אנו מודים לבני זוג. אראטה Tabuchi וולפגנג Kuebler (אוניברסיטת טורונטו) להוראה בדבר מיקרוסקופיה intravital. אנו מודים לאנדרו קייהיל (ניקון מכשירים) לסיוע בתכנון ויישום מיקרוסקופים. עבודה זו מומנה על ידי NIH / NHLBI מענקים P30 HL101295 וK08 HL105538 (למניה).

<ol>
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אין ניגודי האינטרסים הכריזו.

ביחד עם התרחבות השימוש במיקרוסקופ בvivo, יש הערכה גוברת הוא לגודל משמעותי של ESL, כמו גם התרומות הרבות שלו לתפקוד כלי דם. נתונים אלה המתעוררים, לעומת זאת, נובעים בעיקר ממחקרים של מערכת כלי הדם המערכתית. ואכן, שימוש במיקרוסקופ בvivo הריאות מאתגר מבחינה טכנית, ניתן ח...

Glycocalyx אנדותל הוא שכבה תאית של proteoglycans וglycosaminoglycans הנלווה המצפה את כלי דם אינטימה. בחי, glycocalyx הוא hydrated מאוד, ויצר שכבת האנדותל משמעותית משטח (ESL), המסדירה מגוון רחב של פונקציות אנדותל כולל חדירות נוזלי 1, נויטרופילים אנדותל- הידבקות 2, וmechanotransduction של 3 מאמץ גזירת נוזל. מבחינה הסטורית, glycocalyx היה מוערך בשל aberrance בהכנות בתרבית תאים 4, 5 והשפלתה במהלך קיבוע רקמה הסטנדרטי ועיבוד 6. השימוש הגובר 7 של מיקרוסקופיה intravital (במיקרוסקופ vivo, IVM) שעלה בקנה אחד עם עניין מדעי מוגבר בחשיבות של ESL לתפקוד כלי דם במהלך מחלה ובריאות. ESL הוא בלתי נראה למיקרוסקופ אור ולא יכול להיות מתויג בקלותvivo, בהתחשב בנטייה של קטיני ניאון glycocalyx מחייבים לגרום להתלכדות RBC 8 ותסחיפי ריאות קטלניים (תצפיות שלא פורסמו). גישות עקיפות אחדות לכן פותחו להסיק עובי ESL (ובהרחבה, יושרת glycocalyx) במיטות שאינן נעות וסקולריים כגון microcirculations cremasteric וmesenteric. טכניקות אלו כוללות מדידה של הבדלים במהירות במחזור microparticle כפונקציה של מרחק מקרום אנדותל (velocimetry תמונת microparticle 9) כמו גם המדידה של ההדרה של סמנים מגושמים, fluorescently כותרת וכלי דם (למשל dextrans) ממשטח אנדותל (טכניקת dextran הדרת 10, 11). טכניקות אלו, רק הדרת dextran מסוגלת לאמוד עובי ESL ממדידות שנעשו בנקודה אחת בזמן. על ידי מדידת רוחב כלי דם בו זמנית באמצעות מיקרוסקופיה brightfield (רוחב בclusive של ESL &quot;בלתי נראה&quot;), ומיקרוסקופיה ניאון של נותב כלי דם הוצא מESL, עובי ESL ניתן לחשב כמחצית ההפרש בין רוחב כלי דם 2. השימוש באמצעי מיידי של עובי ESL הוא מותאם היטב ללימוד glycocalyx ריאתי. מיקרוסקופיה Intravital של הריאות היא מאתגרת, בהתחשב בחפץ לב וריאות תנועה משמעותי. למרות התקדמות שחל באחרונה לאפשר לקיבוע של ריאות עכבר ב12 vivo, 13, חששות קיימים לגבי ההשפעה הפיזיולוגית של ריאות קיפאון. חוסר תנועת ריאות קשור בתחמוצת חנקן האנדותל ירד איתות 14, מסלול איתות המשפיע גם הידבקות נויטרופילים 15 ופציעה 16 ריאות. יתר על כן, קיבוע של אזור של ריאה חושפת מקיף alveoli הנייד לכוחות גזירה שפגיעתו (מה שנקרא &quot;atelectrauma&quot;), בהתאם למושגים הפיסיולוגיים הקלסיים שלתלות הדדית מכתשיים 17. בשנת 2008, אראטה Tabuchi, וולפגנג Kuebler ועמיתיו פתחו טכניקת ניתוח המאפשרת למיקרוסקופיה intravital של ריאת עכבר שנע בחופשיות-18. חפץ נשימה הנובע מטכניקה זו ניתן לשלול על ידי שימוש בהדמיה במהירות גבוהה, כולל מדידה סימולטנית של brightfield ומיקרוסקופ פלואורסצנטי. בדו&quot;ח זה, אנו פירוט כיצד הדמית הדרת dextran מיידית יכולה להיות מועסקת על מנת למדוד את עובי ESL בזרימת דם subpleural של שנע בחופשיות-, in vivo ריאות עכבר. טכניקה זו ניתן לשנות בקלות כדי לקבוע glycocalyx פונקציה ספציפית, יכולתו של שלם ESL שלא לכלול במחזור אלמנטים ממשטח אנדותל. אנחנו השתמשנו בטכניקות אלה לאחרונה כדי לקבוע את החשיבות של יושרת ESL ריאתי להתפתחות פציעת ריאות חריפה במחלות דלקתיות מערכתיות כגון אלח דם 2.

<table border="1" style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><tbody><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> שם מגיב </td></tr><tr><td> FITC-dextran (150 KDA) </td><td> סיגמא </td><td> FD150S </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> TRITC-dextran (150 KDA) </td><td> סיגמא </td><td> T1287 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Streptavidin מצופה הניאון microspheres </td><td> מעבדות פוני </td><td> CP01F/10428 </td><td> הדרקון הירוק פלואורסצנטי (בדומה לFITC) </td></tr><tr><td> קטמין </td><td> מור רפואי </td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Xylazine </td><td> מור רפואי </td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> אנטי Icam-1 נוגדן biotinylated </td><td> eBioscience </td><td> שיבוט YN1/1.7.4 </td><td> 1:50 דילול </td></tr><tr><td> אלוטיפ נוגדן biotinylated </td><td> eBioscience </td><td> IgG2b eB149/10H5 </td><td> 1:50 דילול </td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> ציוד </td></tr><tr><td> הנשמה מכאנית </td><td> הרווארד Apparatus </td><td> אינספירה </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> קטטר טרכאוסטומיה </td><td> הרווארד Apparatus </td><td> 730028 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> מנגנון electrocautery </td><td> DRE רפואי </td><td> Valleylab SSE-2L </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> דו קוטבי מלקחי כווייה </td><td> אולסן רפואי </td><td> 10-1200I </td><td> 9.9cm מקפרסון </td></tr><tr><td> הטמפרטורה control מערכה </td><td> מכשירי Precision העולם </td><td> ATC1000 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> משאבת מזרק </td><td> הרווארד Apparatus </td><td> 11 עלית משאבה </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> מיקרוסקופ (widefield) </td><td> ניקון </td><td> LV-150 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> מיקרוסקופ (confocal) </td><td> ניקון </td><td> A1R </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> התמונה ספליטר </td><td> Photometrics </td><td> Dv2 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> מצלמת CCD </td><td> Photometrics </td><td> CoolSNAP HQ2 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> תוכנת עיבוד תמונה </td><td> ניקון </td><td> אלמנטי ש&quot;ח </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> קרום polyvinylidene </td><td> ק.א.ר. Wrap </td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> תלוש כיסוי חוזר </td><td> Bellco </td><td> 5CIR-1-BEL </td><td> 5 מ&quot;מ, עובי # 1 </td></tr><tr><td> דבק (לכסות להחליק לממברנה) </td><td> Pattex </td><td> Flussig (נוזלי) </td><td> להדבקת תלוש כיסוי לממברנה </td></tr><tr><td> דבק (לכסות להחליק לעכבר) </td><td> Pattex </td><td> קריש </td><td> לחיבור קרום לעכבר </td></tr><tr><td> צינורות כירורגים </td><td> Intramedic </td><td> PE50, PE10 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> תפר </td><td> דיג </td><td></td><td> משי 04:00 </td></tr><tr><td> מכונת גילוח חשמלית </td><td> אוסטר </td><td> 78997 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> מלקחיים כירורגיים מעוקלים </td><td> Roboz </td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> מלקחיים כירורגיים ישרים </td><td> Roboz </td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> מספרי כירורגים </td><td> Roboz </td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> microscissors כירורגים </td><td> Roboz </td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> נהג מחט כירורגים </td><td> Roboz </td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> קלטת כירורגים </td><td> דיג </td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> ספוגי מטבח (חתוך לפרוסות) </td><td> שונה </td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

in vivo measurement of the mouse pulmonary endothelial surface layer

Glycocalyx אנדותל הוא שכבה של proteoglycans וglycosaminoglycans הנלווה המצפה את חלל כלי הדם. בחי, glycocalyx הוא hydrated מאוד, ויצר שכבת האנדותל משמעותית משטח (ESL) שתורמת לשמירה על תפקוד האנדותל. כglycocalyx האנדותל הוא לעתים קרובות סוטה במבחנה והוא אבד במהלך טכניקות קיבוע רקמות הרגילות, מחקר של ESL דורש שימוש במיקרוסקופ intravital. כדי להתקרב לפיסיולוגיה המורכבת ביותר של microvasculature מכתשיים, הדמית intravital ריאה מבוצעת באופן אידיאלי על ריאות באופן חופשי אל לב. הכנות אלה, עם זאת, בדרך כלל סובלות מחפץ תנועה נרחבת. אנחנו מדגימים איך מיקרוסקופיה intravital סגור חזה של ריאת עכבר שנע בחופשיות, יכולה לשמש למדידת תקינות glycocalyx באמצעות הדרה של ESL dextrans משקל המולקולרי שכותרת-fluorescently הגבוה ממשטח אנדותל. טכניקה זו אינה התאוששות אחרי ניתוח, שדורשתbrightfield בו זמנית והדמית ניאון של ריאת העכבר, מאפשרים תצפית אורך של microvasculature subpleural ללא עדות לגרימת פציעת ריאות בלבול.

הגישה הניסויית מתואר בשלבים 1-6 תאפשר לכידה של מסגרות מרובות של דסק&quot;ש סימולטני (brightfield) ותמונות ניאון. כדי לקבוע את עובי ESL, תמונות נרשמו נבדקות על ידי משקיף עיוור לאחר השלמת פרוטוקול הניסוי. שימוש במיקוד המסגרת, microvessels subpleural (&lt;20 קוטר מיקרומטר) מזוהית; לפחות 3 microvessels נ...

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In vivo Measurement of the Mouse Pulmonary Endothelial Surface Layer

שכבת פני שטח glycocalyx / אנדותל האנדותל היא למד באופן אידיאלי באמצעות מיקרוסקופ intravital. מיקרוסקופיה Intravital טכני מאתגרת באיבר מרגש כגון ריאות. אנחנו מדגימים איך brightfield סימולטני ומיקרוסקופיה ניאון ניתן להשתמש כדי להעריך את עובי שכבת פני שטח האנדותל שבנע בחופשיות,<em&gt; In vivo</em&gt; ריאות עכבר.

במדידת vivo של שכבת פני שטח האנדותל ריאתי המאוסה

The endothelial glycocalyx is a layer of proteoglycans and associated glycosaminoglycans lining the vascular lumen. In vivo, the glycocalyx is highly ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

In vivo Measurement of the Mouse Pulmonary Endothelial Surface Layer

14.5K Views.  University of Colorado School of Medicine. שכבת פני שטח glycocalyx / אנדותל האנדותל היא למד באופן אידיאלי באמצעות מיקרוסקופ intravital. מיקרוסקופיה Intravital טכני מאתגרת באיבר מרגש כגון ריאות. אנחנו מדגימים איך brightfield סימולטני ומיקרוסקופיה ניאון ניתן להשתמש כדי להעריך את עובי שכבת פני שטח האנדותל שבנע בחופשיות, In ...

Video: In vivo Measurement of the Mouse Pulmonary Endothelial Surface Layer

Technical Aspects of the Mouse Aortocaval Fistula

Technical aspects of creating an arteriovenous fistula in the mouse are discussed. Under general anesthesia, an abdominal incision is made, and the aorta and inferior vena cava (IVC) are exposed. The proximal infrarenal aorta and the distal aorta are dissected for clamp placement and needle puncture, respectively. Special attention is paid to avoid dissection between the aorta and the IVC. After clamping the aorta, a 25 G needle is used to puncture both walls of the aorta into the IVC. The surrounding connective tissue is used for hemostatic compression. Successful creation of the AVF will show pulsatile arterial blood flow in the IVC. Further confirmation of successful AVF can be achieved by post-operative Doppler ultrasound.

The goal is to produce an arteriovenous fistula that is simple and reproducible. This method does not use sutures or glue adhesive. Therefore the samples can be used with the least amount of foreign materials for analysis.

היבטים טכניים של מורסת Aortocaval מאוס

Technical aspects of creating an arteriovenous fistula in the mouse are discussed. Under general anesthesia, an abdominal incision is made, and the aorta ...

Automated Measurement of Microcirculatory Blood Flow Velocity in Pulmonary Metastases of Rats

Because the lung is a major target organ of metastatic disease, animal models to study the physiology of pulmonary metastases are of great importance. However, very few methods exist to date to investigate lung metastases in a dynamic fashion at the microcirculatory level, due to the difficulty to access the lung with a microscope. Here, an intravital microscopy method is presented to functionally image and quantify the microcirculation of superficial pulmonary metastases in rats, using a closed-chest pulmonary window and automated analysis of blood flow velocity and direction. The utility of this method is demonstrated to measure increases in blood flow velocity in response to pharmacological intervention, and to image the well-known tortuous vasculature of solid tumors. This is the first demonstration of intravital microscopy on pulmonary metastases in a closed-chest model. Because of its minimized invasiveness, as well as due to its relative ease and practicality, this technology has the potential to experience widespread use in laboratories that specialize on pulmonary tumor research.

A method is presented to measure microcirculatory blood flow velocity in pulmonary cancer metastases of the pleural surface in rats in an automated fashion, using closed-chest pulmonary intravital microscopy. This model has potential to be used as a widespread tool to perform physiologic research on pulmonary metastases in rodents.

אוטומטי מדידה של microcirculatory זרימת דם ריאתי במהירות גרורות של חולדות

Because the lung is a major target organ of metastatic disease, animal models to study the physiology of pulmonary metastases are of great importance. ...

Automated Measurement of Pulmonary Emphysema and Small Airway Remodeling in Cigarette Smoke-exposed Mice

COPD is projected to be the third most common cause of mortality world-wide by 2020(1). Animal models of COPD are used to identify molecules that contribute to the disease process and to test the efficacy of novel therapies for COPD. Researchers use a number of models of COPD employing different species including rodents, guinea-pigs, rabbits, and dogs(2). However, the most widely-used model is that in which mice are exposed to cigarette smoke. Mice are an especially useful species in which to model COPD because their genome can readily be manipulated to generate animals that are either deficient in, or over-express individual proteins. Studies of gene-targeted mice that have been exposed to cigarette smoke have provided valuable information about the contributions of individual molecules to different lung pathologies in COPD(3-5). Most studies have focused on pathways involved in emphysema development which contributes to the airflow obstruction that is characteristic of COPD. However, small airway fibrosis also contributes significantly to airflow obstruction in human COPD patients(6), but much less is known about the pathogenesis of this lesion in smoke-exposed animals. To address this knowledge gap, this protocol quantifies both emphysema development and small airway fibrosis in smoke-exposed mice. This protocol exposes mice to CS using a whole-body exposure technique, then measures respiratory mechanics in the mice, inflates the lungs of mice to a standard pressure, and fixes the lungs in formalin. The researcher then stains the lung sections with either Gill&#8217;s stain to measure the mean alveolar chord length (as a readout of emphysema severity) or Masson&#8217;s trichrome stain to measure deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins around small airways (as a readout of small airway fibrosis). Studies of the effects of molecular pathways on both of these lung pathologies will lead to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of COPD.

The goal of this protocol is to provide automated methods to quantify chronic lung pathologies in a murine model of COPD. The protocol includes exposing mice to cigarette smoke (CS), measuring pulmonary function, inflating the lungs, and using morphometry methods to measure emphysema and small airway remodeling in mice.

מדידה אוטומטית של הריאות נפחתו וקטן Airway Remodeling בעכברים שנחשפו לעשן סיגריות

COPD is projected to be the third most common cause of mortality world-wide by 2020(1).  Animal models of COPD are used to identify molecules that ...

Measurement of the Pressure-volume Curve in Mouse Lungs

In recent decades the mouse has become the primary animal model of a variety of lung diseases. In models of emphysema or fibrosis, the essential phenotypic changes are best assessed by measurement of the changes in lung elasticity. To best understand specific mechanisms underlying such pathologies in mice, it is essential to make functional measurements that can reflect the developing pathology. Although there are many ways to measure elasticity, the classical method is that of the total lung pressure-volume (PV) curve done over the whole range of lung volumes. This measurement has been made on adult lungs from nearly all mammalian species dating back almost 100 years, and such PV curves also played a major role in the discovery and understanding of the function of pulmonary surfactant in fetal lung development. Unfortunately, such total PV curves have not been widely reported in the mouse, despite the fact that they can provide useful information on the macroscopic effects of structural changes in the lung. Although partial PV curves measuring just the changes in lung volume are sometimes reported, without a measure of absolute volume, the nonlinear nature of the total PV curve makes these partial ones very difficult to interpret. In the present study, we describe a standardized way to measure the total PV curve. We have then tested the ability of these curves to detect changes in mouse lung structure in two common lung pathologies, emphysema and fibrosis. Results showed significant changes in several variables consistent with expected structural changes with these pathologies. This measurement of the lung PV curve in mice thus provides a straightforward means to monitor the progression of the pathophysiologic changes over time and the potential effect of therapeutic procedures.

Here we present a protocol to simply and reliably measure the lung pressure-volume curve in mice, showing that it is sufficiently sensitive to detect phenotypic parenchymal changes in two common lung pathologies, pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema. This metric provides a means to quantify the lung&#8217;s structural changes with developing pathology.

מדידה של עקומת לחץ-נפח ריאות עכבר

In recent decades the mouse has become the primary animal model of a variety of lung diseases. In models of emphysema or fibrosis, the essential ...

Intrauterine Telemetry to Measure Mouse Contractile Pressure In Vivo

A complex integration of molecular and electrical signals is needed to transform a quiescent uterus into a contractile organ at the end of pregnancy. Despite the discovery of key regulators of uterine contractility, this process is still not fully understood. Transgenic mice provide an ideal model in which to study parturition. Previously, the only method to study uterine contractility in the mouse was ex vivo isometric tension recordings, which are suboptimal for several reasons. The uterus must be removed from its physiological environment, a limited time course of investigation is possible, and the mice must be sacrificed. The recent development of radiometric telemetry has allowed for longitudinal, real-time measurements of in vivo intrauterine pressure in mice. Here, the implantation of an intrauterine telemeter to measure pressure changes in the mouse uterus from mid-pregnancy until delivery is described. By comparing differences in pressures between wild type and transgenic mice, the physiological impact of a gene of interest can be elucidated. This technique should expedite the development of therapeutics used to treat myometrial disorders during pregnancy, including preterm labor.

Intrauterine Telemetry to Measure Mouse Contractile Pressure In Vivo

This manuscript provides a protocol for implanting telemeters in the mouse for the purpose of measuring intrauterine pressures during pregnancy.

טלמטריה תוך רחמי למדידת לחץ עכבר התכווצות<em&gt; In vivo</em

A complex integration of molecular and electrical signals is needed to transform a quiescent uterus into a contractile organ at the end of pregnancy. ...

Depletion of Mouse Cells from Human Tumor Xenografts Significantly Improves Downstream Analysis of Target Cells

The use of in vitro cell line models for cancer research has been a useful tool. However, it has been shown that these models fail to reliably mimic patient tumors in different assays1. Human tumor xenografts represent the gold standard with respect to tumor biology, drug discovery, and metastasis research 2-4. Tumor xenografts can be derived from different types of material like tumor cell lines, tumor tissue from primary patient tumors4 or serially transplanted tumors. When propagated in vivo, xenografted tissue is infiltrated and vascularized by cells of mouse origin. Multiple factors such as the tumor entity, the origin of xenografted material, growth rate and region of transplantation influence the composition and the amount of mouse cells present in tumor xenografts. However, even when these factors are kept constant, the degree of mouse cell contamination is highly variable.
Contaminating mouse cells significantly impair downstream analyses of human tumor xenografts. As mouse fibroblasts show high plating efficacies and proliferation rates, they tend to overgrow cultures of human tumor cells, especially slowly proliferating subpopulations. Mouse cell derived DNA, mRNA, and protein components can bias downstream gene expression analysis, next-generation sequencing, as well as proteome analysis 5. To overcome these limitations, we have developed a fast and easy method to isolate untouched human tumor cells from xenografted tumor tissue. This procedure is based on the comprehensive depletion of cells of mouse origin by combining automated tissue dissociation with the benchtop tissue dissociator and magnetic cell sorting. Here, we demonstrate that human target cells can be can be obtained with purities higher than 96% within less than 20 min independent of the tumor type.

Human tumor xenografts are vascularized and infiltrated by cells of mouse origin during the growth phase in vivo. To circumvent the bias caused by these contaminating cells during downstream analysis, we developed a method allowing for comprehensive depletion of all mouse cells by magnetic cell sorting.

חסך בתאי עכבר מן xenografts גידול האנושי משפר משמעותי ניתוח במורד זרם של תאי יעד

The use of in vitro cell line models for cancer research has been a useful tool. However, it has been shown that these models fail to reliably mimic ...

Preparation Steps for Measurement of Reactivity in Mouse Retinal Arterioles Ex Vivo

Vascular insufficiency and alterations in normal retinal perfusion are among the major factors for the pathogenesis of various sight-threatening ocular diseases, such as diabetic retinopathy, hypertensive retinopathy, and possibly glaucoma. Therefore, retinal microvascular preparations are pivotal tools for physiological and pharmacological studies to delineate the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms and to design therapies for the diseases. Despite the wide use of mouse models in ophthalmic research, studies on retinal vascular reactivity are scarce in this species. A major reason for this discrepancy is the challenging isolation procedures owing to the small size of these retinal blood vessels, which is ~ &#8804; 30 &#181;m in luminal diameter. To circumvent the problem of direct isolation of these retinal microvessels for functional studies, we established an isolation and preparation technique that enables ex vivo studies of mouse retinal vasoactivity under near-physiological conditions. Although the present experimental preparations will specifically refer to the mouse retinal arterioles, this methodology can readily be employed to microvessels from rats.

Preparation Steps for Measurement of Reactivity in Mouse Retinal Arterioles Ex Vivo

Many vision-threatening ocular diseases are associated with dysfunctional retinal microvessels. Therefore, the measurement of retinal arteriole responses is important to investigate the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. This article describes a detailed protocol for mouse retinal arteriole isolation and preparation to assess the effects of vasoactive substances on vascular diameter.

שלבי הכנה מדידה של תגובתיות ב העכבר רבים ברשתית Vivo לשעבר

Vascular insufficiency and alterations in normal retinal perfusion are among the major factors for the pathogenesis of various sight-threatening ocular ...

An Optimized Evans Blue Protocol to Assess Vascular Leak in the Mouse

Vascular leak, or plasma extravasation, has a number of causes, and may be a serious consequence or symptom of an inflammatory response. This study may ultimately lead to new knowledge concerning the causes of or new ways to inhibit or treat plasma extravasation. It is important that researchers have the proper tools, including the best methods available, for studying plasma extravasation. In this article, we describe a protocol, using the Evans blue dye method, for assessing plasma extravasation in the organs of FVBN mice. This protocol is intentionally simple, to as great a degree as possible, but provides high quality data. Evans blue dye has been chosen primarily because it is easy for the average laboratory to use. We have used this protocol to provide evidence and support for the hypothesis that the enzyme neprilysin may protect the vasculature against plasma extravasation. However, this protocol may be experimentally used and easily adapted for use in other strains of mice or in other species, in many different organs or tissues, for studies which may involve other factors that are important in understanding, preventing, or treating plasma extravasation. This protocol has been extensively optimized and modified from existing protocols, and combines reliability, ease of use, economy, and general availability of materials and equipment, making this protocol superior for the average laboratory to use in quantifying plasma extravasation from organs.

In this article, an economical, optimized, and simple protocol is described which uses the Evans blue dye method for assessing plasma extravasation in the organs of FVBN mice that can be adapted for use in other strains, species, and other organs or tissues.

אוונס ממוטבת כחול פרוטוקול כדי להעריך את דליפת דם העכבר

Vascular leak, or plasma extravasation, has a number of causes, and may be a serious consequence or symptom of an inflammatory response. This study may ...

Isometric Contractility Measurement of the Mouse Mesenteric Artery Using Wire Myography

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and drugs. It is widely used in many studies on the physiological functions of vascular smooth muscle, the pathogenesis of vascular diseases such as hypertension, and the development of smooth muscle relaxant drugs. The mouse is a widely used model animal with a large pool of disease models and genetically modified strains. We introduced this method to measure the isometric contraction of mouse mesenteric artery in detail. A 1.4-mm segment of mouse mesenteric resistance artery was isolated and mounted on a myograph chamber by passing two steel wires through its lumen. After equilibration and normalization steps, the vessel segment was potentiated by a high-K+ solution twice prior to the contraction assay. As an example of the application of this method in drug development, we measured the relaxant effect of a novel natural substance, neoliensinine, isolated from a Chinese herb, embryos of the lotus seed (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) on mouse mesenteric arteries. The vessel segments mounted on the myograph chamber were stimulated with a high-K+ solution. When the force tension reached a stable sustained phase, cumulative doses of neoliensinine were added to the chamber. We found that neoliensinine had a dose-dependent relaxant effect on smooth muscle contraction, thus suggesting that it bears potential activity against hypertension. In addition, as the vessel segment can survive at least 4 hours after mounting and maintain contractility induced by the high-K+ solution for many times, we suggest that the wire myograph system may be used for the time-consuming process of drug screening.

The wire myograph technique is used to investigate vascular smooth muscle functions and screen new drugs. We report a detailed protocol for measuring the isometric contractility of the mouse mesenteric artery and for screening new relaxants of vascular smooth muscle.

Contractility איזומטרי מדידה של עורק מצע המעי העליון העכבר באמצעות חוט Myography

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and ...

Left Atrial Stenosis Induced Pulmonary Venous Arterialization and Group 2 Pulmonary Hypertension in Rat

The mechanism of mitral stenosis-induced pulmonary venous arterialization and group 2 pulmonary hypertension (PH) is unclear. There is no rodent model of group 2 PH, due to mitral stenosis (MS), to facilitate the investigation of disease mechanisms and potential therapeutic strategies. We present a novel rat model of pulmonary venous congestion-induced pulmonary venous arterialization and group 2 PH caused by left atrial stenosis (LAS). LAS is achieved by constricting the left atrium using a half-closed titanium clip. After the LAS surgery, a rat model with a transmitral inflow velocity greater than or equal to 2.0 m/s on echocardiography gradually develops pulmonary venous arterialization and group 2 PH over an 8- to 10-week period. In this protocol, we provide the step-by-step procedure of how to perform the LAS surgery. The presented LAS rat model mimics MS in humans and is useful for studying the underlying molecular mechanism of pulmonary venous arterialization and for the preclinical evaluation of therapies for group 2 PH.

Left atrial stenosis (LAS) is a novel surgical technique used for studying group 2 pulmonary hypertension (PH) and mechanisms underlying pulmonary venous arterialization. Here, we present a protocol to constrict the left atrium using a titanium clip to cause pulmonary venous arterialization and moderate PH in a rat.

היצרות פרפור השמאלי המושרה Arterialization ורידית ריאתית יתר לחץ דם ריאתי קבוצה 2 בעכברוש

The mechanism of mitral stenosis-induced pulmonary venous arterialization and group 2 pulmonary hypertension (PH) is unclear. There is no rodent model of ...