私たちは、博士に感謝。タンザニアから蚊の標本を提供するためのグラスゴー大学のUCデービス博士カタリーナKreppelでアンソニー·コーネルとローラ·ノリス。私たちは、ザンビアから蚊のサンプルを共有するための公衆衛生のジョンズホプキンススクールさんスミタ·ダス博士ダグラスノリスに感謝。我々はまた、アッセイデザインのトレーニングのために獣医遺伝学研究所の李氏V.ミロンに感謝。この作品はR01AI 078183とR21AI062929を付与国立衛生研究所によってサポートされていました。

1. PCR増幅<ol><li> 1.5ミリリットルのマイクロチューブに（補足表S1を参照してください）​​すべてのPCRプライマーを混ぜる。各SNPは、2つのプライマー（順方向および逆方向）を有している。各PCRプライマーのストック濃度を100μmに保たれていることを確認します。 （補足表S2を参照してください）​​ベンチでのピペッティング誤差と時間を削減するために500〜1,000の反応のための十分なプライマーミックスを作成します。必要に応じて、-20℃でチューブや店舗あたり100〜200の反応のためのアリコートを準備します。 </li><li>製造業者のプロトコル（表1）で説明したようにPCRカクテルを準備します。 96の反応のためのボリュームは、20パーセントのオーバーハングが含まれています。渦2000×gで30秒間のPCRカクテル軽く遠心を含むチューブ。 </li><li>非スカート96ウェルプレートの各ウェルにPCRカクテルの3μLを分注する。リピーターピペットは、このプロセスのための時間を節約することができる。 </li><li>各ウェルに蚊の適切なゲノムDNAの2を添加する。 注記：メートルからゲノムDNAを得る工程<html> osquito組織（頭部/胸部、腹部または全身）は、他の文献29-32に記載されている。感染蚊（頭部/胸部におけるマラリア原虫 ）から血液（腹部）でマラリア原虫を持つものを区別するための適切なDNA抽出プロトコルを選択します。私たちは、一般的に蚊のボディパーツ（頭部/胸部または腹部）から抽出したDNAを使用するため、DNA濃度は0.05-2ng /μLごとに異なります。トータルDNA入力が製造者の推奨（5-10ng / rxnの）未満であるが、ここでは一般的に堅固なSNPは、全ゲノム増幅なしでDNAサンプルの98％か​​ら呼び出し得る。 </li><li>プレートをシール、穏やかに混合またはボルテックスし、370×gで1分間遠心する。 </li><li> PCR増幅を行うために、以下のサーモサイクラープロトコルを使用して：（1）94℃で2分間、（2）94℃30秒間、（3）56℃で30秒間、（4）72℃で1分間（5）繰り返し工程（2） - （4）45サイクルについて、（6）1分、4℃保持72℃。 </li></ol>_title &quot;&gt; 2。SAPトリートメント<ol><li> 96ウェルプレート中のSAP酵素溶液を調製した（表2参照）。プレート内の96サンプルを処理する。 96の反応のためのボリュームは、20パーセントのオーバーハングが含まれています。 </li><li>ボルテックス軽くSAP酵素溶液のチューブと2000 X gで30秒間遠心する。各ウェルに、SAP酵素溶液2μlを分注する。ここでも、リピーターピペットは、このプロセスのための時間を節約することができます。 </li><li>プレートをシール、穏やかに混合またはボルテックスし、370×gで1分間遠心する。 （1）37℃で40分間酵素を失活させ、5分間（2）85℃、（3）4℃の保持：次のようにプレートをインキュベートする。このステップが完了すると、続行する前に-20℃でプレートを保存する。 2週間内に格納されているプレートを処理します。 </li></ol> 3. SNP拡張<ol><li>サンプルプレートは、SAP処理後に凍結している場合、それは続行する前に室温に解凍することを可能にする。 </li><li>エクステンションプライマーミックス（補足表S2）を準備します。各SNPは1エクステを持ってnsionプライマー。 500μMの各伸長プライマーのストック濃度にしてください。必要に応じて、-20℃でチューブや店舗あたり100〜200の反応のためのアリコート。 </li><li> 96反応容量が20％のオーバーハングを含み、表3に記載されているように拡張ミックスを調製する。 </li><li>ボルテックス軽く延長カクテルのチューブと2000×gで30秒間遠心する。各ウェルに延長カクテル2μLを分注する。ここでも、リピーターピペットは、このプロセスのための時間を節約することができます。 </li><li>プレートをシール、穏やかに混合またはボルテックスし、370×gで1分間遠心する。 図1に示すように、プレート熱サイクル。この時点で、質量分析に進むか、または2週間Cまで-20℃でプレートを格納する。 </li></ol>質量分析を最適化するため4.エアコンSNP拡張製品<ol><li>サンプルプレートは、SNPの拡張後に冷凍される場合は、続行する前に室温に解凍することを可能にする。 </li><li>そのコンタから樹脂の15mgのを転送細長いスプーンを使用したディンプルプレートにINER。ディンプルプレートのウェル内に樹脂を広めるためにスクレーパーを使用してください。樹脂を広めるためにディンプルプレート間で左右にスクレーパーをスイープ。樹脂は、各ウェルに存在していることを確認します。 </li><li>スクレーパーを使用してディンプルプレートから余分な樹脂をこすり。樹脂は、少なくとも20分間、ディンプル板に放置。樹脂せながらディンプル板に立って、サンプルプレートの各ウェルにHPLC等級の水41μlを添加する。 </li><li>静かにディンプルプレートに、サンプルプレート逆さまに置きます。ディンプルプレートのウェルを有するサンプルプレートのウェルを整列ディンプルプレートの小さな丸みを帯びた後、に対してサンプルプレートのリセットを確認してください。 </li><li>樹脂は、サンプルプレートのウェルにディンプル板から外れるようにして裏返して優しく、一緒にサンプルプレートとディンプル板を保持する。樹脂がサンプルプレートに出て落ちるようにディンプルプレートをタップします。ディ内のすべての樹脂を確認してくださいmpleプレートは試料プレートのウェルに抜け落ちる。 30秒間3200×gでプレートを遠心。 </li><li> RTで5分間回転器上のサンプルプレートを回転させます。回転子は、サンプルプレートの長軸約360°回転しなければならない。 </li><li> 5分間3200×gでサンプルプレートを遠心します。このステップの後、次のステップに進む前に、最大2週間まで-20℃でのサンプルプレートを保存する。 </li></ol> 5. MALDI-TOF質量分析<ol><li>製造業者の指示に従ってなどSpectroCHIPとしてバイオアレイ上にエアコンのSNP伸長産物を転送します。我々は、このステップのためMASSARRAYナノディスペンサーを使用しています。 </li><li>転送が完了した後、アッセイプレートをアッセイデータベースに設定される方法を定義する。各プレートは、特定のアッセイデザイン（補足表S3）にリンクする一意の識別子を有するように、アッセイプレートに名前を付けます。 </li><li>アッセイプレートを定義した後、質量分析計を用いてスペクトルを取得する。 </li></ol><ol><li>そのようなタイパーアナライザやTyperViewer（シーケノム）などのリアルタイムPCR解析データ解釈ソフトウェアを使用してデータ分析を実行。サンプルレイアウトを含む.xml形式のデータを、各ウェルについての質量スペクトログラム、名を含むマーカー情報、対応するSNPの各バリアント、およびそれぞれの反応に関連するすべてのエラーや警告のメッセージのマスを取得します。得られる質量スペクトル写真については、図2を参照してください。 </li><li>検出閾値（対雑音比の大きさまたは信号）と、各遺伝子型に対して許可耐性/分散を設定することにより、SNP遺伝子型クラスタリング解析を行う。 図3は、04707-KDR位例2 SNP遺伝子型クラスターを示す。 </li><li>表計算プログラムに生じたSNPの遺伝子型コールをエクスポートします。 </li></ol>

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 http://www.mr4.org/AnophelesProgram/TrainingMethods.aspx">
 http://www.mr4.org/AnophelesProgram/TrainingMethods.aspx</a> 1725-1732 (2010).</li>
<li>Tripet, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((DNA+analysis+of+transferred+sperm+reveals+significant+levels+of+gene+flow+between+molecular+forms+of+Anopheles+gambiae%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Mol+Ecol%22%5BJournal%5D)">DNA analysis of transferred sperm reveals significant levels of gene flow between molecular forms of Anopheles gambiae.</a> Mol Ecol. 10, 1725-1732 (2001).</li>
<li>Slotman, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Evidence+for+subdivision+within+the+M+molecular+form+of+Anopheles+gambiae%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Mol+Ecol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Evidence for subdivision within the M molecular form of Anopheles gambiae.</a> Mol Ecol. 16, 639-649 (2007).</li>
<li>Basu, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((MassARRAY+Spectrometry+is+More+Sensitive+Than+PreTect+HPV-Proofer+and+Consensus+PCR+for+Type-Specific+Detection+of+High-Risk+Oncogenic+HPV+Genotypes+in+Cervical+Cancer%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22J+Clin+Microbiol%22%5BJournal%5D)">MassARRAY Spectrometry is More Sensitive Than PreTect HPV-Proofer and Consensus PCR for Type-Specific Detection of High-Risk Oncogenic HPV Genotypes in Cervical Cancer.</a> J Clin Microbiol. , (2011).</li>
<li>Fu, J. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((MassARRAY+assay%3A+a+more+accurate+method+for+JAK2V617F+mutation+detection+in+Chinese+patients+with+myeloproliferative+disorders%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Leukemia%22%5BJournal%5D)">MassARRAY assay: a more accurate method for JAK2V617F mutation detection in Chinese patients with myeloproliferative disorders.</a> Leukemia. 22, 660-663 (2008).</li>
<li>Gabriel, S., Ziaugra, L., Tabbaa, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((SNP+genotyping+using+the+Sequenom+MassARRAY+iPLEX+platform%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Curr+Protoc+Hum+Genet%22%5BJournal%5D)">SNP genotyping using the Sequenom MassARRAY iPLEX platform.</a> Curr Protoc Hum Genet. 2 (Unit 2.12), (2009).</li>
<li>Jurinke, C., van den Boom, D., Cantor, C. R., Koster, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((The+use+of+MassARRAY+technology+for+high+throughput+genotyping%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Adv+Biochem+Eng+Biotechnol%22%5BJournal%5D)">The use of MassARRAY technology for high throughput genotyping.</a> Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol. 77, 57-74 (2002).</li>
<li>Wright, W. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Multiplex+MassARRAY+spectrometry+%28iPLEX%29+produces+a+fast+and+economical+test+for+56+familial+hypercholesterolaemia-causing+mutations%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Clin+Genet%22%5BJournal%5D)">Multiplex MassARRAY spectrometry (iPLEX) produces a fast and economical test for 56 familial hypercholesterolaemia-causing mutations.</a> Clin Genet. 74, 463-468 (2008).</li>
<li>Turner, T. L., Hahn, M. W., Nuzhdin, S. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Genomic+islands+of+speciation+in+Anopheles+gambiae%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22PLoS+Biol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Genomic islands of speciation in Anopheles gambiae.</a> PLoS Biol. 3, e285(2005).</li>
<li>Turner, T. L., Hahn, M. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Locus-population-specific+selection+and+differentiation+between+incipient+species+of+Anopheles+gambiae%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Mol+Biol+Evol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Locus-population-specific selection and differentiation between incipient species of Anopheles gambiae.</a> Mol Biol Evol. 24, 2132-2138 (2007).</li>
<li>Stump, A. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Centromere-proximal+differentiation+and+speciation+in+Anopheles+gambiae%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+U+S+A%22%5BJournal%5D)">Centromere-proximal differentiation and speciation in Anopheles gambiae.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 102, 15930-15935 (2005).</li>
<li>Lee, Y., Seifert, S. N., Fornadel, C. M., Norris, D. E., Lanzaro, G. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Single-nucleotide+polymorphisms+for+high-throughput+genotyping+of+Anopheles+arabiensis+in+East+and+southern+Africa%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22J+Med+Entomol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Single-nucleotide polymorphisms for high-throughput genotyping of Anopheles arabiensis in East and southern Africa.</a> J Med Entomol. 49, 307-315 (2012).</li>
<li>Holt, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((The+genome+sequence+of+the+malaria+mosquito+Anopheles+gambiae%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Science%22%5BJournal%5D)">The genome sequence of the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae.</a> Science. 298, 129-149 (2002).</li>
<li>Lawniczak, M. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Widespread+divergence+between+incipient+Anopheles+gambiae+species+revealed+by+whole+genome+sequences%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Science%22%5BJournal%5D)">Widespread divergence between incipient Anopheles gambiae species revealed by whole genome sequences.</a> Science. 330, 512-514 (2010).</li>
</ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

飛行時間（MALDI-TOF）質量分析法33-37 - PCR増幅、エビアルカリホスファターゼ（SAP）反応、SNP拡張、伸長産物の調節、およびマトリックス支援レーザー脱離/イオン化：MDAは、5つの主要なステップから構成されている。最初のPCR増幅工程は、十分な鋳型DNAがSNP伸長工程で使用できるように各SNPに隣接するDNAを増幅する。 SAPの反応は以下のSNP伸長工程を妨害する可能性が使用されていない...

ハマダラカarabiensis、ハマダラカcoluzziiとハマダラカは、アフリカ1におけるマラリア伝送に関与する主要なベクトルです。これら3種は2形態学的に区別できないとだけ分子アッセイ3-9で区別することができます。また、日常的疫学的および集団遺伝学研究を支援するために行われ、多くの下流のアッセイが存在する。これらには、（1）分化アイランド10-12のための遺伝子型決定アッセイを、 パラ遺伝子のアミノ酸コドン位置番目 1014で非同義SNPを認識する（2）遺伝子型決定アッセイ（ ノックダウン抵抗 、又はkdrの 、SNP）13を含む-18、（3）寄生虫の検出PCR 19-23、及び（4）蚊の中腸24,25にホスト固有のDNAをスクリーニングする。 私たちは、の目標を持つ単一の多重反応にすべてのこれらのアッセイを組み合わせたマルチ検出アッセイ（MDA）を開発アフリカのマラリアベクトルの疫学的に重要な特性をalyzing。 MDAアッセイは、（1）種を検出するための複数のマーカー（A.のarabiensis、A.のハマダラカ、A.のcoluzzii、または3つの他の（なし））kdrの SNPの中で示される、（2）殺虫剤抵抗性（L1014F とL1014S両方）を含む二つの主要なマラリア原虫の、（3）存在下、熱帯熱マラリア原虫およびP.三日熱マラリア原虫 、一鳥類六哺乳類宿主から（4）血液源。 伝統的に、これらのアッセイは、別個のポリメラーゼ連鎖反応を行った。すべてのこれらのアッセイは、従来のPCRプラットフォームを使用して行われている場合には、8-10 PCR反応アッセイを実施し、ゲル電気泳動工程を伴う必要があります。ここで紹介するMDA法は全体で約5時間かかりますしながら、文書化の結果への準備から、個々のPCR反応は、4-5時間かかります。これだけで人件費の90％の節約と等価である。 MDAはここで紹介する5ドルの費用すべての33のSNPの遺伝子型を決定するためにサンプルあたり。これはサンプルあたり約1.50ドルのコスト、これシングルアガロースゲルベースアッセイよりもかなり安価である。 MDAがカバーするすべての特性を検出するアッセイは、サンプルあたり$ 12〜15の費用で8-10別々のアガロースゲルに基づくアッセイの最小値を必要とするであろう。また、MDAは大幅に各寄生虫またはホストソースを検出するための少なくとも3つのマーカーを利用することにより、偽陽性または陰性のを発生させる可能性を低減します。 我々が利用プラットフォームはマラリアベクトルに限定されるものではなく、医学、獣医学、および基本的な生物学26-28など、多種多様な用途で使用することができる。深い関連研究または集団遺伝学サンプル（数百程度）を多数同時に複数のマーカーのための費用対効果のアッセイスクリーニングが必要含む研究。 2つ以上の別々のPCRアッセイを利用するほとんどの研究は、低コストで迅速な結果を得るために、MDAを実装することができます。 </p&gt;

<table><tbody><tr><td>MassARRAY Analyzer Compact</td><td>Sequenom</td><td>MT9</td><td>MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry for genomic applications to analyze nucleic acids.</td></tr><tr><td>MassARRAY Nanodispenser</td><td>Sequenom</td><td>RS1000</td><td>Transfers completed iPLEX reaction products to the SpectroCHIP</td></tr><tr><td>iPLEX Gold Genotyping Reagent Set</td><td>Sequenom</td><td>10158</td><td>Reagents used for iPLEX assay including SAP kit.</td></tr></tbody></table>

a multi-detection assay for malaria transmitting mosquitoes

ハマダラカ種複合体は、アフリカの蚊を送信する主要なマラリアが含まれています。これらの種は、そのような医学的に重要であるので、いくつかの特徴は、典型的には、疫学的研究を支援するために、分子アッセイを使用して特徴づけられる。これらの特性は、種の同定、殺虫剤抵抗、寄生虫感染状況、およびホストの好みが含まれています。 ハマダラカ複合体の集団は、形態学的に区別できないので、ポリメラーゼ連鎖反応（PCR）は、伝統的に種を識別するために使用される。種が分かると、いくつかの下流のアッセイは、日常的にさらなる特性を解明するために行われる。例えば、パラ遺伝子におけるKDRとしても知られている突然変異は、DDTおよびピレスロイド殺虫剤に対する耐性を付与する。さらに、酵素結合免疫吸着アッセイ（ELISA）またはマラリア原虫DNAの検出PCRアッセイは、蚊の組織に存在する寄生虫を検出するために使用される。最後に、combinatioPCRおよび制限酵素消化物のnは、ホスト固有のDNAのための蚊吸血をスクリーニングすることによって、ホスト·プ（動物の血液対例えば 、ヒト）を解明するために使用することができる。私たちは、一度に96または384のサンプルについて、単一の多重反応ジェノタイピング33SNPsに上記アッセイの全てを兼ね備えたマルチ検出アッセイ（MDA）を開発した。 MDAは、種、 プラスモディウム検出、およびホスト血液を識別するための複数のマーカーが含まれているので、偽陽性または陰性の発生の可能性が大幅に形質ごとに1つのマーカーを含む、前のアッセイから減少する。この堅牢でシンプルなアッセイは、コスト効率と既存のアッセイの時間の割合は、これらの重要な蚊の特性を検出することができます。

種の同定： サンプルは3種の一つではない場合は、次の5個のSNPは、一緒に、3個のSNP（01073から213、04679から157と10313の3種（A.のarabiensis、AをcoluzziiとA.ハマダラカ ）（ 表4）。識別する-052）を増幅することができない。 殺虫剤抵抗性を推測するためのKDR遺伝子型： パラ電位依存性ナ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Multi-detection Assay for Malaria Transmitting Mosquitoes at JoVE.com

マラリアを媒介する蚊の多重検出アッセイ |生物学 |ビデオ

A Multi-detection Assay for Malaria Transmitting Mosquitoes

Malaria transmitting mosquitoes have a number of epidemiologically important characteristics that can only be detected using molecular techniques. Utilizing a MALDI-TOF based SNP genotyping platform, we developed an assay for simultaneously detecting multiple key traits (species, insecticide resistance, parasite infection and host choice) of malaria vectors.

マラリア蚊。送信のためのマルチ検出分析

The Anopheles gambiae species complex includes the major malaria transmitting mosquitoes in Africa. Because these species are of such medical importance, ...

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13.1K ビュー.  School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis. Malaria transmitting mosquitoes have a number of epidemiologically important characteristics that can only be detected using molecular techniques. Utilizing a MALDI-TOF based SNP genotyping platform, we developed an assay for simultaneously detecting multiple key traits (species, insecticide resistance, parasite infection and host choice) of malaria vectors.

ビデオ: A Multi-detection Assay for Malaria Transmitting Mosquitoes

Protocol for Production of a Genetic Cross of the Rodent Malaria Parasites

Variation in response to antimalarial drugs and in pathogenicity of malaria parasites is of biologic and medical importance. Linkage mapping has led to successful identification of genes or loci underlying various traits in malaria parasites of rodents1-3 and humans4-6. The malaria parasite Plasmodium yoelii is one of many malaria species isolated from wild African rodents and has been adapted to grow in laboratories. This species reproduces many of the biologic characteristics of the human malaria parasites; genetic markers such as microsatellite and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers have also been developed for the parasite7-9. Thus, genetic studies in rodent malaria parasites can be performed to complement research on Plasmodium falciparum. Here, we demonstrate the techniques for producing a genetic cross in P. yoelii that were first pioneered by Drs. David Walliker, Richard Carter, and colleagues at the University of Edinburgh10.

Genetic crosses in P. yoelii and other rodent malaria parasites are conducted by infecting mice Mus musculus with an inoculum containing gametocytes of two genetically distinct clones that differ in phenotypes of interest and by allowing mosquitoes to feed on the infected mice 4 days after infection. The presence of male and female gametocytes in the mouse blood is microscopically confirmed before feeding. Within 48 hrs after feeding, in the midgut of the mosquito, the haploid gametocytes differentiate into male and female gametes, fertilize, and form a diploid zygote (Fig. 1). During development of a zygote into an ookinete, meiosis appears to occur11. If the zygote is derived through cross-fertilization between gametes of the two genetically distinct parasites, genetic exchanges (chromosomal reassortment and cross-overs between the non-sister chromatids of a pair of homologous chromosomes; Fig. 2) may occur, resulting in recombination of genetic material at homologous loci. Each zygote undergoes two successive nuclear divisions, leading to four haploid nuclei. An ookinete further develops into an oocyst. Once the oocyst matures, thousands of sporozoites (the progeny of the cross) are formed and released into mosquito hemoceal. Sporozoites are harvested from the salivary glands and injected into a new murine host, where pre-erythrocytic and erythrocytic stage development takes place. Erythrocytic forms are cloned and classified with regard to the characters distinguishing the parental lines prior to genetic linkage mapping. Control infections of individual parental clones are performed in the same way as the production of a genetic cross.

Genetic crosses of rodent malaria parasites are performed by feeding two genetically distinct parasites to mosquitoes. Recombinant progeny are cloned from mouse blood after allowing mosquitoes to bite infected mice. This video shows how to produce genetic crosses of Plasmodium yoelii and is applicable to other rodent malaria parasites.

げっ歯類のマラリア原虫の遺伝的交雑の生産のためのプロトコル

Variation in response to antimalarial drugs and in pathogenicity of malaria parasites is of biologic and medical importance. Linkage mapping has led to ...

免疫・感染学

Protocol for Plasmodium falciparum Infections in Mosquitoes and Infection Phenotype Determination

Once a gene is identified as potentially refractory for malaria, it must be evaluated for its role in preventing Plasmodium infections within the mosquito.    This protocol illustrates how the extent of plasmodium infections of mosquitoes can be assayed.  The techniques for preparing the gametocyte culture, membrane feeding mosquitoes human blood, and assaying viral titers in the mosquito midgut are demonstrated.

Once a gene is identified as potentially refractory for malaria, it must be evaluated for its role in preventing Plasmodium infections within the mosquito. This protocol illustrates how the extent of plasmodium infections of mosquitoes can be assayed. The techniques for preparing the gametocyte culture, membrane feeding mosquitoes human blood, and assaying viral titers in the mosquito midgut are demonstrated.

蚊と感染症の表現型決定における熱帯熱マラリア原虫の感染症のためのプロトコル

Once a gene is identified as potentially refractory for malaria, it must be evaluated for its role in preventing Plasmodium infections within the ...

生物学

Multiplexed Isothermal Amplification Based Diagnostic Platform to Detect Zika, Chikungunya, and Dengue 1

Zika, dengue, and chikungunya viruses are transmitted by mosquitoes, causing diseases with similar patient symptoms. However, they have different downstream patient-to-patient transmission potentials, and require very different patient treatments. Thus, recent Zika outbreaks make it urgent to develop tools that rapidly discriminate these viruses in patients and trapped mosquitoes, to select the correct patient treatment, and to understand and manage their epidemiology in real time.
Unfortunately, current diagnostic tests, including those receiving 2016 emergency use authorizations and fast-track status, detect viral RNA by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), which requires instrumentation, trained users, and considerable sample preparation. Thus, they must be sent to &#34;approved&#34; reference laboratories, requiring time. Indeed, in August 2016, the Center for Disease Control (CDC) was asking pregnant women who had been bitten by a mosquito and developed a Zika-indicating rash to wait an unacceptable 2 to 4 weeks before learning whether they were infected. We very much need tests that can be done on site, with few resources, and by trained but not necessarily licensed personnel.
This video demonstrates an assay that meets these specifications, working with urine or serum (for patients) or crushed mosquito carcasses (for environmental surveillance), all without much sample preparation. Mosquito carcasses are captured on paper carrying quaternary ammonium groups (Q-paper) followed by ammonia treatment to manage biohazards. These are then directly, without RNA isolation, put into assay tubes containing freeze-dried reagents that need no chain of refrigeration. A modified form of reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification with target-specific fluorescently tagged displaceable probes produces readout, in 30 min, as a three-color fluorescence signal. This is visualized with a handheld, battery-powered device with an orange filter. Forward contamination is prevented with sealed tubes, and the use of thermolabile uracil DNA glycosylase (UDG) in the presence of dUTP in the amplification mixture.

Current multiplexed diagnostics to detect Zika, chikungunya, and dengue viruses require complex sample preparation and expensive instrumentation, and are difficult to use in low resource environments. We show a diagnostic that uses isothermal amplification with target-specific strand displaceable probes to detect and differentiate these viruses with high sensitivity and specificity.

多重等温増幅ベース ジカ、チクングニア ウイルスおよびデング熱 1 を検出する診断プラットフォーム

Zika, dengue, and chikungunya viruses are transmitted by mosquitoes, causing diseases with similar patient symptoms. However, they have different ...

生化学

Detection and Quantification of Plasmodium falciparum in Aqueous Red Blood Cells by Attenuated Total Reflection Infrared Spectroscopy and Multivariate Data Analysis

We demonstrate a method of quantification and detection of parasites in aqueous red blood cells (RBCs) by using a simple benchtop Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectrometer in conjunction with Multivariate Data Analysis (MVDA). 3D7 P. falciparum were cultured to 10% parasitemia ring stage parasites and used to spike fresh donor isolated RBCs to create a dilution series between 0&#8211;1%. 10 &#181;L of each sample were placed onto the center of the ATR diamond window to acquire the spectrum. The sample data was treated to improve the signal to noise ratio and to remove the contribution of water, and then the second derivative was applied to resolve spectral features. The data were then analyzed using two types of MVDA: first Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to determine any outliers and then Partial Least Squares Regression (PLS-R) to build the quantification model.

Detection and Quantification of Plasmodium falciparum in Aqueous Red Blood Cells by Attenuated Total Reflection Infrared Spectroscopy and Multivariate Data Analysis

Here, we present a protocol for the detection and quantification of Plasmodium falciparum in infected aqueous red blood cells using an attenuated total reflection infrared spectrometer and multivariate data analysis.

熱帯熱マラリア原虫減衰全反射赤外分光法と多変量データ解析による水溶液赤い血球での検出と定量

We demonstrate a method of quantification and detection of parasites in aqueous red blood cells (RBCs) by using a simple benchtop Attenuated Total ...

化学

Digital-Droplet PCR to Detect Indels Mutations in Genetically Modified Anopheline Mosquito Populations

Recent advances in mosquito genomics and genetic engineering technologies have fostered a need for quick and efficient methods for detecting targeted DNA sequence variation on a large scale. Specifically, detecting insertions and deletions (indels) at gene-edited sites generated by CRISPR guide RNA (gRNA)/Cas9-mediated non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) is important for assessing the fidelity of the mutagenesis and the frequency of unintended changes. We describe here a protocol for digital-droplet PCR (ddPCR) that is well-suited for high-throughput NHEJ analysis. While this method does not produce data that identifies individual sequence variation, it provides a quantitative estimate of the sequence variation within a population. Additionally, with appropriate resources, this protocol can be implemented in a field-site laboratory setting more easily than next-generation or Sanger sequencing. ddPCR also has a faster turn-around time for results than either of those methods, which allows a more quick and complete analysis of genetic variation in wild populations during field trials of genetically-engineered organisms.

This protocol provides the steps from DNA extraction to experimental set-up for digital droplet PCR (ddPCR), including analysis for the identification and quantification of non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) events at target sites following gRNA-induced Cas9 cleavage and DNA repair. Other uses of this method include applications such as polymorphism detection and gene-editing variant verification.

遺伝子組み換えアノフェリン蚊集団におけるインデル変異を検出するデジタル液滴PCR

Recent advances in mosquito genomics and genetic engineering technologies have fostered a need for quick and efficient methods for detecting targeted DNA ...

遺伝学

Methods to Increase the Sensitivity of High Resolution Melting Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Genotyping in Malaria

Despite decades of eradication efforts, malaria remains a global burden. Recent renewed interest in regional elimination and global eradication has been accompanied by increased genomic information about Plasmodium parasite species responsible for malaria, including characteristics of geographical populations as well as variations associated with reduced susceptibility to anti-malarial drugs.
One common genetic variation, single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), offers attractive targets for parasite genotyping. These markers are useful not only for tracking drug resistance markers but also for tracking parasite populations using markers not under drug or other selective pressures.
SNP genotyping methods offer the ability to track drug resistance as well as to fingerprint individual parasites for population surveillance, particularly in response to malaria control efforts in regions nearing elimination status.
While informative SNPs have been identified that are agnostic to specific genotyping technologies, high-resolution melting (HRM) analysis is particularly suited to field-based studies. Compared to standard fluorescent-probe based methods that require individual SNPs in a single labeled probe and offer at best 10% sensitivity to detect SNPs in samples that contain multiple genomes (polygenomic), HRM offers 2-5% sensitivity. Modifications to HRM, such as blocked probes and asymmetric primer concentrations as well as optimization of amplification annealing temperatures to bias PCR towards amplification of the minor allele, further increase the sensitivity of HRM. While the sensitivity improvement depends on the specific assay, we have increased detection sensitivities to less than 1% of the minor allele.
In regions approaching malaria eradication, early detection of emerging or imported drug resistance is essential for prompt response. Similarly, the ability to detect polygenomic infections and differentiate imported parasite types from cryptic local reservoirs can inform control programs.
This manuscript describes modifications to high resolution melting technology that further increase its sensitivity to identify polygenomic infections in patient samples.

While high resolution melting analysis offers the ability to differentiate between single nucleotide polymorphisms in a heterogeneous population, mutant allele amplification bias can increase its ability to detect alleles present at relatively low percentages within a sample. This protocol describes improvements that improve the sensitivity of high resolution melting analysis.

マラリアに一塩基多型のジェノタイピングを溶融高解像度の感度を上げる方法

Despite decades of eradication efforts, malaria remains a global burden. Recent renewed interest in regional elimination and global eradication has been ...

Phenotypic Analysis of Rodent Malaria Parasite Asexual and Sexual Blood Stages and Mosquito Stages

Recent advances in genetics and systems biology technologies have promoted our understanding of the biology of malaria parasites on the molecular level. However, effective malaria parasite targets for vaccine and chemotherapy development are still limited. This is largely due to the unavailability of relevant and practical in vivo infection models for human Plasmodium species, most notably for P.&#160;falciparum and P. vivax. Therefore, rodent malaria species have been extensively used as practical alternative in vivo models for malaria vaccine, drug targeting, immune response, and functional characterization studies of conserved Plasmodiumspp. genes. Indeed, rodent malaria models have proven to be invaluable, especially for exploring mosquito transmission and liver stage biology, and were indispensable for immunological studies. However, there are discrepancies in the methods used to evaluate the phenotypes of transgenic and wild-type asexual and sexual blood-stage parasites.&#160;Examples of these discrepancies are the choice of an intravenous vs. intraperitoneal infection of rodents with blood-stage parasites and the evaluation of male gamete exflagellation. Herein, we detail standardized experimental methods to evaluate the phenotypes of asexual and sexual blood stages in transgenic parasites expressing reporter-gene or wild-type rodent malaria parasite species. We also detail the methods to evaluate the phenotypes of malaria parasite mosquito stages (gametes, ookinetes, oocysts, and sporozoites) inside Anopheles mosquito vectors. These methods are detailed and simplified here for the lethal and non-lethal strains of P. berghei and P. yoelii but can also be applied with some adjustments to P. chabaudi and P. vinckei rodent malaria species.

Due to the striking similarities of the life cycle and biology of rodent malaria parasites to human malaria parasites, rodent malaria models have become indispensable for malaria research. Herein, we standardized some of the most important techniques used in the phenotypic analysis of wild-type and transgenic rodent malaria species.

げっ歯類マラリア寄生虫の現象分析無性および性的血液段階と蚊の段階

Recent advances in genetics and systems biology technologies have promoted our understanding of the biology of malaria parasites on the molecular level. ...

Vector Competence Analyses on Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes using Zika Virus

The procedures presented describe a generalized methodology to infect Aedes aegypti mosquitoes with Zika virus under laboratory conditions to determine the rate of infection, disseminated infection, and potential transmission of the virus in the mosquito population in question. These procedures are widely utilized with various modifications in vector competence evaluations globally. They are important in determining the potential role that a given mosquito (i.e., species, population, individual) may play in the transmission of a given agent.

Vector Competence Analyses on Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes using Zika Virus

The presented protocol can determine the vector competence of Aedes aegypti mosquito populations for a given virus, such as Zika, in a containment setting.

ジカウイルスを用いた Aedes aegypti蚊の ベクターコンピテンス分析

The procedures presented describe a generalized methodology to infect Aedes aegypti mosquitoes with Zika virus under laboratory conditions to determine ...

Standard Membrane Feeding Assay for the Detection of Plasmodium falciparum Infection in Anopheles Mosquito Vectors

Malaria remains one of the most devastating diseases worldwide and, to date, the African region is still responsible for 94% of all cases worldwide. This parasitic disease requires a protozoan parasite, an Anopheles mosquito vector, and a vertebrate host. The Anopheles genus comprises more than 500 species, of which 60 are known as vectors of the parasite. The Plasmodium parasite genus consists of 250 species, and 48 of these are involved in disease transmission. Furthermore, the Plasmodium falciparum parasite has contributed toward an estimated 99.7% of malaria cases in sub-Saharan Africa in recent years. 
Gametocytes form part of the sexual stage of the parasite and are ingested by the female mosquito upon feeding on an infected human host. Further development of the parasite within the mosquito is enhanced by favorable environmental conditions in the midgut of the mosquito. Here, the fusion of the female and male gametes takes place, and the motile ookinetes originate. The ookinetes enter the midgut epithelium of the mosquito, and mature ookinetes form oocysts, which, in turn, produce motile sporozoites. These sporozoites migrate to the mosquito's salivary glands and are injected as a mosquito takes a blood meal. 
For drug discovery purposes, mosquitoes were artificially infected with gametocyte-infected blood in the standard membrane feeding assay (SMFA). To detect infection within the mosquito and/or to assess the efficacy of antimalarial compounds, the midguts of the female mosquitoes were removed post infection and were stained with mercurochrome. This method was used to enhance the visual detection of oocysts under the microscope for the accurate determination of oocyst prevalence and intensity.

Standard Membrane Feeding Assay for the Detection of Plasmodium falciparum Infection in Anopheles Mosquito Vectors

The standard membrane feeding assay (SMFA) is regarded as the gold standard for the assessment and identification of potential antimalarial compounds. This artificial feeding system is used to infect mosquitoes to further evaluate the effects of such compounds on the intensity and prevalence of the Plasmodium falciparum parasite.

ハマダラカ媒介動物における熱帯熱マラリア原虫感染の検出のための標準的な膜摂食アッセイ

Malaria remains one of the most devastating diseases worldwide and, to date, the African region is still responsible for 94% of all cases worldwide. This ...

Detection of Plasmodium Sporozoites in Anopheles Mosquitoes using an Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

Plasmodium sporozoites are the infective stage of malaria parasites that infect humans. The sporozoites residing in the salivary glands of female Anopheles mosquitoes are transmitted to humans via mosquito bites during blood feeding. The presence of sporozoites in the mosquito salivary glands thus defines mosquito infectiousness. To determine whether an Anopheles mosquito carries Plasmodium sporozoites, the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method has been the standard tool to detect the Plasmodium circumsporozoite protein (CSP), the major surface protein of the sporozoites. In this method, the head along with the thorax of each mosquito is separated from the abdomen, homogenized, and subjected to a sandwich ELISA to detect the presence of CSP specific to Plasmodium falciparum and each of the two subtypes, VK210 and VK247, of Plasmodium vivax.This method has been used to study malaria transmission, including the seasonal dynamics of mosquito infection and the species of the major malaria vectors in the study sites.

Detection of Plasmodium Sporozoites in Anopheles Mosquitoes using an Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

This protocol describes a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect salivary gland sporozoites in mosquitoes. Using easily available monoclonal antibodies, the method enables cost-effective, high-throughput detection of mosquitoes carrying Plasmodium falciparum or Plasmodium vivax. The method is suitable for malaria transmission research, including vector surveys.

マラリア蚊。送信のためのマルチ検出分析

要約

さらに動画を探す

げっ歯類のマラリア原虫の遺伝的交雑の生産のためのプロトコル

蚊と感染症の表現型決定における熱帯熱マラリア原虫の感染症のためのプロトコル

多重等温増幅ベースジカ、チクングニアウイルスおよびデング熱 1 を検出する診断プラットフォーム

熱帯熱マラリア原虫減衰全反射赤外分光法と多変量データ解析による水溶液赤い血球での検出と定量

遺伝子組み換えアノフェリン蚊集団におけるインデル変異を検出するデジタル液滴PCR

マラリアに一塩基多型のジェノタイピングを溶融高解像度の感度を上げる方法

げっ歯類マラリア寄生虫の現象分析無性および性的血液段階と蚊の段階

ジカウイルスを用いた Aedes aegypti蚊のベクターコンピテンス分析

ハマダラカ媒介動物における熱帯熱マラリア原虫感染の検出のための標準的な膜摂食アッセイ

酵素結合免疫吸着アッセイを用いたハマダラカ蚊におけるマラリア原虫スポロゾイトの検出

マラリア蚊。送信のためのマルチ検出分析

要約

さらに動画を探す

げっ歯類のマラリア原虫の遺伝的交雑の生産のためのプロトコル

蚊と感染症の表現型決定における熱帯熱マラリア原虫の感染症のためのプロトコル

多重等温増幅ベース ジカ、チクングニア ウイルスおよびデング熱 1 を検出する診断プラットフォーム

熱帯熱マラリア原虫減衰全反射赤外分光法と多変量データ解析による水溶液赤い血球での検出と定量

遺伝子組み換えアノフェリン蚊集団におけるインデル変異を検出するデジタル液滴PCR

マラリアに一塩基多型のジェノタイピングを溶融高解像度の感度を上げる方法

げっ歯類マラリア寄生虫の現象分析無性および性的血液段階と蚊の段階

ジカウイルスを用いた Aedes aegypti蚊の ベクターコンピテンス分析

ハマダラカ媒介動物における熱帯熱マラリア原虫感染の検出のための標準的な膜摂食アッセイ

酵素結合免疫吸着アッセイを用いたハマダラカ蚊におけるマラリア原虫スポロゾイトの検出

多重等温増幅ベースジカ、チクングニアウイルスおよびデング熱 1 を検出する診断プラットフォーム

ジカウイルスを用いた Aedes aegypti蚊のベクターコンピテンス分析