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In questo articolo

  • Riepilogo
  • Abstract
  • Introduzione
  • Protocollo
  • Risultati
  • Discussione
  • Divulgazioni
  • Riconoscimenti
  • Materiali
  • Riferimenti
  • Ristampe e Autorizzazioni

Riepilogo

A protocol is presented for cell culture of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) differentiated human monocyte-derived macrophages. The protocol utilizes cryopreservation of monocytes coupled with their bulk differentiation into macrophages. Then harvested macrophages can then be seeded into culture wells at required cell densities for carrying out experiments.

Abstract

A protocol is presented for cell culture of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) differentiated human monocyte-derived macrophages. For initiation of experiments, fresh or frozen monocytes are cultured in flasks for 1 week with M-CSF to induce their differentiation into macrophages. Then, the macrophages can be harvested and seeded into culture wells at required cell densities for carrying out experiments. The use of defined numbers of macrophages rather than defined numbers of monocytes to initiate macrophage cultures for experiments yields macrophage cultures in which the desired cell density can be more consistently attained. Use of cryopreserved monocytes reduces dependency on donor availability and produces more homogeneous macrophage cultures.

Introduzione

Study of cultured macrophages is a useful model to understand the function of these cells in inflammation such as occurs in atherosclerotic plaques. When the research focus is on human diseases involving macrophages, it is useful to study primary human macrophages rather than non-human macrophages to avoid species differences. Also, the effects of cell transformation can be avoided by using primary macrophages rather than macrophage cell lines. For this purpose, macrophages differentiated from monocytes isolated from human blood serve as a means of obtaining primary human macrophages.

Tissue macrophages may be either resident within tissues or may be derived from monocytes that migrate into the tissue and differentiate into macrophages 1. Two types of human monocyte-derived macrophages have been defined that differ not only in morphology but also gene expression and cell function 2. These two types are obtained from monocytes that are differentiated into macrophages in the presence of M-CSF + fetal bovine serum (FBS) and monocytes that are differentiated into macrophages in the presence of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) + FBS 2-6. In our experience (unpublished observation), use of human serum rather than FBS generates the GM-CSF type regardless of whether M-CSF or GM-CSF is included in the differentiation medium. M-CSF type macrophages tend to be more elongated than GM-CSF type macrophages, which resemble fried eggs in their morphology. Investigators should recognize that human M-CSF and GM-CSF monocyte-derived macrophages are not the same as so called M1 and M2 mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages 6.

During research using human monocyte-derived M-CSF differentiated macrophages, we experienced difficulty related to the availability of monocytes to initiate experiments and variation in the obtained cell densities of macrophages during differentiation of monocytes into macrophages. To overcome these problems, we have developed the following protocol in which monocytes are frozen until required for use, and monocytes are differentiated in bulk into macrophages that can then be removed from culture flasks and plated at desired cell densities to obtain more uniform cultures from experiment to experiment.

Protocollo

Leucaferesi è stata effettuata sotto protocollo di ricerca di un soggetto umano approvato da un National Institutes of Health revisione istituzionale bordo.

1. Isolamento e Crioconservazione dei monociti

  1. Ottenere cellule mononucleate da leucaferesi di donatori umani, e arricchire monociti dal continuo controcorrente centrifugazione dilavamento delle cellule mononucleari come descritto nei riferimenti 7,8. Ottenere circa 100 x 10 6 cellule elutriated (circa 80 - 90% monociti) in tampone elutriation specificato dal costruttore. Contare le cellule utilizzando un emocitometro.
  2. monociti centrifuga in un tubo da 15 ml in polipropilene a 300 xg per 5 min a temperatura ambiente.
  3. Rimuovere il surnatante e delicatamente risospendere le cellule in FBS seguite da dimetilsolfossido per ottenere una concentrazione finale di 90% FBS / 10% dimetilsolfossido e 50 x 10 6 cellule / ml.
  4. Aggiungere ogni ml di sospensione cellulare to un individuo esageratamente.
  5. Mettere i cryovials in un contenitore di congelamento delle cellule e trasferire ad un -80 ° C freezer per 24 ore prima del trasferimento a un serbatoio di stoccaggio esageratamente azoto liquido per la conservazione a lungo termine.

2. La differenziazione dei monociti in macrofagi

  1. Scongelare un esageratamente di cellule trasferendo rapidamente a bagnomaria C 37 ° e poi subito la rimozione quando la sospensione cellulare è stato scongelato circa il 70%.
  2. Subito dopo completa scongelamento a temperatura ambiente, trasferire i 1 ml contenuti esageratamente in 50 ml di 37 ° C riscaldata Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) 1640 con 2 mM L-glutammina, 50 ng / ml M-CSF, 25 ng / ml interleuchina-10 (IL-10), e del 10% FBS (mezzo completo).
  3. Trasferimento 25 ml di sospensione dei monociti in ciascuno dei due 75 cm 2 palloni di plastica di coltura cellulare.
  4. Incubare culture in un 37 ° cultura incubatore di cellule C con 5% di CO 2/95% di aria per 48 ore.
  5. Sciacquare il cultures 3 volte con 10 ml di RPMI 1640 medium (pre-riscaldato a 37 ° C), rimuovere delicatamente il terreno di coltura per evitare di spostare tutte le cellule debolmente collegate.
  6. Dopo il risciacquo, aggiungere mezzo fresco completa, cambiando media ogni 2 giorni fino monociti differenziano e proliferare in misura sufficiente a diventare confluenti. Ciò richiede circa una settimana di coltura.

3. Raccolta macrofagi di avviare esperimenti

  1. Risciacquare macrofagi differenziati in boccetta 3 volte con 10 ml di pre-riscaldato soluzione salina tamponata con fosfato di 37 ° C Dulbecco senza Ca 2 + e Mg 2+ prima di aggiungere 10 ml preriscaldata acido etilendiamminotetraacetico tripsina-soluzione 37 ° C 0,25% (EDTA).
  2. Posto pallone in coltura incubatore cellulare per 10 - 15 minuti momento in cui circa il 90% dei macrofagi dovuto arrotondati e distaccato. Verificare questo esame microscopico del pallone.
  3. Aggiungere 10 ml di RMPI 1640 medium contenente il 10% FBS per stripsinizzazione superiore.
  4. Trasferire la sospensione cellulare macrofagi dal pallone in un tubo da 50 ml polipropilene, centrifugare 300 xg per 5 min, e scartare il surnatante.
  5. Risospendere delicatamente i macrofagi in 1 ml di terreno completo.
  6. Mescolare 10 ml di sospensione cellulare macrofagi con 10 microlitri soluzione Trypan Blue e determinare il numero di cellule macrofagi e vitalità (tipicamente> 95%) con un emocitometro.
  7. Sulla base del numero di celle (di solito circa 15 - 18 x 10 5 macrofagi), aggiungere ulteriore mezzo completo per ottenere la densità cellulare di semina desiderata. Nota: 1 x 10 5 macrofagi in 1,5 ml di mezzo per pozzetto di una piastra 12 pozzetti produrrà una cultura quasi confluenti.
  8. Dopo la semina, incubare macrofagi durante la notte in un 37 ° C incubatore di coltura cellulare con il 5% di CO 2/95% di aria per permettere l'adesione cellulare. Poi, iniziare gli esperimenti desiderati.

Risultati

La vitalità dei monociti freschi o crioconservati era superiore al 95%, come determinato con Trypan Blue colorazione 9. Figura 1 e Figura 2 confronta ad ingrandimenti inferiori e superiori, rispettivamente, l'andamento di fresco e crioconservato (cioè, congelato) differenziazione dei monociti in macrofagi. Si noti che il fresco confrontato con monociti crioconservati mostrano una sottopopolazione di differenziar...

Discussione

Generazione di tipi definiti macrofagi può chiarire alcuni dei risultati contrastanti ottenuti dai ricercatori nello studio della biologia dei macrofagi. L'uso di varie condizioni di coltura e fattori di differenziazione per generare macrofagi umani primari possono portare a tipi molto diversi macrofagi, un fatto che non può essere apprezzata dal ricercatore. Ad esempio, i macrofagi a volte sono generate da monociti umani non usando il siero, siero umano da solo, siero umano integrato con M-CSF, FBS da solo, o FBS...

Divulgazioni

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Riconoscimenti

The Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, provided elutriated monocytes. This work was supported by the Intramural Research Program, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health.

Materiali

NameCompanyCatalog NumberComments
Cellbind 12-well culture plateCorning3336
CELLSTAR, T-75 flask, tissue culture treatedGreiner Bio-One North America658157
RPMI 1640 culture mediumCellgro Mediatech15-040-CMwarmed to 37 °C
L-GlutamineCellgro Mediatech25-005-CI
Fetal bovine serumGibco16000-036
M-CSFPeproTech300-25
GM-CSFPeproTech300-03
IL-10 PeproTech200-10
DMSOSigmaD2650
Cryovial Thermo Scientific 375418
DPBS without Ca2+ and Mg2+ Corning cellgro21-031-CV
0.25% Trypsin-EDTA Gibco25200-056
50 ml polypropylene conical tubeFalcon352070
Trypan BlueLonza17-942E
Neubauer-improved bright light hemocytometer                            Paul Marienfeld GmbH & Co. KG610031http://www.marienfeld-superior.com/index.php/counting-chambers/articles/counting-chambers.html
CoolCell LX cell freezing containerBioCisionBCS-405other freezing containers also should  be adequate for this step
Liquid Nitrogen Storage System, CryoPlus 1Thermo Scientific 7400any liquid nitrogen tank should be adequate

Riferimenti

  1. Dey, A., Allen, J., Hankey-Giblin, P. A. Ontogeny and polarization of macrophages in inflammation: blood monocytes versus tissue macrophages. Front. Immunol. 5, 683 (2014).
  2. Waldo, S. W., et al. Heterogeneity of human macrophages in culture and in atherosclerotic plaques. Am. J. Pathol. 172, 1112-1126 (2008).
  3. Akagawa, K. S. Functional heterogeneity of colony-stimulating factor-induced human monocyte-derived macrophages. Int. J. Hematol. 76, 27-34 (2002).
  4. Akagawa, K. S., et al. Functional heterogeneity of colony-stimulating factor-induced human monocyte-derived macrophages. Respirology. 11 Suppl, S32-S36 (2006).
  5. Fleetwood, A. J., Lawrence, T., Hamilton, J. A., Cook, A. D. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (CSF) and macrophage CSF-dependent macrophage phenotypes display differences in cytokine profiles and transcription factor activities: implications for CSF blockade in inflammation. J. Immunol. 178, 5245-5252 (2007).
  6. Lacey, D. C., et al. Defining GM-CSF- and macrophage-CSF-dependent macrophage responses by in vitro models. J. Immunol. 188, 5752-5765 (2012).
  7. Strasser, E. F., Eckstein, R. Optimization of leukocyte collection and monocyte isolation for dendritic cell culture. Transfus. Med. Rev. 24, 130-139 (2010).
  8. Kim, S., et al. Monocyte enrichment from leukapheresis products by using the Elutra cell separator. Transfusion (Paris). 47, 2290-2296 (2007).
  9. Strober, W. Trypan blue exclusion test of cell viability. Curr. Protoc. Immunol. Appendix 3 (Appendix 3B), (2001).
  10. Anzinger, J. J., et al. Native low-density lipoprotein uptake by macrophage colony-stimulating factor-differentiated human macrophages is mediated by macropinocytosis and micropinocytosis. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 30, 2022-2031 (2010).
  11. Zhao, B., et al. Constitutive receptor-independent low density lipoprotein uptake and cholesterol accumulation by macrophages differentiated from human monocytes with macrophage-colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF). J. Biol. Chem. 281, 15757-15762 (2006).
  12. Freeman, S. R., et al. ABCG1-mediated generation of extracellular cholesterol microdomains. J. Lipid Res. 55, 115-127 (2014).
  13. Kruth, H. S. Receptor-independent fluid-phase pinocytosis mechanisms for induction of foam cell formation with native low-density lipoprotein particles. Curr. Opin. Lipidol. 22, 386-393 (2011).
  14. Jin, X., et al. ABCA1 contributes to macrophage deposition of extracellular cholesterol. J. Lipid Res. 56, 1720-1726 (2015).
  15. Ong, D. S., et al. Extracellular cholesterol-rich microdomains generated by human macrophages and their potential function in reverse cholesterol transport. J. Lipid Res. 51, 2303-2313 (2010).
  16. Hashimoto, S., Yamada, M., Motoyoshi, K., Akagawa, K. S. Enhancement of macrophage colony-stimulating factor-induced growth and differentiation of human monocytes by interleukin-10. Blood. 89, 315-321 (1997).
  17. Hashimoto, S. I., Komuro, I., Yamada, M., Akagawa, K. S. IL-10 inhibits granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor-dependent human monocyte survival at the early stage of the culture and inhibits the generation of macrophages. J. Immunol. 167, 3619-3625 (2001).
  18. Lund, P. K., Joo, G. B., Westvik, A. B., Ovstebo, R., Kierulf, P. Isolation of monocytes from whole blood by density gradient centrifugation and counter-current elutriation followed by cryopreservation: six years' experience. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 60, 357-365 (2000).
  19. Weiner, R. S., Normann, S. J. Functional integrity of cryopreserved human monocytes. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 66, 255-260 (1981).
  20. Hansen, J. B., et al. Retention of phagocytic functions in cryopreserved human monocytes. J. Leukoc. Biol. 57, 235-241 (1995).
  21. Seager Danciger, J., et al. Method for large scale isolation, culture and cryopreservation of human monocytes suitable for chemotaxis, cellular adhesion assays, macrophage and dendritic cell differentiation. J. Immunol. Methods. 288, 123-134 (2004).
  22. Jin, X., Xu, Q., Champion, K., Kruth, H. S. Endotoxin contamination of apolipoprotein A-I: effect on macrophage proliferation--a cautionary tale. Atherosclerosis. 240, 121-124 (2015).

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