBS containing 2%FBS. Store the cell suspension at four degrees Celsius while setting up the magnetic separation unit. Place the column in a magnetic field for the magnetic assisted cell sorting separator at four degrees Celsius.Prepare the column for magnetic separation by rinsing it with three milliliters of 1X PBS containing 2%FBS under gravity flow at four degrees Celsius. Add the cell suspension to the pre-wet column at four degrees Celsius. Allow all the cells to pass through the column at four degrees Celsius and collect the effluent in a 15 milliliter conical tube.Next, wash the column with three milliliters of 1X PBS and 2%FBS at four degrees Celsius. Repeat this wash three times. Collect the flow through and keep it at four degrees Celsius.Centrifuge the conical tube containing the flow through at 500 times g and at four degrees Celsius for five minutes. Discard the supernatant and resuspend the cells in 0.5 milliliters of 1X PBS with 2%FBS and transfer the suspension to a FACS tube. Then add 24 microliters of the LSK antibody cocktail to each 10 million cells.Cover the tube with foil and incubate in the dark at four degrees Celsius with agitation for one hour. After this, add three milliliters of 1X PBS with 2%FBS to the FACS tube. Centrifuge at 500 times g and at four degrees Celsius for five minutes.Discard the supernatant and resuspend the antibody-labeled cells in one milliliter of 1X PBS containing 2%FBS. Just before sorting, add one microliter of one milligram per milliliter propidium iodide to the cell suspension and use a 40 micrometer strainer to filter the contents of the FACS tube. First, centrifuge the collected LSK cells at 500 times g and at room temperature for five minutes.Discard the supernatant and resuspend the cells in complete media to a final concentration of at least 70, 000 cells per 40 microliters. Seed 40 microliters of this cell suspension into the wells of a PLL coated eight-well plate making sure to leave all of the corner wells empty. Centrifuge the plate at 450 times g and at room temperature for one minute.Use an inverted microscope to ensure the cells are attached to the bottom of the wells. After this, add 135 microliters of complete media to the cells in each well bringing the final volume of each well to 175 microliters. Add 175 microliters of complete media to the two corners of the plate as blanks.Incubate the cells in a non CO2 incubator at 37 degrees Celsius for two hours. Then set up a program for the analyzer to add drugs to each well of the plate as outlined in table two and table three of the text protocol. For the mitochondrial stress test, retrieve the sensor cartridge in the utility plate from the incubator such that each well has a final concentration of two micromolar oligomycin, 1.5 micromolar FCCP, and 0.5 micromolar of either rotenone and anti-mycin A as needed.Remove the lid from the sensor cartridge and place it on the instrument tray. Begin the calibration process which will take 20 minutes. When calibration is complete, remove the utility plate and substitute it with the assay plate containing the LSK cells.Press continue to start the previously set program. When the program is complete, retrieve the data and analyze it. In this study, a maximum amount of viable murine LSK HSPCs are isolated and their glycolysis and mitochondrial metabolism is measured with an extracellular flux analyzer.Although extracellular flux analysis is traditionally used for adherent cells, this method makes LSK HSPCs adherent to PLL coated wells which allows for measurement of the extracellular flux and thus metabolic health of LSK HSPCs. In order to measure the mitochondrial respiration through the oxygen consumption rate and glycolysis through the extracellular acidification rate in basal and stress conditions, drugs that interfere with glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration are injected sequentially. As expected, the basal level of the extracellular acidification rate is higher for LSK HSPCs cultured in glucose and pyruvate positive media compared to those cultured in negative media.The injection with glucose did not change the extracellular acidification rate for the cells cultured in the positive media, but it boosted the glycolysis of cells in negative media. However, the basal level of these cells still remained lower in the positive group. The injection with oligomycin activated the glycolysis at its maximum level in the positive group, but did not affect the negative group.The injection with the glucose analog at 2-DG returned the extracellular acidification rate to non-glycolytic levels. For the mitochondrial stress test, the injection of oligomycin hyperpolarized the mitochondrial membrane preventing more proton pumping through the ETC complexes and thus reducing the rate of mitochondrial respiration. The injection of FCCP pushes the oxygen consumption rate to the maximum as cells try to recover the mitochondrial membrane potential.The injection with two other electron transport chain inhibitors causes mitochondrial respiration to completely stop and thus the oxygen consumption rate reverted to its minimum level. Please avoid the use of red cell lysis buffer for the mononuclear cell isolation. We recommend the Ficoll gradient separation to prevent clump formation and reduce the loss of LSK.Using our optimized method, we can measure mitochondrial respiration and glycolysis of rare and fragile hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells and study of metabolic cues regulate normal and malignant hematopoiesis.

Research

Education

JoVE Journal

JoVE Core

Cell Biology

Developmental Biology

Unit 1

Introduction to Metabolism

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

Derivation of Cardiac Progenitor Cells from Embryonic Stem Cells

Cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) have the capacity to differentiate into cardiomyocytes, smooth muscle cells (SMC), and endothelial cells and hold great ...

Direct Induction of Human Neural Stem Cells from Peripheral Blood Hematopoietic Progenitor Cells

Human disease specific neuronal cultures are essential for generating in vitro models for human neurological diseases. However, the lack of access to ...

Generation of Genetically Modified Organotypic Skin Cultures Using Devitalized Human Dermis

Organotypic cultures allow the reconstitution of a 3D environment critical for cell-cell contact and cell-matrix interactions which mimics the function ...

Initiating Differentiation in Immortalized Multipotent Otic Progenitor Cells

Use of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) or embryonic stem cells (ESC) for cell replacement therapies holds great promise. Several limitations ...

Immunomagnetic Separation of Fat Depot-specific Sca1high Adipose-derived Stem Cells (ASCs)

Immunomagnetic Separation of Fat Depot-specific Sca1high Adipose-derived Stem Cells ASCs

The isolation of adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) is an important method in the field of adipose tissue biology, adipogenesis, and extracellular matrix ...

Competitive Transplants to Evaluate Hematopoietic Stem Cell Fitness

The gold standard definition of a hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) is a cell that when transferred into an irradiated recipient will have the ability to ...

Directed Differentiation of Primitive and Definitive Hematopoietic Progenitors from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

One of the major goals for regenerative medicine is the generation and maintenance of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) derived from human pluripotent stem ...

Electrophysiological Analysis of human Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Cardiomyocytes (hPSC-CMs) Using Multi-electrode Arrays (MEAs)

Electrophysiological Analysis of human Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Cardiomyocytes hPSC-CMs Using Multi-electrode Arrays MEAs

Cardiomyocytes can now be derived with high efficiency from both human embryonic and human induced-Pluripotent Stem Cells (hPSC). hPSC-derived ...

Detection of Residual Donor Erythroid Progenitor Cells after Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation for Patients with Hemoglobinopathies

The presence of incomplete chimerism is noted in a large proportion of patients following bone marrow transplant for thalassemia major or sickle cell ...

Quantitative Whole-mount Immunofluorescence Analysis of Cardiac Progenitor Populations in Mouse Embryos

The use of ever-advancing imaging techniques has contributed broadly to our increased understanding of embryonic development. Pre-implantation development ...