עבודה זו נתמכה על ידי אחוות Wellcome Trust מחקר בכיר א דייויס.

<ol>
	<li>Arias, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drosophila+melanogaster+and+the+development+of+biology+in+the+20th+century.">Drosophila melanogaster and the development of biology in the 20th century.</a> Methods Mol. Biol. 420, 1-25 (2008).</li><li>Parton, R. M., Valles, A. -. M., Dobbie, I. D., Davis, I., Goldman, R. D., Swedlow, J. R., Spector, D. 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Cell Biol. 2, 247-256 (2001).</li><li>Van De Bor, V., Hartswood, E., Jones, C., Finnegan, D., Davis, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=gurken+and+the+I+factor+retrotransposon+RNAs+share+common+localization+signals+and+machinery.">gurken and the I factor retrotransposon RNAs share common localization signals and machinery.</a> Dev. Cell. 9 (1), 51-62 (2005).</li><li>Delanoue, R., Herpers, B., Soetaert, J., Davis, I., Rabouille, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drosophila+Squid&#47;hnRNP+helps+Dynein+switch+from+a+gurken+mRNA+transport+motor+to+an+ultrastructural+static+anchor+in+sponge+bodies.">Drosophila Squid&#47;hnRNP helps Dynein switch from a gurken mRNA transport motor to an ultrastructural static anchor in sponge bodies.</a> Dev. Cell. 13 (4), 523-538 (2007).</li><li>Jaramillo, A. M., Weil, T. T., Goodhouse, J., Gavis, E. R., Schupbach, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+dynamics+of+fluorescently+labeled+endogenous+gurken+mRNA+in+Drosophila.">The dynamics of fluorescently labeled endogenous gurken mRNA in Drosophila.</a> J. Cell. Sci. 121 (Pt. 6), 887-894 (2008).</li><li>Forrest, K. M., Gavis, E. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Live+imaging+of+endogenous+mRNA+reveals+a+diffusion+and+entrapment+mechanism+for+nanos+mRNA+localization+in+Drosophila.">Live imaging of endogenous mRNA reveals a diffusion and entrapment mechanism for nanos mRNA localization in Drosophila.</a> Curr. Biol. 13, 1159-1168 (2003).</li><li>Bertrand, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Localization+of+ASH1+mRNA+particles+in+living+yeast.">Localization of ASH1 mRNA particles in living yeast.</a> Mol. Cell. 2 (4), 437-445 (1998).</li><li>Spradling, A. C., Bate, M., Martinez-Arias, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Developmental+genetics+of+oogenesis.">Developmental genetics of oogenesis.</a> The Development of Drosophila melanogaster. 1, 1-70 (1993).</li><li>MacDougall, N., Clark, A., MacDougall, E., Davis, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drosophila+gurken+(TGFalpha)+mRNA+localizes+as+particles+that+move+within+the+oocyte+in+two+dynein-dependent+steps.">Drosophila gurken (TGFalpha) mRNA localizes as particles that move within the oocyte in two dynein-dependent steps.</a> Dev. Cell. 4 (3), 307-319 (2003).</li><li>Tekotte, H., Tollervey, D., Davis, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Imaging+the+migrating+border+cell+cluster+in+living+Drosophila+egg+chambers.">Imaging the migrating border cell cluster in living Drosophila egg chambers.</a> Dev. Dyn. 236 (10), 2818-2824 (2007).</li><li>Weil, T. T., Parton, R., Davis, I., Gavis, E. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Changes+in+bicoid+mRNA+anchoring+highlight+conserved+mechanisms+during+the+oocyte-to-embryo+transition.">Changes in bicoid mRNA anchoring highlight conserved mechanisms during the oocyte-to-embryo transition.</a> Curr. Biol. 18, 1055-1061 (2008).</li><li>Prasad, M., Jang, A. C., Starz-Gaiano, M., Melani, M., Montell, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+protocol+for+culturing+Drosophila+melanogaster+stage+9+egg+chambers+for+live+imaging.">A protocol for culturing Drosophila melanogaster stage 9 egg chambers for live imaging.</a> Nat. Protoc. 2 (10), 2467-2473 (2007).</li><li>Morris, L. X., Spradling, A. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Long-term+live+imaging+provides+new+insight+into+stem+cell+regulation+and+germline-soma+coordination+in+the+Drosophila+ovary.">Long-term live imaging provides new insight into stem cell regulation and germline-soma coordination in the Drosophila ovary.</a> Development. 138 (11), 2207-2215 (2011).</li></ol>

אין לנו מה למסור.

<html> הדמיה תא חי הוא assay עוצמה לבחינת תהליכים תאיים בזמן אמת. בנוסף תצפית פשוטה בתחום בהיר, הוספת תוויות ניאון כדי חלבונים RNAs של עניין יש להוביל לפריצות דרך רבות. כאן אנו התוויתי פרוטוקול ביציות הדמיה חיים בודדים שניתן לנצלם בשילוב עם מבחני גנטיים ביוכימיים. בפרוטוקול זה, אנחנו גם מסבירים כיצד לתפעל באופן ניסיוני ביציות החיים בזריקה. קיימות אפשרויות רבות עבור חומר להזריק, כולל חוץ גופית ב-RNA מסונתז שכותרתו ניאון assay את היכולת של המבנה משני לוקליזציה RNA ישירה (כדור ו דייוויס, לא פורסם) וכן נוגדנים המעכבים את הפונקציה של חלבונים 6. העבודה העתידית צפויה לראות את המבוא של רכיבים אחרים תיוג ומכונות הסלולר ביציות חיים המאפשרים המנגנונים המולקולריים להיבדק. t &quot;&gt; שמירה על יכולת הקיום והבריאות של רקמה חיונית בעבודה עם תאים חיים. בפרוטוקול זה, אנו מציינים מספר צעדים שיכולים להוביל ללחץ של תא הביצה. לדוגמה, על אף היותו שמן מעולה עבור הדמיה, תרבות המורחבת בשמן יכול להוביל ללחץ על תא הביצה. זה ניתן לפקח בקלות על ידי בחינת המורפולוגיה עמדה גרעינית, קרום הביצית אשר לעוות ו בועה תחת לחץ (איור להשוות 7E (מוטעמות) כדי Figure7F תחת חשיפה לשדות בהיר ( הדגיש)). שלב 9 בתאי ביצה להראות לוקליזציה RNA של התא הגבול ההגירה מעל 12 שעות מרובות. עם זאת, בשלב 7/8 תא הביצה תתחיל להציג תופעות לוואי בשמן פחמן הילה לאחר כ 40 דקות של השחלה סולקו מן נשים. מאוחרת ביצה הבמה חדרי, בשלב 11-14, יכול להתפתח בדרך כלל בשמן או בתקשורת מימית בגלל הפרשת מעטפת הביצית מתאי זקיק בכל השלבים האלה 13. זה כבר reported כי תוספת של אינסולין עד בינוני חרק מימית יכול לשמור 9 ביציות הבמה עד 6 שעות 14 ו germaria עד 14 שעות 15. בכל המקרים, תמרון אגרסיבי של תא הביצה יש להימנע, כפי שהוא מדגיש את ביציות ומפחית את יכולת הקיום שלה. הדמיה פחות בתאי ביצה ולדאוג לטיפול בכל בעדינות היא הדרך הטובה ביותר להבטיח את יכולת הקיום האופטימלי.

כלים המשמשים לנתיחה צריך להיות נקי אבל לא צריך להיות autoclaved. נגב כלים עם ETOH ולאפשר להם להתייבש לפני ההתחלה. <table border="1" style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><tbody><tr><td> שם מגיב </td><td> חברה </td><td> מספר קטלוגי </td><td> תגובות </td></tr><tr><td> בסדר צבע היטה מברשת (אמנים סייבל, עגול, בגודל 00 או 0) </td><td> זמין מ רוב חנויות ציוד אמנות </td><td></td><td> מברשת איכותית היא חשובה </td></tr><tr><td> Halocarbon מוצרי החברה, סדרה 95 </td><td> Halocarbon מוצרים Corporation, 887 Kinderkamack כביש, נהר Edge NJ 07661 </td><td></td><td> אירופה המפיץ: Solvadis (GmbH) הקפד על ידי חמצן מבעבע אוויר דרך השמן. </td></tr><tr><td> מכסים, לא להחליק. 1.5, 22 x 50 מ&quot;מ </td><td> הבינלאומי-No1-VWR cat = 631-0137-22-50mm </td><td> מנצל-גלזר-22-40mm MNJ-400-070T </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> דומון מס &#39;5 - Dumostar </td><td> מדע כלים עדינים </td><td> 11253-20 </td><td> &quot;Biologie&quot; עצה טובה גם אבל שברירי יותר </td></tr><tr><td> לנתח בדיקה </td><td> מדע כלים עדינים </td><td> 10140-01 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> לנתח מיקרוסקופ </td><td> אולימפוס </td><td> SZ61 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> CO2 כרית </td><td> זמין דרך <a href="http://www.flystuff.com">http://www.flystuff.com</a> / (חלוקת Genesee מדעי) </td><td> 59-114 (789,060 Dutscher) </td><td> אירופה המפיץ: www. dutscherscientific. com</a> / זה גם קל יחסית מותאם אישית לבנות רפידות משלך זבוב </td></tr><tr><td> KimCare </td><td> Kimbery קלארק, KimCare רפואיות מגבונים </td><td> KLEW3020 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> מיקרוסקופ-DeltaVision </td><td> יישומי Precision </td><td> DC-CORE </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Micromanipulator </td><td> Burleigh Micromanipulators מ Lumen הדינמיקה הקבוצתית Inc. 2260 Argentia כביש, Mississauga, אונטריו, קנדה L5N 6H7 </td><td> Burleigh PCS-5000 הסדרה, TS-5000-300 </td><td> <a href="http://www.ldgi-burleigh.com">http://www.ldgi-burleigh.com</a> / (לשעבר Exfo) </td></tr><tr><td> זריקת המכשיר </td><td> Tritech Research, Inc 2961 ותיק Ave לוס אנג&#39;לס, קליפורניה 90064 </td><td> MINJ-1 </td><td> שונה עם בעל לקחת Eppendorf Femptotips </td></tr><tr><td> הזרקת מחט </td><td> Eppendorf סטרילי Femtotips I ו-II </td><td> 930000043 </td><td> טיפים שונים טובים יותר עבור יישומים שונים </td></tr><tr><td> טוען טיפים 20μl </td><td> Eppendorf </td><td> 5242956.003 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> שמרים יבשים פעילים </td><td> פליישמן של שמרים </td><td> # 2192 </td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

preparing individual drosophila egg chambers for live imaging

הדמיה תא חי הוא טכניקה חשוב ליישם מספר של רקמות תסיסנית המשמשים מודלים לחקור נושאים כגון מפרט ציר, התמיינות תאים ו organogenesis 1. הכנה נכונה של דגימות הניסוי הוא מכריע, לעיתים קרובות מוזנחים, צעד. מטרת ההכנה היא להבטיח התאמה פיזיולוגית ולקבוע תנאים אופטימליים הדמיה. כדי לשמור על הכדאיות רקמות, חיוני כדי למנוע התייבשות, הידרדרות היפוקסיה, התחממות יתר או בינוני 2. תא הביצה תסיסנית היא מערכת מבוססת היטב לבחינת שאלות הנוגעות, אך לא רק, על דפוסים הגוף, לוקליזציה mRNA וארגון cytoskeletal 3,4. עבור בתאי ביצה המוקדמות ו באמצע הבמה, גובר בשמן halocarbon טוב להישרדות כי היא מאפשרת דיפוזיה ללא חמצן, מונע התייבשות היפוקסיה ויש לו תכונות אופטיות מעולה במיקרוסקופ. Imההזדקנות של חלבונים ניאון ניתן באמצעות הכנסת transgenes לתוך תא ביצית או הזרקת הפיזי של רנ&quot;א, חלבונים שכותרתו או נוגדנים 5-7. לדוגמה, תוספת של MS2 בונה על הגנום של בעלי חיים המאפשרת תצפית בזמן אמת של mRNAs ב הביצית 8. מבנים אלו מאפשרים על תווית vivo של ה-mRNA באמצעות ניצול האינטראקציה bacteriophage MS2 RNA גזע לולאה עם חלבון המעיל שלה 9. כאן, אנו מציגים פרוטוקול להוצאת השחלות, כמו גם בידוד ovarioles בודדים ותאי ביצה מ תסיסנית הנשי. לתיאור מפורט של תסיסנית oogenesis הכס אלן ג Spradling (1993, נדפס 2009) 10.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preparing Individual Drosophila Egg Chambers for Live Imaging at JoVE.com

Preparing Individual Drosophila Egg Chambers for Live Imaging

<em&gt; תסיסנית</em&gt; ביצה קאמרית הוא מודל מצוין לחקר המנגנונים של לוקליזציה mRNA. על מנת ללכוד את האירועים דינמיים ביסודה של תהליכי לוקליזציה, ברזולוציה גבוהה הדמיה מהירה של רקמה חיה נדרש. כאן, אנו מציגים פרוטוקול לנתיחה והדמיה של דגימות חי עם הפרעה מזערית.

הכנת הפרט תסיסנית ביצה צ&#39;יימברס הדמיה חיים

Live cell imaging is an important technique applied to a number of Drosophila tissues used as models to investigate topics such as axis specification, ...

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Biology

Preparing Individual Drosophila Egg Chambers for Live Imaging

19.1K Views.  University of Oxford.  תסיסנית ביצה קאמרית הוא מודל מצוין לחקר המנגנונים של לוקליזציה mRNA. על מנת ללכוד את האירועים דינמיים ביסודה של תהליכי לוקליזציה, ברזולוציה גבוהה הדמיה מהירה של רקמה חיה נדרש. כאן, אנו מציגים פרוטוקול לנתיחה והדמיה של דגימות חי עם הפרעה מזערית.

Video: Preparing Individual Drosophila Egg Chambers for Live Imaging

Live Imaging of Glial Cell Migration in the Drosophila Eye Imaginal Disc

Glial cells of both vertebrate and invertebrate organisms must migrate to final target regions in order to ensheath and support associated neurons. While recent progress has been made to describe the live migration of glial cells in the developing pupal wing (1), studies of Drosophila glial cell migration have typically involved the examination of fixed tissue. Live microscopic analysis of motile cells offers the ability to examine cellular behavior throughout the migratory process, including determining the rate of and changes in direction of growth. Paired with use of genetic tools, live imaging can be used to determine more precise roles for specific genes in the process of development. Previous work by Silies et al. (2) has described the migration of glia originating from the optic stalk, a structure that connects the developing eye and brain, into the eye imaginal disc in fixed tissue. Here we outline a protocol for examining the live migration of glial cells into the Drosophila eye imaginal disc. We take advantage of a Drosophila line that expresses GFP in developing glia to follow glial cell progression in wild type and in mutant animals.

Here we describe a protocol to examine the migration of glial cells into the developing Drosophila eye using live microscopic analysis paired with GFP tagged glial cells.

הדמיה חיה של נדידת תאים גליה את הדיסק העין דמותי תסיסנית

Glial cells of both vertebrate and invertebrate organisms must migrate to final target regions in order to ensheath and support associated neurons.  While ...

The Preparation of Drosophila Embryos for Live-Imaging Using the Hanging Drop Protocol

Green fluorescent protein (GFP)-based timelapse live-imaging is a powerful technique for studying the genetic regulation of dynamic processes such as tissue morphogenesis, cell-cell adhesion, or cell death. Drosophila embryos expressing GFP are readily imaged using either stereoscopic or confocal microscopy. A goal of any live-imaging protocol is to minimize detrimental effects such as dehydration and hypoxia. Previous protocols for preparing Drosophila embryos for live-imaging analysis have involved placing dechorionated embryos in halocarbon oil and sandwiching them between a halocarbon gas-permeable membrane and a coverslip1-3. The introduction of compression through mounting embryos in this manner represents an undesirable complication for any biomechanical-based analysis of morphogenesis. Our method, which we call the hanging drop protocol, results in excellent viability of embryos during live imaging and does not require that embryos be compressed. Briefly, the hanging drop protocol involves the placement of embryos in a drop of halocarbon oil that is suspended from a coverslip, which is, in turn, fixed in position over a humid chamber. In addition to providing gas exchange and preventing dehydration, this arrangement takes advantage of the buoyancy of embryos in halocarbon oil to prevent them from drifting out of position during timelapse acquisition. This video describes in detail how to collect and prepare Drosophila embryos for live imaging using the hanging drop protocol. This protocol is suitable for imaging dechorionated embryos using stereomicroscopy or any upright compound fluorescence microscope.

The Preparation of Drosophila Embryos for Live-Imaging Using the Hanging Drop Protocol

A simple, inexpensive, and effective method of preparing Drosophila embryos for live-imaging analysis is presented. Our protocol provides humidity and gas exchange and does not compress the Drosophila embryo. This method is suitable for GFP-based live imaging of Drosophila embryos using a stereomicroscope or upright compound microscope.

הכנת תסיסנית עוברים Live-הדמיה באמצעות פרוטוקול Drop Hanging

Green fluorescent protein (GFP)-based timelapse live-imaging is a powerful technique for studying the genetic regulation of dynamic processes such as ...

Harvesting and Preparing Drosophila Embryos for Electrophysiological Recording and Other Procedures

Drosophila is a premier genetic model for the study of both embryonic development and functional neuroscience. Traditionally, these fields are quite isolated from each other, with largely independent histories and scientific communities. However, the interface between these usually disparate fields is the developmental programs underlying acquisition of functional electrical signaling properties and differentiation of functional chemical synapses during the final phases of neural circuit formation. This interface is a critically important area for investigation. In Drosophila, these phases of functional development occur during a period of &lt;8 hours (at 25&deg;C) during the last third of embryogenesis. This late developmental period was long considered intractable to investigation owing to the deposition of a tough, impermeable epidermal cuticle. A breakthrough advance was the application of water-polymerizing surgical glue that can be locally applied to the cuticle to enable controlled dissection of late-stage embryos. With a dorsal longitudinal incision, the embryo can be laid flat, exposing the ventral nerve cord and body wall musculature to experimental investigation. This system has been heavily used to isolate and characterize genetic mutants that impair embryonic synapse formation, and thus reveal the molecular mechanisms governing the specification and differentiation of synapse connections and functional synaptic signaling properties.

Harvesting and Preparing Drosophila Embryos for Electrophysiological Recording and Other Procedures

This technique exposes the Drosophila embryonic neuromusculature for immunohistochemistry or electrophysiological recording. It is useful for studying early events in neuromuscular development or performing electrophysiology in mutants that cannot hatch.

מסיק והכנת תסיסנית עוברים הקלטה אלקטרו ונהלים אחרים

Drosophila is a premier genetic model for the study of both embryonic development and functional neuroscience. Traditionally, these fields are quite ...

Live Imaging Of Drosophila melanogaster Embryonic Hemocyte Migrations

Many studies address cell migration using in vitro methods, whereas the physiologically relevant environment is that of the organism itself. Here we present a protocol for the mounting of Drosophila melanogaster embryos and subsequent live imaging of fluorescently labeled hemocytes, the embryonic macrophages of this organism. Using the Gal4-uas system1 we drive the expression of a variety of genetically encoded, fluorescently tagged markers in hemocytes to follow their developmental dispersal throughout the embryo. Following collection of embryos at the desired stage of development, the outer chorion is removed and the embryos are then mounted in halocarbon oil between a hydrophobic, gas-permeable membrane and a glass coverslip for live imaging. In addition to gross migratory parameters such as speed and directionality, higher resolution imaging coupled with the use of fluorescent reporters of F-actin and microtubules can provide more detailed information concerning the dynamics of these cytoskeletal components.

Live Imaging Of Drosophila melanogaster Embryonic Hemocyte Migrations

Drosophila hemocytes disperse over the entirety of the developing embryo. This protocol demonstrates how to mount and image these migrations using embryos with fluorescently labelled hemocytes.

הדמיה חיה של תסיסנית melanogaster Hemocyte נדידות עובריים

Many studies address cell migration using in vitro methods, whereas the physiologically relevant environment is that of the organism itself. Here we ...

Live Imaging of Cell Motility and Actin Cytoskeleton of Individual Neurons and Neural Crest Cells in Zebrafish Embryos

The zebrafish is an ideal model for imaging cell behaviors during development in vivo. Zebrafish embryos are externally fertilized and thus easily accessible at all stages of development. Moreover, their optical clarity allows high resolution imaging of cell and molecular dynamics in the natural environment of the intact embryo. We are using a live imaging approach to analyze cell behaviors during neural crest cell migration and the outgrowth and guidance of neuronal axons.
Live imaging is particularly useful for understanding mechanisms that regulate cell motility processes. To visualize details of cell motility, such as protrusive activity and molecular dynamics, it is advantageous to label individual cells. In zebrafish, plasmid DNA injection yields a transient mosaic expression pattern and offers distinct benefits over other cell labeling methods. For example, transgenic lines often label entire cell populations and thus may obscure visualization of the fine protrusions (or changes in molecular distribution) in a single cell. In addition, injection of DNA at the one-cell stage is less invasive and more precise than dye injections at later stages.
Here we describe a method for labeling individual developing neurons or neural crest cells and imaging their behavior in vivo. We inject plasmid DNA into 1-cell stage embryos, which results in mosaic transgene expression. The vectors contain cell-specific promoters that drive expression of a gene of interest in a subset of sensory neurons or neural crest cells. We provide examples of cells labeled with membrane targeted GFP or with a biosensor probe that allows visualization of F-actin in living cells1.
Erica Andersen, Namrata Asuri, and Matthew Clay contributed equally to this work.

This protocol describes imaging of individual neurons or neural crest cells in living zebrafish embryos. This method is used to examine cellular behaviors and actin localization using fluorescence confocal time-lapse microscopy.

הדמיה חיה של תנועתיות התא ואת cytoskeleton אקטין של נוירונים בודדים לבין תאים קרסט עצבית בעוברים דג הזברה

The zebrafish is an ideal model for imaging cell behaviors during development in vivo. Zebrafish embryos are externally fertilized and thus easily ...

Preparation of Developing and Adult Drosophila Brains and Retinae for Live Imaging

The Drosophila brain and visual system are widely utilized model systems to study neuronal development, function and degeneration. Here we show three preparations of the brain and visual system that cover the range from the developing eye disc-brain complex in the developing pupae to individual eye and brain dissection from adult flies. All protocols are optimized for the live culture of the preparations. However, we also present the conditions for fixed tissue immunohistochemistry where applicable. Finally, we show live imaging conditions for these preparations using conventional and resonant 4D confocal live imaging in a perfusion chamber. Together, these protocols provide a basis for live imaging on different time scales ranging from functional intracellular assays on the scale of minutes to developmental or degenerative processes on the scale of many hours.

Preparation of Developing and Adult Drosophila Brains and Retinae for Live Imaging

This protocol describes three Drosophila preparations: 1) adult brain dissection, 2) adult retina dissection and 3) developing eye disc- brain complexes dissection. Emphasis is laid on special preparation techniques and conditions for live imaging, although all preparations can be used for fixed tissue immunohistochemistry.

הכנת פיתוח למבוגרים תסיסנית מוח רשתיות עבור הדמיה חיה

The Drosophila brain and visual system are widely utilized model systems to study neuronal development, function and degeneration. Here we show three ...

Live Imaging of GFP-labeled Proteins in Drosophila Oocytes

The Drosophila oocyte has been established as a versatile system for investigating fundamental questions such as cytoskeletal function, cell organization, and organelle structure and function. The availability of various GFP-tagged proteins means that many cellular processes can be monitored in living cells over the course of minutes or hours, and using this technique, processes such as RNP transport, epithelial morphogenesis, and tissue remodeling have been described in great detail in Drosophila oocytes1,2.
The ability to perform video imaging combined with a rich repertoire of mutants allows an enormous variety of genes and processes to be examined in incredible detail. One such example is the process of ooplasmic streaming, which initiates at mid-oogenesis3,4. This vigorous movement of cytoplasmic vesicles is microtubule and kinesin-dependent5 and provides a useful system for investigating cytoskeleton function at these stages.
Here I present a protocol for time lapse imaging of living oocytes using virtually any confocal microscopy setup.

Live Imaging of GFP-labeled Proteins in Drosophila Oocytes

A protocol for live imaging of GFP-tagged proteins or autofluorescent structures in individual Drosophila oocytes is described.

חי הדמיה של חלבוני ה-GFP שהכותרת ב-<em&gt; דרוזופילה</em&gt; ביציות

The  Drosophila oocyte has been established as a versatile system for investigating  fundamental questions such as cytoskeletal function, cell ...

Live Imaging of Apoptotic Cell Clearance during Drosophila Embryogenesis

The proper elimination of unwanted or aberrant cells through apoptosis and subsequent phagocytosis (apoptotic cell clearance) is crucial for normal development in all metazoan organisms. Apoptotic cell clearance is a highly dynamic process intimately associated with cell death; unengulfed apoptotic cells are barely seen in vivo under normal conditions. In order to understand the different steps of apoptotic cell clearance and to compare 'professional' phagocytes - macrophages and dendritic cells to 'non-professional' - tissue-resident neighboring cells, in vivo live imaging of the process is extremely valuable. Here we describe a protocol for studying apoptotic cell clearance in live Drosophila embryos. To follow the dynamics of different steps in phagocytosis we use specific markers for apoptotic cells and phagocytes. In addition, we can monitor two phagocyte systems in parallel: 'professional' macrophages and 'semi-professional' glia in the developing central nervous system (CNS). The method described here employs the Drosophila embryo as an excellent model for real time studies of apoptotic cell clearance.

Live Imaging of Apoptotic Cell Clearance during Drosophila Embryogenesis

Here we describe an effective method for studying dynamics of apoptotic cell clearance in vivo. This method employs live Drosophila embryos as a powerful model for monitoring phagocytosis of apoptotic cells using specific labeling of apoptotic cells and phagocytes.

חי הדמיה של חיסול תאים אפופטוטיים במהלך<em&gt; דרוזופילה</em&gt; עובר

The  proper elimination of unwanted or aberrant cells through apoptosis and  subsequent phagocytosis (apoptotic cell clearance) is crucial for normal  ...

The Tomato/GFP-FLP/FRT Method for Live Imaging of Mosaic Adult Drosophila Photoreceptor Cells

The Drosophila eye is widely used as a model for studies of development and neuronal degeneration. With the powerful mitotic recombination technique, elegant genetic screens based on clonal analysis have led to the identification of signaling pathways involved in eye development and photoreceptor (PR) differentiation at larval stages. We describe here the Tomato/GFP-FLP/FRT method, which can be used for rapid clonal analysis in the eye of living adult Drosophila. Fluorescent photoreceptor cells are imaged with the cornea neutralization technique, on retinas with mosaic clones generated by flipase-mediated recombination. This method has several major advantages over classical histological sectioning of the retina: it can be used for high-throughput screening and has proved an effective method for identifying the factors regulating PR survival and function. It can be used for kinetic analyses of PR degeneration in the same living animal over several weeks, to demonstrate the requirement for specific genes for PR survival or function in the adult fly. This method is also useful for addressing cell autonomy issues in developmental mutants, such as those in which the establishment of planar cell polarity is affected.

The Tomato/GFP-FLP/FRT Method for Live Imaging of Mosaic Adult Drosophila Photoreceptor Cells

The Tomato/GFP-FLP/FRT method involves visualizing mosaic photoreceptor cells in living Drosophila. It can be used to follow individual photoreceptor cell fates in the retina for days or weeks. This method is ideal for studies of retinal degeneration and neurodegenerative diseases or photoreceptor cell development.

העגבניות / GFP-FLP / FRT שיטת ההדמיה חיה של פסיפס למבוגרים בלבד<em&gt; דרוזופילה</em&gt; תאי קולטי אור

The Drosophila eye is widely used as a model  for studies of development and neuronal degeneration. With the powerful mitotic  recombination technique, ...

Visualizing and Tracking Endogenous mRNAs in Live Drosophila melanogaster Egg Chambers

Fluorescence-based imaging techniques, in combination with developments in light microscopy, have revolutionized how cell biologists conduct live cell imaging studies. Methods for detecting RNAs have expanded greatly since seminal studies linked site-specific mRNA localization to gene expression regulation. Dynamic mRNA processes can now be visualized via approaches that detect mRNAs, coupled with microscopy set-ups that are fast enough to capture the dynamic range of molecular behavior. The molecular beacon technology is a hybridization-based approach capable of direct detection of endogenous transcripts in living cells. Molecular beacons are hairpin-shaped, internally quenched, single-nucleotide discriminating nucleic acid probes, which fluoresce only upon hybridization to a unique target sequence. When coupled with advanced fluorescence microscopy and high-resolution imaging, they enable one to perform spatial and temporal tracking of intracellular movement of mRNAs. Although this technology is the only method capable of detecting endogenous transcripts, cell biologists have not yet fully embraced this technology due to difficulties in designing such probes for live cell imaging. A new software application, PinMol, allows for enhanced and rapid design of probes best suited to efficiently hybridize to mRNA target regions within a living cell. In addition, high-resolution, real-time image acquisition and current, open source image analysis software allow for a refined data output, leading to a finer evaluation of the complexity underlying the dynamic processes involved in the mRNA&#39;s life cycle.
Here we present a comprehensive protocol for designing and delivering molecular beacons into Drosophila melanogaster egg chambers. Direct and highly specific detection and visualization of endogenous maternal mRNAs is performed via spinning disc confocal microscopy. Imaging data is processed and analyzed using object detection and tracking in Icy software to obtain details about the dynamic movement of mRNAs, which are transported and localized to specialized regions within the oocyte.

Visualizing and Tracking Endogenous mRNAs in Live Drosophila melanogaster Egg Chambers

Here, we present a protocol for the visualization, detection, analysis and tracking of endogenous mRNA trafficking in live Drosophila melanogaster egg chamber using molecular beacons, spinning disc confocal microscopy, and open-source analysis software.

חזותי ומעקב אחר mRNAs בשידור חי דרוזוסופילה מלאנוגסטר צ'יימברס

Fluorescence-based imaging techniques, in combination with developments in light microscopy, have revolutionized how cell biologists conduct live cell ...