Name: intranasal administration of cns therapeutics to awake mice
Uploaded: 2013-04-08T12:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Intranasal Administration of CNS Therapeutics to Awake Mice at JoVE.com

The authors would like to thank the HealthPartners Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at Regions Hospital.

1. Acclimation to Handling for Intranasal Dosing to Awake Mice
Introduction
Mice must be acclimated to handling for a period of two-four weeks before the onset of intranasal dosing. Acclimation to handling is important, as it helps ensure a correct body position for maximum effectiveness of awake intranasal drug delivery. In addition, mice that have not been properly accustomed to this process can have a severe anxiety reaction after dosing. Mice should spend abou...

<ol>
	<li>Dhuria, S. V., Hanson, L. R., Frey, W. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intranasal+delivery+to+the+central+nervous+system:+mechanisms+and+experimental+considerations.">Intranasal delivery to the central nervous system: mechanisms and experimental considerations.</a> J. Pharm Sci. 99, 1654-1673 (2010).</li><li>Thorne, R. G., Pronk, G. J., Padmanabhan, V., Frey, W. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Delivery+of+insulin-like+growth+factor-I+to+the+rat+brain+and+spinal+cord+along+olfactory+and+trigeminal+pathways+following+intranasal+administration.">Delivery of insulin-like growth factor-I to the rat brain and spinal cord along olfactory and trigeminal pathways following intranasal administration.</a> Neuroscience. , 127-481 (2004).</li><li>Benedict, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intranasal+insulin+as+a+therapeutic+option+in+the+treatment+of+cognitive+impairments.">Intranasal insulin as a therapeutic option in the treatment of cognitive impairments.</a> Exp. Gerontol. 46, 112-115 (2011).</li><li>Francis, G. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intranasal+insulin+prevents+cognitive+decline,+cerebral+atrophy+and+white+matter+changes+in+murine+type+I+diabetic+encephalopathy.">Intranasal insulin prevents cognitive decline, cerebral atrophy and white matter changes in murine type I diabetic encephalopathy.</a> Brain. 131, 3311-3334 (2008).</li><li>Francis, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intranasal+insulin+ameliorates+experimental+diabetic+neuropathy.">Intranasal insulin ameliorates experimental diabetic neuropathy.</a> Diabetes. 58, 934-945 (2009).</li><li>Marks, D. R., Tucker, K., Cavallin, M. A., Mast, T. G., Fadool, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Awake+intranasal+insulin+delivery+modifies+protein+complexes+and+alters+memory,+anxiety,+and+olfactory+behaviors.">Awake intranasal insulin delivery modifies protein complexes and alters memory, anxiety, and olfactory behaviors.</a> J. Neurosci. 29, 6734-6751 (2009).</li><li>Hanson, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intranasal+delivery+of+deferoxamine+reduces+spatial+memory+loss+in+APP/PS1+mice.">Intranasal delivery of deferoxamine reduces spatial memory loss in APP/PS1 mice.</a> Drug Delivery and Translational Research. 2, 160-168 (2012).</li><li>Danielyan, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protective+effects+of+intranasal+losartan+in+the+APP/PS1+transgenic+mouse+model+of+Alzheimer+disease.">Protective effects of intranasal losartan in the APP/PS1 transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer disease.</a> Rejuvenation Research. 13, 195-201 (2010).</li><li>Fine, J. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intranasal+deferoxamine+improves+performance+in+radial+arm+water+maze,+stabilizes+HIF-1alpha,+and+phosphorylates+GSK3beta+in+P301L+tau+transgenic+mice.">Intranasal deferoxamine improves performance in radial arm water maze, stabilizes HIF-1alpha, and phosphorylates GSK3beta in P301L tau transgenic mice.</a> Exp. Brain Res. 219, 381-390 (2012).</li><li>Lochhead, J. J., Thorne, R. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intranasal+delivery+of+biologics+to+the+central+nervous+system.">Intranasal delivery of biologics to the central nervous system.</a> Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 64 (11), 614-628 (2012).</li><li>Hanson, L. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intranasal+deferoxamine+provides+increased+brain+exposure+and+significant+protection+in+rat+ischemic+stroke.">Intranasal deferoxamine provides increased brain exposure and significant protection in rat ischemic stroke.</a> J. Pharmacol. Exp Ther. 330, 679-686 (2009).</li><li>Reger, M. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+intranasal+insulin+on+cognition+in+memory-impaired+older+adults:+modulation+by+APOE+genotype.">Effects of intranasal insulin on cognition in memory-impaired older adults: modulation by APOE genotype.</a> Neurobiol. Aging. 27, 451-458 (2006).</li><li>Kim, C. H., Song, H. y. u. n., M, E. u. n. A. h. n., Lee, Y., G, J., Yoon, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+hypo-,+iso-+and+hypertonic+saline+irrigation+on+secretory+mucins+and+morphology+of+cultured+human+nasal+epithelial+cells.">Effect of hypo-, iso- and hypertonic saline irrigation on secretory mucins and morphology of cultured human nasal epithelial cells.</a> Acta Otolaryngol. 125, 1296-1300 (2005).</li><li>Greiff, L., Andersson, M., Wollmer, P., Persson, C. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hypertonic+saline+increases+secretory+and+exudative+responsiveness+of+human+nasal+airway+in+vivo.">Hypertonic saline increases secretory and exudative responsiveness of human nasal airway in vivo.</a> Eur. Respir. J. 21, 308-312 (2003).</li></ol>

This method shows how mice can be given regular doses of intranasal drug to target the brain without the use of anesthesia. Intranasal drug can be delivered to large groups of mice for extended periods of time with minimal effort. A single group of up to 20 mice can be intranasally treated by a single person in less than one hour. A vast array of molecules, ranging from small iron chelators to growth factors to mesenchymal stem cells, have been demonstrated to rapidly target the CNS and have shown efficacy in rodents mod...

<table border="1">
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td>Materials</td>
 <td>Company</td>
 <td>Cat #</td>
 <td>Comment</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>P20 pipettor set at 6 &mu;l</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Gel loading pipette tips</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Timer</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Waste receptacle for tips</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Dosing sheet for notes</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Pen</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Drug and vehicle</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Container to hold drug vials</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Animals to be dosed</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Spare gloves</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Paper towels to wipe urine</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Table 3. Materials Needed</td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>

intranasal administration of cns therapeutics to awake mice

Intranasal administration is a method of delivering therapeutic agents to the central nervous system (CNS). It is non-invasive and allows large molecules that do not cross the blood-brain barrier access to the CNS. Drugs are directly targeted to the CNS with intranasal delivery, reducing systemic exposure and thus unwanted systemic side effects1. Delivery from the nose to the CNS occurs within minutes along both the olfactory and trigeminal neural pathways via an extracellular route and does not require drug to bind to any receptor or axonal transport2. Intranasal delivery is a widely publicized method and is currently being used in human clinical trials3.
Intranasal delivery of drugs in animal models allows for initial evaluation of pharmacokinetic distribution and efficacy. With mice, it is possible to administer drugs to awake (non-anesthetized) animals on a regular basis using a specialized intranasal grip. Awake delivery is beneficial because it allows for long-term chronic dosing without anesthesia, it takes less time than with anesthesia, and can be learned and done by many people so that teams of technicians can dose large numbers of mice in short periods. Efficacy of therapeutics administered intranasally in this way to mice has been demonstrated in a number of studies including insulin in diabetic mouse models 4-6 and deferoxamine in Alzheimer's mouse models. 7,8
The intranasal grip for mice can be learned, but is not easy and requires practice, skill, and a precise grip to effectively deliver drug to the brain and avoid drainage to the lung and stomach. Mice are restrained by hand using a modified scruff in the non-dominant hand with the neck held parallel to the floor, while drug is delivered with a pipettor using the dominant hand. It usually takes 3-4 weeks of acclimating to handling before mice can be held with this grip without a stress response. We have prepared this JoVE video to make this intranasal delivery technique more accessible.

There are several ways to determine the efficacy of drug delivery. The first is to intranasally administer a dye, such as India ink or methylene blue and to visualize the dye after euthanasia of the animal within the olfactory epithelium and after the brain is removed, entering the CNS through the cribriform plate. The second is to measure the drug delivered either by using a radio-labeled tag or using ELISA detection of the unlabeled molecule. A good example of drug distribution in the CNS after administration t...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Intranasal Administration of CNS Therapeutics to Awake Mice at JoVE.com

Intranasal Administration of CNS Therapeutics to Awake Mice

A method to intranasally administer drugs to awake mice for the purpose of targeting the brain is described. This method allows for repeat dosing over long periods using intranasal administration of drug without anesthesia, and nose-to-brain delivery with minimal systemic exposure.

Intranasal administration is a method of delivering  therapeutic agents to the central nervous system (CNS). It is  non-invasive and allows large ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Rat Model of Blood-brain Barrier Disruption to Allow Targeted Neurovascular Therapeutics

Endothelial cells with tight junctions along with the basement membrane and astrocyte end feet surround cerebral blood vessels to form the blood-brain ...

Carotid Artery Infusions for Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Analysis of Taxanes in Mice

When proposing the use of a drug, drug combination, or drug delivery into a novel system, one must assess the pharmacokinetics of the drug in the study ...

Non-invasive Assessment of the Efficacy of New Therapeutics for Intestinal Pathologies Using Serial Endoscopic Imaging of Live Mice

Animal models of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and colorectal cancer (CRC) have provided significant insight into the cell intrinsic and extrinsic ...

A Rat Carotid Balloon Injury Model to Test Anti-vascular Remodeling Therapeutics

The rat carotid balloon injury is a well-established surgical model that has been used to study arterial remodeling and vascular cell proliferation. It is ...

Through the Looking Glass: Time-lapse Microscopy and Longitudinal Tracking of Single Cells to Study Anti-cancer Therapeutics

The response of single cells to anti-cancer drugs contributes significantly in determining the population response, and therefore is a major contributing ...

Longitudinal In Vivo Imaging of the Cerebrovasculature: Relevance to CNS Diseases

Longitudinal In Vivo Imaging of the Cerebrovasculature: Relevance to CNS Diseases

Remodeling of the brain vasculature is a common trait of brain pathologies. In vivo imaging techniques are fundamental to detect cerebrovascular ...

Intranasal Delivery of Therapeutic Stem Cells to Glioblastoma in a Mouse Model

The intrinsic tropism towards brain malignancies renders stem cells as promising carriers of therapeutic agents against malignant tumors. The delivery of ...

Novel Methods for Intranasal Administration Under Inhalation Anesthesia to Evaluate Nose-to-Brain Drug Delivery

Intranasal administration has been reported to be a potential pathway for nose-to-brain delivery of therapeutic agents that circumvents the blood-brain ...

Intratracheal Administration of Dry Powder Formulation in Mice

In the development of inhalable dry powder formulations, it is essential to evaluate their biological activities in preclinical animal models. This paper ...

A Porcine Heterotopic Heart Transplantation Protocol for Delivery of Therapeutics to a Cardiac Allograft

Cardiac transplantation is the gold standard treatment for end-stage heart failure. However, it remains limited by the number of available donor hearts ...