Determining the Solubility Rules of Ionic Compounds

Panoramica

Source: Laboratory of Dr. Neal Abrams — SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry

An ionic compound's solubility can be determined via qualitative analysis. Qualitative analysis is a branch of analytical chemistry that uses chemical properties and reactions to identify the cation or anion present in a chemical compound. While the chemical reactions rely on known solubility rules, those same rules can be determined by identifying the products that form. Qualitative analysis is not typically done in modern industrial chemistry labs, but it can be used easily in the field without the need of sophisticated instrumentation. Qualitative analysis also focuses on understanding ionic and net ionic reactions as well as organizing data into a flow chart to explain observations and make definitive conclusions.

Many cations have similar chemical properties, as do the anion counterparts. Correct identification requires careful separation and analysis to systematically identify the ions present in a solution. It is important to understand acid/base properties, ionic equilibria, redox reactions, and pH properties to identify ions successfully.

While there is a qualitative test for virtually every elemental and polyatomic ion, the identification process typically begins with knowing a "class" of ions being analyzed; cations or anions, elemental or polyatomic, groups or periods, transition or main group. In this experiment, both types of ions, cations and anions, are identified. The cations include polyatomic ions as well.

Procedura

1. General Methods

  1. Preparing for Qualitative Analysis
    1. Reactions are generally done in small test tubes with volume of 5 mL or less.
    2. Solutions need to be fully soluble and should be relatively dilute, typically ~0.1 M.
    3. Reagents should be slowly added drop-wise and observed carefully.
    4. Several common "test solutions" are required to establish solubility rules or identify an unknown ion. These contain ions known to react specifically with certain chemical speci

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Riferimenti
  1. Eaton, A. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water & Wastewater. Centennial ed. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association (2005).
Tags
Solubility RulesIonic CompoundsQualitative AnalysisSolubility PropertiesSequential ReactionsAnalytical TechniquesElemental AnalysisPre screening MethodsSelectively PrecipitatingIndustrial SettingsCationAnionSpectator IonsNet Ionic ReactionDissolved Ions

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0:00

Overview

1:17

Principles of Qualitative Analysis of Ionic Solutions

3:21

Phosphate Analysis

4:30

Metal Cation Separation

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Applications

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Summary

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