这项研究得到了 CARS-tea 和中国农业科学院创新项目 （CAAS-ASTIP-TRI） 的支持。

1. 抹茶包埋悬架的生产
<ol><li>将 4 g 羧甲基壳聚糖（参见 材料表）放入 100 mL 蒸馏水中，制备 0.04 g/mL 羧甲基壳聚糖储备液。将羧甲基壳聚糖溶解，在恒温加热磁力搅拌器上加热至 60°C。</li>
	<li>将 4 g 乳清蛋白（参见 材料表）溶于 50 mL 蒸馏水中，制备 0.08 g/mL 乳清蛋白储备液。</li>
	<li>溶液冷却后，将它们存放在冰箱中并冷藏过夜以使聚合物分子完全饱和。</li>
	<li>将 8 克抹茶和 4 克 NaCl（参见 材料表）放入烧杯中，加入 50 mL 无菌开水制备抹茶浆液。使用玻璃搅拌棒协助溶解过程。无菌水是在锅中煮沸 15 分钟的去离子水。</li>
	<li>将抹茶浆液与 50 mL 羧甲基壳聚糖溶液混合，并在室温下以 300 rpm 的速度与磁力搅拌装置混合。</li>
	<li>将 25 mL 乳清蛋白滴入混合物中，并以 300 rpm 的速度搅拌 30 分钟，以形成包埋的悬浮液。（参见 图 1）。悬浮液应与面条生产同时制备，并在同一天在 4 °C 的温度下储存。 注：抹茶包埋的悬浮液的 pH 值未调整，因此仅受抹茶或壁材料的影响。</li>
</ol>2. 小麦粉的微波处理
<ol><li>将 300 克小麦粉装在一个圆形塑料容器中。用保鲜膜盖住容器，然后将其放入 700 W 的微波炉中 60 秒。之后，将装有面粉的容器放在外面，直到感觉凉爽。</li>
</ol>3. 抹茶面的生产
<ol><li>面团混合：将 125 mL 预成型的抹茶包埋悬浮液和 15 mL 水慢慢倒入 300 g 微波处理的小麦粉中。轻轻地将面粉一点一点地拉到中心，直到嵌入的悬浮液加入。<ol><li>对于未经微波处理的小麦粉，使用 125 mL 水代替抹茶包埋的悬浮液来制备面条，面条被标记为空白面条（对照）。将 125 mL 水和 8 g 抹茶加入未经微波处理的小麦粉中，制成面条，并将其命名为抹茶面（M-noodles）。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>揉面团：用面团搅拌机揉面团 7 分钟。面团应该是光滑和柔韧的，完成后不要潮湿或粘稠。</li>
	<li>静置：将面团球放回搅拌碗中，用湿茶巾盖住。让它在室温下静置 30 分钟。</li>
	<li>如下所述准备面条。<ol><li>将面团分成 4 等份，然后重新包装 3 块并放在一边。在未包装的那块上轻轻撒上面粉，偶尔提起以确保它不会粘住。</li>
		<li>将压面机的压辊间距调整为 3.5 毫米。将面团放在面团上压成薄片，然后复合。反复按压面团片，直到达到光滑柔韧的稠度。</li>
		<li>将面团片稀释至 1 毫米。从 3.5 mm 开始，将压辊间距调整为 2 mm，然后调整为 1 mm。在每个辊间距中按压板材 3 次。</li>
		<li>用保鲜膜松散地盖住，然后对剩余的面团重复步骤 3.4.1-3.4.3。 注：为保证每批样品的压制过程一致，压辊间距调整一次，每次通过试样后调整下一次间距。</li>
		<li>将面条切成 22 厘米长、1 毫米厚和 3.0 毫米宽的样品（见 图 2）。撒上约 3.75 克粗面粉，确保面条不会粘在一起。</li>
	</ol></li>
</ol>4. 感官评价和物理性能分析
<ol><li>感官评估<ol><li>将 30 克面条放入 600 毫升沸水中，煮 5 分钟。测试前，立即将煮熟的面条浸入冷水中。</li>
		<li>使用 Li 等人 12 中概述的定量描述性分析 （QDA） 对面条样品进行感官评估。确保样本的感官特征由 12 名训练有素的小组成员使用 9 点享乐量表进行评估，其中 9 表示非常喜欢，1 表示非常不喜欢。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>颜色测量<ol><li>将煮熟的和新鲜的样品切成约 10 厘米的块，然后将它们放在色度计的仪器孔下。</li>
		<li>按下仪器按钮测量新鲜面条的颜色，并对每个样品重复测试 6 次。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>质构分析仪<ol><li>使用质构仪确定熟面条和新鲜面条的质构特性，并根据质构剖面分析 （TPA） 进行计算。</li>
		<li>将五根面条放在测试台上，对每个样品重复测试 6 次。</li>
	</ol></li>
</ol>5. 数据分析
<ol><li>通过方差分析 （ANOVA） 分析数据，并认为当 p < 0.05 时差异显著。</li>
</ol>

颜色稳定的抹茶新鲜面条生产的进展

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作者没有什么可披露的。

与方便面、细干面和其他类似产品相比，新鲜面条具有更强的保留其原汁原味和风味的能力，使其在市场上极具前景。之前的一项研究表明，绿茶可以在一定程度上提高新鲜面条的整体品质16。因此，将茶叶加入鲜面的面粉产品系统旨在优先考虑高品质和健康益处，符合当代提倡自然和追求绿色健康饮食的趋势。然而，茶中的多酚和色素等化合物在茶叶鲜面条的周围储存环境中?...

面条是中国传统谷物菜肴的主食，亚洲国家约 40% 的小麦产量用于面条加工1。然而，小麦粉的基本营养成分不足以满足消费者日益增长的营养需求。因此，一些研究人员选择用替代天然成分代替面条中的部分小麦粉，例如燕麦麸2、牛奶蛋白3、红薯4 和柑橘大促5，以增强面条的营养和功能品质。抹茶是一种丰富的生物活性化合物，具有抗氧化和抗炎特性，有可能降低患心血管疾病的风险并预防慢性疾病6。因此，人们对研究将抹茶融入传统美食的兴趣日益浓厚，包括中式蒸面包、年糕，尤其是新鲜面条。
然而，鲜面条容易出现随时间而变暗的情况，导致产品的视觉外观发生不利的变化，这对鲜面条的储存构成重大挑战7.人们普遍认为，在新鲜面条的储存过程中观察到的变色主要是由多酚氧化酶 （PPO） 的存在引起的7,8。此外，研究表明可溶性蛋白质组分参与非多酚氧化酶 （non-PPO） 变暗的过程9.近年来，人们投入了大量精力来减轻 PPO 在储存过程中的变黑。先前的研究表明，应用于生面条的酸抑制剂和热处理可以通过使蛋白质变性并因此抑制酶活性来有效实现这一目标10,11。叶绿素容易受到 pH 值、温度和热量变化的影响，绿茶面条充满活力的绿色色调主要归功于叶绿素10。显然，通过直接添加酸抑制剂和热处理来有效控制绿茶面的颜色存在局限性。
除了小麦粉的热加工外，抹茶面条中叶绿素的保存也是一个需要考虑的关键因素。已经提出了几种方法来延长叶绿素的储存时间并保留其色素，包括使用碱化剂、铜络合和低温储存12。不幸的是，大多数过程都需要接近自然的 pH 值，以减少不利化学反应的发生。叶绿素衍生物的铜复合物可能会减轻稳定性问题，叶绿素衍生物表现出让人联想到天然叶绿素的绿色。然而，与人工色素相比，个体表现出对天然叶绿素的偏好。微胶囊化技术已成为解决提高生物活性化合物稳定性挑战的可行解决方案，它通过提供对氧气、pH 值、离子强度和温度等环境条件的屏障 13,14,15。到目前为止，人们一直在研究茶提取物、儿茶素和叶绿素在包埋在不同墙体材料中的稳定性和控释特性14。然而，尚未提出将微胶囊掺入面条中 15。
在这项研究中，我们描述了一种将抹茶与乳清蛋白和羧甲基壳聚糖包埋并微波处理小麦粉以获得颜色稳定的抹茶新鲜面条的方法。在食品中添加微胶囊化生物活性化合物有助于创造新型功能性食品，同时保留固有的定性属性。我们展示了使用该加工方案获得的结果，以研究储存后抹茶面颜色值的变化。该研究的具体目标是确定制备具有独特颜色和风味的抹茶面的最佳方法。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Carboxymethyl chitosan</td>
			<td>Mackin</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Colorimeter</td>
			<td>3nh</td>
			<td>NH-300+</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dough mixer</td>
			<td>ACA</td>
			<td>AM-CG108</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Freezer</td>
			<td>Haier</td>
			<td>BCD-252KS</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heating magnetic stirrer</td>
			<td>Yuhua</td>
			<td>DF-101S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnetic stirrer</td>
			<td>Keezo</td>
			<td>KMS-521D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Matcha</td>
			<td>Jinhua Feicui</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microwave</td>
			<td>Panasonic</td>
			<td>NN-GF351X</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl</td>
			<td>China National Salt Industry Corporation</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Noodle maker</td>
			<td>Tianxi</td>
			<td>JCD-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Texture analyzer</td>
			<td>Lotun Science</td>
			<td>TA-XT plus</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Wheat flour</td>
			<td>Queen</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Whey protein</td>
			<td>Yuanye</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

preparation of matcha fresh noodles with stable color using embedding method and microwave treatment

抹茶作为一种健康的食品添加剂，已广泛应用于面条、饼干和面包等传统食品中。然而，抹茶食品的质量必须解决几个挑战，其中最重要的是防止抹茶变色。在这项研究中，我们介绍了一种新方法，涉及将抹茶与乳清蛋白 （0.08 g/mL） 和羧甲基壳聚糖 （0.04 g/mL） 掺入，同时在 700 W 下微波处理小麦粉 60 秒，以生产颜色稳定的抹茶新鲜面条。文章介绍了抹茶鲜面条生产过程中涉及的所有步骤，包括抹茶包埋处理、小麦粉微波处理、揉面团、发酵、分割面团、擀面团和用压面机将片材切片。研究结果显示，与未处理的新鲜抹茶面相比，包埋和微波处理后新鲜抹茶面的变色减少了 72.13%。此外，组合过程对抹茶面的感官属性（包括其香气和味道）没有任何不利影响。因此，本研究提出的新方法对于增强新鲜抹茶面在制备过程中的颜色稳定性具有重要潜力。

该协议允许对加工抹茶食品和面条进行感官和物理特性分析，从抹茶处理开始，一直到加工的中间阶段到最终产品。该协议与嵌入和微波相结合以生产抹茶面 条（图 3）。将未包埋抹茶、包埋抹茶和微波处理、无抹茶的新鲜面条分别标记为 M-Noodles 、 ME-Noodles 和 control 。在对 3 种面条样品的感官评价方面，观察到微波和添加壁材料对抹茶面的感官属性（包括其香...

作者聚焦：使用抹茶微胶囊增强食物的风味相互作用 

该方案描述了一种将抹茶与乳清蛋白和羧甲基壳聚糖包埋并微波处理小麦粉以获得颜色稳定的抹茶新鲜面条的方法。

包埋法和微波处理制备色泽稳定的抹茶鲜面

Matcha, as a healthy food additive, has been widely utilized in traditional foods such as noodles, cookies, and bread. However, there are several ...

preparation-matcha-fresh-noodles-with-stable-color-using-embedding

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

Preparation of Matcha Fresh Noodles with Stable Color using Embedding Method and Microwave Treatment

548 次观看.  Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences. 我对茶和食物的风味相互作用的研究以及茶食品的研究和开发。在面条中添加抹茶微胶囊的想法最初被提出来以防止变色。此外，使用微波和包埋处理可以保留抹茶面的质地或味道。这种技术的主要优点是它使我们能够避免使用复合物，同时仍然保持新鲜抹茶面的天然品质，它还有助于保留抹茶中的活性物质。

视频: 作者聚焦：使用抹茶微胶囊增强食物的风味相互作用 

Preparation of Silica Nanoparticles Through Microwave-assisted Acid-catalysis

Microwave-assisted synthetic techniques were used to quickly and reproducibly produce silica nanoparticle sols using an acid catalyst with nanoparticle diameters ranging from 30-250 nm by varying the reaction conditions. Through the selection of a microwave compatible solvent, silicic acid precursor, catalyst, and microwave irradiation time, these microwave-assisted methods were capable of overcoming the previously reported shortcomings associated with synthesis of silica nanoparticles using microwave reactors. The siloxane precursor was hydrolyzed using the acid catalyst, HCl. Acetone, a low-tan &#948; solvent, mediates the condensation reactions and has minimal interaction with the electromagnetic field. Condensation reactions begin when the silicic acid precursor couples with the microwave radiation, leading to silica nanoparticle sol formation. The silica nanoparticles were characterized by dynamic light scattering data and scanning electron microscopy, which show the materials&#39; morphology and size to be dependent on the reaction conditions. Microwave-assisted reactions produce silica nanoparticles with roughened textured surfaces that are atypical for silica sols produced by St&#246;ber&#39;s methods, which have smooth surfaces.

Silica nanoparticles were prepared using acid-catalysis of a siloxane precursor and microwave-assisted synthetic techniques resulting in the controlled growth of nanomaterials ranging from 30-250 nm in diameter. The growth dynamics can be controlled by varying the initial silicic acid concentration, time of the reaction, and temperature of reaction.

Microwave-assisted synthetic techniques were used to quickly and reproducibly produce silica nanoparticle sols using an acid catalyst with nanoparticle ...

科研

化学

Quantitative Proteomics Using Reductive Dimethylation for Stable Isotope Labeling

Stable isotope labeling of peptides by reductive dimethylation (ReDi labeling) is a method to accurately quantify protein expression differences between samples using mass spectrometry. ReDi labeling is performed using either regular (light) or deuterated (heavy) forms of formaldehyde and sodium cyanoborohydride to add two methyl groups to each free amine. Here we demonstrate a robust protocol for ReDi labeling and quantitative comparison of complex protein mixtures. Protein samples for comparison are digested into peptides, labeled to carry either light or heavy methyl tags, mixed, and co-analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Relative protein abundances are quantified by comparing the ion chromatogram peak areas of heavy and light labeled versions of the constituent peptide extracted from the full MS spectra. The method described here includes sample preparation by reversed-phase solid phase extraction, on-column ReDi labeling of peptides, peptide fractionation by basic pH reversed-phase (BPRP) chromatography, and StageTip peptide purification. We discuss advantages and limitations of ReDi labeling with respect to other methods for stable isotope incorporation. We highlight novel applications using ReDi labeling as a fast, inexpensive, and accurate method to compare protein abundances in nearly any type of sample.

Stable isotope labeling of peptides by reductive dimethylation (ReDi labeling) is a rapid, inexpensive strategy for accurate mass spectrometry-based quantitative proteomics. Here we demonstrate a robust method for preparation and analysis of protein mixtures using the ReDi approach that can be applied to nearly any sample type.

定量蛋白质组学使用还原二甲基化的稳定同位素标记

Stable isotope labeling of peptides by reductive dimethylation (ReDi labeling) is a method to accurately quantify protein expression differences between ...

A Simple Method for the Size Controlled Synthesis of Stable Oligomeric Clusters of Gold Nanoparticles under Ambient Conditions

Reducing dilute aqueous HAuCl4 with sodium thiocyanate (NaSCN) under alkaline conditions produces 2 to 3 nm diameter nanoparticles. Stable grape-like oligomeric clusters of these yellow nanoparticles of narrow size distribution are synthesized under ambient conditions via two methods. The delay-time method controls the number of subunits in the oligoclusters by varying the time between the addition of HAuCl4 to alkaline solution and the subsequent addition of reducing agent, NaSCN. The yellow oligoclusters produced range in size from ~3 to ~25 nm. This size range can be further extended by an add-on method utilizing hydroxylated gold chloride (Na+[Au(OH4-x)Clx]-) to auto-catalytically increase the number of subunits in the as-synthesized oligocluster nanoparticles, providing a total range of 3 nm to 70 nm. The crude oligocluster preparations display narrow size distributions and do not require further fractionation for most purposes. The oligoclusters formed can be concentrated &#62;300 fold without aggregation and the crude reaction mixtures remain stable for weeks without further processing. Because these oligomeric clusters can be concentrated before derivatization they allow expensive derivatizing agents to be used economically. In addition, we present two models by which predictions of particle size can be made with great accuracy.

We describe a simple method for producing highly stable oligomeric clusters of gold nanoparticles via the reduction of chloroauric acid (HAuCl4) with sodium thiocyanate (NaSCN). The oligoclusters have a narrow size distribution and can be produced with a wide range of sizes and surface coats.

根据环境条件的金纳米粒子的稳定低聚簇的大小控制合成的一种简便方法

Reducing dilute aqueous HAuCl4 with sodium thiocyanate (NaSCN) under alkaline conditions produces 2 to 3 nm diameter nanoparticles. Stable grape-like ...

Development of a Backbone Cyclic Peptide Library as Potential Antiparasitic Therapeutics Using Microwave Irradiation

Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) are intimately involved in almost all biological processes and are linked to many human diseases. Therefore, there is a major effort to target PPIs in basic research and in the pharmaceutical industry. Protein-protein interfaces are usually large, flat, and often lack pockets, complicating the discovery of small molecules that target such sites. Alternative targeting approaches using antibodies have limitations due to poor oral bioavailability, low cell-permeability, and production inefficiency.
Using peptides to target PPI interfaces has several advantages. Peptides have higher conformational flexibility, increased selectivity, and are generally inexpensive. However, peptides have their own limitations including poor stability and inefficiency crossing cell membranes. To overcome such limitations, peptide cyclization can be performed. Cyclization has been demonstrated to improve peptide selectivity, metabolic stability, and bioavailability. However, predicting the bioactive conformation of a cyclic peptide is not trivial. To overcome this challenge, one attractive approach it to screen a focused library to screen in which all backbone cyclic peptides have the same primary sequence, but differ in parameters that influence their conformation, such as ring size and position.
We describe a detailed protocol for synthesizing a library of backbone cyclic peptides targeting specific parasite PPIs. Using a rational design approach, we developed peptides derived from the scaffold protein Leishmania receptor for activated C-kinase (LACK). We hypothesized that sequences in LACK that are conserved in parasites, but not in the mammalian host homolog, may represent interaction sites for proteins that are critical for the parasites&#39; viability. The cyclic peptides were synthesized using microwave irradiation to reduce reaction times and increase efficiency. Developing a library of backbone cyclic peptides with different ring sizes facilitates a systematic screen for the most biological active conformation. This method provides a general, fast, and facile way to synthesize cyclic peptides.

A simple and general method for the synthesis of cyclic peptides using microwave irradiation is outlined. This procedure enables the synthesis of backbone cyclic peptides with a collection of different conformations while retaining the side chains and the pharmacophoric moieties., and therefore, allows to screen for the bioactive conformation.

一个主干环肽库作为潜在的抗寄生虫治疗微波辐射的发展

Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) are intimately involved in almost all biological processes and are linked to many human diseases. Therefore, there is ...

Preparation and Reactivity of a Triphosphenium Bromide Salt: A Convenient and Stable Source of Phosphorus(I)

We present herein the optimized synthesis of a triphosphenium bromide salt. Apart from being a versatile metathesis reagent, this unusually stable low-valent-phosphorus-containing compound acts as a useful P+ transfer agent. Unlike traditional methods employed to access low-coordinate phosphorus species which usually require pyrophoric phosphorus-containing precursors (white phosphorus, Tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphine, etc.), or harsh reducing agents (alkali metals, potassium graphite, etc.), the current approach does not involve pyrophoric or explosive reagents and can be done on large scales (&#62;20 g) in excellent yields by undergraduates with basic air-free synthetic training. The bromide counter ion is readily exchanged with other anions such as tetraphenyl borate (described herein) using typical salt metathesis reagents to obtain materials with desired properties and reactivities. The versatility of this P+ transfer approach is exemplified by the reactions of these triphosphenium precursors with an N-heterocyclic carbene and an anionic bisphosphine, each of which readily displace the neutral bisphosphine to give an NHC-stabilized phosphorus(I) cation and a phosphorus(I) containing zwitterion, respectively.

Preparation and Reactivity of a Triphosphenium Bromide Salt: A Convenient and Stable Source of PhosphorusI

The synthesis of a triphosphenium bromide salt is described and its use as a P+ transfer agent is outlined by reactions with an N-heterocyclic carbene and an anionic bisphosphine, yielding an NHC-stabilized P(I) cation and a P(I) containing zwitterion, respectively.

制备及反应性的Triphosphenium溴化物盐:磷方便稳定来源（I）

We present herein the optimized synthesis of a triphosphenium bromide salt. Apart from being a versatile metathesis reagent, this unusually stable ...

Green and Low-cost Production of Thermally Stable and Carboxylated Cellulose Nanocrystals and Nanofibrils Using Highly Recyclable Dicarboxylic Acids

Here we demonstrate potentially low cost and green productions of high thermally stable and carboxylated cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and nanofibrils (CNF) from bleached eucalyptus pulp (BEP) and unbleached mixed hardwood kraft pulp (UMHP) fibers using highly recyclable dicarboxylic solid acids. Typical operating conditions were acid concentrations of 50 - 70 wt% at 100 &#176;C for 60 min and 120 &#176;C (no boiling at atmospheric pressure) for 120 min, for BEP and UMHP, respectively. The resultant CNCs have a higher thermal degradation temperature than their corresponding feed fibers and carboxylic acid group content from 0.2 - 0.4 mmol/g. The low strength (high pKa of 1.0 - 3.0) of organic acids also resulted in CNCs with both longer lengths of approximately 239 - 336 nm and higher crystallinity than CNCs produced using mineral acids. Cellulose loss to sugar was minimal. Fibrous cellulosic solid residue (FCSR) from the dicarboxylic acid hydrolysis was used to produce carboxylated CNFs through subsequent mechanical fibrillation with low energy input.

Here we demonstrate a novel method for green and sustainable productions of highly thermally stable and carboxylated cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) and nanofibrils (CNF) using highly recyclable solid dicarboxylic acids.

热稳定和羧基化纤维素纳米晶和纳米原纤维使用高度可回收的二元羧酸绿色和低成本生产

Here we demonstrate potentially low cost and green productions of high thermally stable and carboxylated cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and nanofibrils ...

Preparation of Stable Bicyclic Aziridinium Ions and Their Ring-Opening for the Synthesis of Azaheterocycles

Bicyclic aziridinium ions were generated by the removal of an appropriate leaving group through internal nucleophilic attack by nitrogen atom in the aziridine ring. The utility of bicyclic aziridinium ions, specifically 1-azoniabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane and 1-azoniabicyclo[4.1.0]heptane tosylate highlighted in the aziridine ring openings by the nucleophile with the release of the ring strain to yield the corresponding ring-expanded azaheterocycles such as pyrrolidine, piperidine and azepane with diverse substituents on the ring in regio- and stereospecific manner. Herein, we report a simple and convenient method for the preparation of the stable 1-azabicyclo[4.1.0]heptane tosylate followed by selective ring opening via a nucleophilic attack either at the bridge or at the bridgehead carbon to yield piperidine and azepane rings, respectively. This synthetic strategy allowed us to prepare biologically active natural products containing piperidine and azepane motif including sedamine, allosedamine, fagomine and balanol in highly efficient manner.

Bicyclic aziridinium ions such as 1-azoniabicyclo[4.1.0]heptane tosylate were generated from 2-[4-tolenesulfonyloxybutyl]aziridine, which was utilized for the preparation of substituted piperidines and azepanes via regio- and stereospecific ring-expansion with various nucleophiles. This highly efficient protocol allowed us to prepare diverse azaheterocycles including natural products such as fagomine, febrifugine analogue and balanol.

稳定笼 Aziridinium 离子的制备及其开环 Azaheterocycles 的合成

Bicyclic aziridinium ions were generated by the removal of an appropriate leaving group through internal nucleophilic attack by nitrogen atom in the ...

Preparation of Functional Silica Using a Bioinspired Method

The goal of the protocols described herein is to synthesize bioinspired silica materials, perform enzyme encapsulation therein, and partially or totally purify the same by acid elution. By combining sodium silicate with a polyfunctional bioinspired additive, silica is rapidly formed at ambient conditions upon neutralization. 
The effect of neutralization rate and biomolecule addition point on silica yield are investigated, and biomolecule immobilization efficiency is reported for varying addition point. In contrast to other porous silica synthesis methods, it is shown that the mild conditions required for bioinspired silica synthesis are fully compatible with the encapsulation of delicate biomolecules. Additionally, mild conditions are used across all synthesis and modification steps, making bioinspired silica a promising target for the scale-up and commercialization as both a bare material and active support medium.
The synthesis is shown to be highly sensitive to conditions, i.e., the neutralization rate and final synthesis pH, however tight control over these parameters is demonstrated through the use of auto titration methods, leading to high reproducibility in reaction progression pathway and yield. 
Therefore, bioinspired silica is an excellent active material support choice, showing versatility towards many current applications, not limited to those demonstrated here, and potency in future applications.

Here, we present a protocol to synthesize bioinspired silica materials and immobilize enzymes therein. Silica is synthesized by combining sodium silicate and an amine &#39;additive&#39;, which neutralize at a controlled rate. Material properties and function can be altered either by in situ enzyme immobilization or post-synthetic acid elution of encapsulated additives.

用 Bioinspired 法制备功能性二氧化硅

The goal of the protocols described herein is to synthesize bioinspired silica materials, perform enzyme encapsulation therein, and partially or totally ...

Microwave-Assisted Preparation of 1-Aryl-1H-pyrazole-5-amines

A synthetic process for the preparation of a variety of 1-aryl-1H-pyrazole-5-amines was developed. The microwave-mediated nature of this method makes it efficient in both time and resources and utilizes water as the solvent. 3-Aminocrotononitrile or an appropriate &#945;-cyanoketone is combined with an aryl hydrazine and dissolved in 1 M HCl. The mixture is then heated in a microwave reactor at 150 &#176;C, typically for 10-15 min. The product can be readily obtained by basifying the solution with 10% NaOH and isolating the desired compound with a simple vacuum filtration. The use of water as a solvent in this reaction lends to its ease and utility in production, and this method is easily reproducible with a variety of functional groups. Typical isolated yields range from 70-90%, and reactions can be performed on the milligram to gram scale with little to no change in observed yields. Some of the applications of these molecules and their derivatives include pesticides, anti-malarials, and chemotherapeutics, among many others.

Microwave-Assisted Preparation of 1-Aryl-1H-pyrazole-5-amines

1-Aryl-1H-pyrazole-5-amines are prepared from aryl hydrazines combined with either 3-aminocrotononitrile or an &#945;-cyanoketone in a 1 M HCl solution using a microwave reactor. Most reactions are done in 10-15 minutes and pure product can be obtained via vacuum filtration with typical isolated yields of 70-90%.

微波辅助制备1-Aryl-1 H-pyrazole-5胺

A synthetic process for the preparation of a variety of 1-aryl-1H-pyrazole-5-amines was developed. The microwave-mediated nature of this method makes it ...

A Microwave-Assisted Direct Heteroarylation of Ketones Using Transition Metal Catalysis

Heteroarylation introduces heteroaryl fragments to organic molecules. Despite the numerous available reactions reported for arylation via transition metal catalysis, the literature on direct heteroarylation is scarce. The presence of heteroatoms such as nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen often make heteroarylation a challenging research field due to catalyst poisoning, product decomposition and the rest. This protocol details a highly efficient direct &#945;-C(sp3) heteroarylation of ketones under microwave irradiation. Key factors for successful heteroarylation include the use of XPhos Palladacycle Gen. 4 Catalyst, excess base to suppress side reactions and the high temperature and pressure achieved in a sealed reaction vial under microwave irradiation. The heteroarylation compounds prepared by this method were fully characterized by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR), carbon nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (13C NMR) and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). This methodology has several advantages over literature precedents including broad substrate scope, rapid reaction time, greener procedure and operational simplicity by eliminating the preparation of intermediates such as silyl enol ether. Possible applications for this protocol include, but are not limited to, diversity-oriented synthesis for the discovery of biologically active small molecules, domino synthesis for the preparation of natural products and ligand development for new transition metal catalytic systems.

Heteroaryl compounds are important molecules utilized in organic synthesis, medicinal and biological chemistry. A microwave-assisted heteroarylation using palladium catalysis provides a rapid and efficient method to attach heteroaryl moieties directly to ketone substrates.

利用过渡金属催化的酮的微波辅助直接异化

Heteroarylation introduces heteroaryl fragments to organic molecules. Despite the numerous available reactions reported for arylation via transition metal ...