Name: enhanced crosslinking immunoprecipitation (eclip) method for efficient identification of protein-bound rna in mouse testis
Uploaded: 2019-05-10T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Enhanced Crosslinking Immunoprecipitation eCLIP Method for Efficient Identification of Protein-bound RNA in Mouse Testis at JoVE.com

We thank Eric L Van Nostrand and Gene W Yeo for helpful guidance with the original protocol. K.Z. was supported by National Key R&#38;D Program of China (2016YFA0500902, 2018YFC1003500), and National Natural Science Foundation of China (31771653). L.Y. was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (81471502, 31871503) and Innovative and Entrepreneurial Program of Jiangsu Province.

All performed animal experiments have been approved by the Nanjing Medical University committee. Male C57BL/6 mice were kept under controlled photoperiod conditions and were supplied with food and water.
1. Tissue Harvesting and UV Crosslinking
<ol>
	<li>Euthanize 2 adult mice using carbon dioxide (CO2) for 1-2 min or until breathing stops. Next, perform cervical dislocation on each mouse.</li>
	<li>Harvest about 100 mg of testes from mice of appropriate age (one adult testis in t...

<ol>
	<li>Turner, J. M., Mahadevaiah, S. K., Ellis, P. J., Mitchell, M. J., Burgoyne, P. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pachytene+asynapsis+drives+meiotic+sex+chromosome+inactivation+and+leads+to+substantial+postmeiotic+repression+in+spermatids.">Pachytene asynapsis drives meiotic sex chromosome inactivation and leads to substantial postmeiotic repression in spermatids.</a> Developmental Cell. 10 (4), 521-529 (2006).</li><li>Turner, J. M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Meiotic+sex+chromosome+inactivation.">Meiotic sex chromosome inactivation.</a> Development. 134 (10), 1823-1831 (2007).</li><li>Kimmins, S., Sassone-Corsi, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chromatin+remodelling+and+epigenetic+features+of+germ+cells.">Chromatin remodelling and epigenetic features of germ cells.</a> Nature. 434 (7033), 583-589 (2005).</li><li>Ule, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CLIP+identifies+Nova-regulated+RNA+networks+in+the+brain.">CLIP identifies Nova-regulated RNA networks in the brain.</a> Science. 302 (5648), 1212-1215 (2003).</li><li>Ule, J., Jensen, K., Mele, A., Darnell, R. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CLIP:+a+method+for+identifying+protein-RNA+interaction+sites+in+living+cells.">CLIP: a method for identifying protein-RNA interaction sites in living cells.</a> Methods. 37 (4), 376-386 (2005).</li><li>Trifillis, P., Day, N., Kiledjian, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Finding+the+right+RNA:+identification+of+cellular+mRNA+substrates+for+RNA-binding+proteins.">Finding the right RNA: identification of cellular mRNA substrates for RNA-binding proteins.</a> RNA. 5 (8), 1071-1082 (1999).</li><li>Tenenbaum, S. A., Carson, C. C., Lager, P. J., Keene, J. 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B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Argonaute+HITS-CLIP+decodes+microRNA-mRNA+interaction+maps.">Argonaute HITS-CLIP decodes microRNA-mRNA interaction maps.</a> Nature. 460 (7254), 479-486 (2009).</li><li>Zheng, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mouse+MOV10L1+associates+with+Piwi+proteins+and+is+an+essential+component+of+the+Piwi-interacting+RNA+(piRNA)+pathway.">Mouse MOV10L1 associates with Piwi proteins and is an essential component of the Piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA) pathway.</a> Proceedings of National Acadamy of Sciences U S A. 107 (26), 11841-11846 (2010).</li><li>Gregersen, L. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MOV10+Is+a+5'+to+3'+RNA+helicase+contributing+to+UPF1+mRNA+target+degradation+by+translocation+along+3'+UTRs.">MOV10 Is a 5' to 3' RNA helicase contributing to UPF1 mRNA target degradation by translocation along 3' UTRs.</a> Molecular Cell. 54 (4), 573-585 (2014).</li><li>Banerjee, S., Neveu, P., Kosik, K. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+coordinated+local+translational+control+point+at+the+synapse+involving+relief+from+silencing+and+MOV10+degradation.">A coordinated local translational control point at the synapse involving relief from silencing and MOV10 degradation.</a> Neuron. 64 (6), 871-884 (2009).</li><li>Choi, J., Hwang, S. Y., Ahn, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interplay+between+RNASEH2+and+MOV10+controls+LINE-1+retrotransposition.">Interplay between RNASEH2 and MOV10 controls LINE-1 retrotransposition.</a> Nucleic Acids Research. 46 (4), 1912-1926 (2018).</li><li>Goodier, J. L., Cheung, L. E., Kazazian, H. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MOV10+RNA+helicase+is+a+potent+inhibitor+of+retrotransposition+in+cells.">MOV10 RNA helicase is a potent inhibitor of retrotransposition in cells.</a> PLoS Genetics. 8 (10), e1002941 (2012).</li><li>Haussecker, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Capped+small+RNAs+and+MOV10+in+human+hepatitis+delta+virus+replication.">Capped small RNAs and MOV10 in human hepatitis delta virus replication.</a> Nature Structural &amp; Molecular Biology. 15 (7), 714-721 (2008).</li><li>Kenny, P. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MOV10+and+FMRP+regulate+AGO2+association+with+microRNA+recognition+elements.">MOV10 and FMRP regulate AGO2 association with microRNA recognition elements.</a> Cell Reports. 9 (5), 1729-1741 (2014).</li><li>Messaoudi-Aubert, S. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+for+the+MOV10+RNA+helicase+in+Polycomb-mediated+repression+of+the+INK4a+tumor+suppressor.">Role for the MOV10 RNA helicase in Polycomb-mediated repression of the INK4a tumor suppressor.</a> Nature Structural &amp; Molecular Biology. 17 (7), 862-868 (2010).</li><li>Sievers, C., Schlumpf, T., Sawarkar, R., Comoglio, F., Paro, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mixture+models+and+wavelet+transforms+reveal+high+confidence+RNA-protein+interaction+sites+in+MOV10+PAR-CLIP+data.">Mixture models and wavelet transforms reveal high confidence RNA-protein interaction sites in MOV10 PAR-CLIP data.</a> Nucleic Acids Research. 40 (20), e160 (2012).</li><li>Skariah, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mov10+suppresses+retroelements+and+regulates+neuronal+development+and+function+in+the+developing+brain.">Mov10 suppresses retroelements and regulates neuronal development and function in the developing brain.</a> BMC Biology. 15 (1), 54 (2017).</li><li>Zheng, K., Wang, P. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Blockade+of+pachytene+piRNA+biogenesis+reveals+a+novel+requirement+for+maintaining+post-meiotic+germline+genome+integrity.">Blockade of pachytene piRNA biogenesis reveals a novel requirement for maintaining post-meiotic germline genome integrity.</a> PLoS Genetics. 8 (11), e1003038 (2012).</li><li>Vourekas, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+RNA+helicase+MOV10L1+binds+piRNA+precursors+to+initiate+piRNA+processing.">The RNA helicase MOV10L1 binds piRNA precursors to initiate piRNA processing.</a> Genes &amp; Development. 29 (6), 617-629 (2015).</li><li>Hocq, R., Paternina, J., Alasseur, Q., Genovesio, A., Le Hir, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Monitored+eCLIP:+high+accuracy+mapping+of+RNA-protein+interactions.">Monitored eCLIP: high accuracy mapping of RNA-protein interactions.</a> Nucleic Acids Research. 46 (21), 11553-11565 (2018).</li><li>Huppertz, I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=iCLIP:+protein-RNA+interactions+at+nucleotide+resolution.">iCLIP: protein-RNA interactions at nucleotide resolution.</a> Methods. 65 (3), 274-287 (2014).</li><li>Hafner, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcriptome-wide+identification+of+RNA-binding+protein+and+microRNA+target+sites+by+PAR-CLIP.">Transcriptome-wide identification of RNA-binding protein and microRNA target sites by PAR-CLIP.</a> Cell. 141 (1), 129-141 (2010).</li><li>Hafner, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=PAR-CliP--a+method+to+identify+transcriptome-wide+the+binding+sites+of+RNA+binding+proteins.">PAR-CliP--a method to identify transcriptome-wide the binding sites of RNA binding proteins.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (41), (2010).</li><li>Konig, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=iCLIP+reveals+the+function+of+hnRNP+particles+in+splicing+at+individual+nucleotide+resolution.">iCLIP reveals the function of hnRNP particles in splicing at individual nucleotide resolution.</a> Nature Structural &amp; Molecular Biology. 17 (7), 909-915 (2010).</li><li>Konig, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=iCLIP--transcriptome-wide+mapping+of+protein-RNA+interactions+with+individual+nucleotide+resolution.">iCLIP--transcriptome-wide mapping of protein-RNA interactions with individual nucleotide resolution.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (50), (2011).</li><li>Maticzka, D., Ilik, I. A., Aktas, T., Backofen, R., Akhtar, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=uvCLAP+is+a+fast+and+non-radioactive+method+to+identify+in+vivo+targets+of+RNA-binding+proteins.">uvCLAP is a fast and non-radioactive method to identify in vivo targets of RNA-binding proteins.</a> Nature Communications. 9 (1), 1142 (2018).</li><li>Van Nostrand, E. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Robust+transcriptome-wide+discovery+of+RNA-binding+protein+binding+sites+with+enhanced+CLIP+(eCLIP).">Robust transcriptome-wide discovery of RNA-binding protein binding sites with enhanced CLIP (eCLIP).</a> Nature Methods. 13 (6), 508-514 (2016).</li><li>Radulovich, N., Leung, L., Tsao, M. 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With increasing understanding of the universal role of RBPs under both biological and pathological contexts, the CLIP methods have been widely utilized to reveal the molecular function of RBPs20,32,33,34,35. The protocol described here represents an adapted application of the eCLIP method to mouse testis.
One challenge in performing...

Mammalian testis represents an excellent developmental model wherein an intricate cell differentiation program runs cyclically to yield numerous spermatozoa. An unique value of this model lies in the emergence of transcriptional inactivation at certain stages of spermatogenesis, typically when meiotic sex chromosome inactivation (MSCI) occurs1,2 and when round spermatids undergo drastic nuclear compaction during spermiogenesis3. These inconsecutive transcriptional events necessitate post-transcriptional gene regulation, in which RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) play a crucial role, shaping transcriptome and maintaining male fertility.
To identify the bona fide RNA targets of an individual RBP in vivo, the crosslinking immunoprecipitation (CLIP) method was developed4,5, based on but beyond the regular RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP)6,7, by incorporation of key steps including ultraviolet (UV) crosslinking, stringent wash and gel transfer to improve signal specificity. The advanced application of the CLIP combined with high-throughput sequencing has provoked large interest in profiling protein-RNA interaction at genome-wide levels8. In addition to genetic studies on RBP function, such biochemical methods that identify the direct interplay of endogenous protein and RNA have been indispensable to accurately elucidate the RNA regulatory roles of RBPs. For example, MOV10L1 is a testis-specific RNA helicase required for male fertility and the Piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA) biogenesis9. Its paralogue MOV10 is known as a ubiquitously expressed and multifunctional RNA helicase with roles in multiple aspects of RNA biology10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18. By employing the conventional CLIP-seq, we found that MOV10L1 binds and regulates primary piRNA precursors to initiate early piRNA processing19,20, and that MOV10 binds mRNA 3&#39; UTRs and as well as noncoding RNA species in testicular germ cells (data not shown).
Nevertheless, CLIP is originally a laborious, radioactive procedure followed by sequencing library preparation with a remarkable loss of CLIP tags. In the conventional CLIP, a cDNA library is prepared using adapters ligated at both RNA extremities. After protein digestion, crosslinked short polypeptides remain attached to RNA fragments. This crosslinking mark partially blocks reverse transcriptase (RTase) progression during cDNA synthesis, resulting in truncated cDNAs which represent about 80% of the cDNA library21,22. Thus, only cDNA fragments resulting from RTase bypassing the crosslinking site (read-through) are sequenced. Recently, various CLIP approaches, such as PAR-CLIP, iCLIP, eCLIP and uvCLAP, have been employed to identify crosslink sites of RBPs in living cells. PAR-CLIP involves the application of 365 nm UV radiation and photoactivatable nucleotide analogs and is therefore exclusive to in-culturing living cells, and incorporation of nucleoside analogs into newly synthesized transcripts is prone to producing bias where RNA physically interacts with protein23,24. In iCLIP, only a single adapter is ligated to the 3&#39; extremity of crosslinked RNA fragments. After reverse transcription (RT), both truncated and read-through cDNAs are obtained by intramolecularly circularization and re-linearization followed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification25,26. However, the efficiency of intramolecular circularization is relatively low. Although older CLIP protocols need labeling of crosslinked RNA with a radioisotope, ultraviolet crosslinking and affinity purification (uvCLAP), with a process of stringent tandem affinity purification, does not rely on radioactivity27. Nevertheless, uvCLAP is limited to cultured cells that must be transfected with the expression vector carrying the 3x FLAG-HBH tag for tandem affinity purification.
In eCLIP, adapters were ligated first at the 3&#39; extremity of RNA followed by RT, and next at the 3&#39; extremity of cDNAs in an intermolecular mode. Hence, eCLIP is able to capture all truncated and read-through cDNA28. Also, it is neither restricted to radioactive labeling, nor to using cell lines based on its principle, while maintaining single-nucleotide resolution.
Here, we provide a step-by-step description of an eCLIP protocol adapted for mouse testis. Briefly, this eCLIP protocol starts with UV crosslinking of testicular tubules, followed by partial RNase digestion and immunoprecipitation using a protein-specific antibody. Next, the protein-bound RNA is dephosphorylated, and adapter is ligated to its 3&#39; end.&#160;After protein gel electrophoresis and gel-to-membrane transfer, RNA is isolated by cutting the membrane area of an expected size range. After RT, DNA adapter is ligated to the 3&#39; end of cDNA followed by PCR amplification. Screening of subclones prior to high-throughput sequencing is taken as a library quality control. This protocol is efficient at identifying major species of protein-bound RNA of RBPs, exemplified by the two testis-expressing RNA helicases MOV10L1 and MOV10.

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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Antibodies</td>
			<td style="width:180px;"></td>
			<td style="width:171px;"></td>
			<td style="width:224px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:229px;">Anti-mouse MOV10&#160; antibody</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Proteintech, China</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">10370-1-AP</td>
			<td style="width:224px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="48">
			<td height="48" style="height:48px;width:229px;">Anti-mouse MOV10L1 antibody</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Zheng et al.20109</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">polyclonal antisera UP2175</td>
			<td style="width:224px;">provided by P. Jeremy Wang lab&#65288;University of Pennsylvania&#65289;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">HRP Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">ABclonal</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">AS014</td>
			<td style="width:224px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Rabbit IgG</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Beyotime, China</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">A7016</td>
			<td style="width:224px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:180px;"></td>
			<td style="width:171px;"></td>
			<td style="width:224px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:229px;">Centrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">5242R</td>
			<td style="width:224px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Digital sonifier</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">BRANSON,USA</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">BBV12081048A</td>
			<td style="width:224px;">450 Watts; 50/60 HZ</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">DynaMag-2 Magnet</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Invitrogen,USA</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">12321D</td>
			<td style="width:224px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Mini Blot Module</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Invitrogen,USA</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">B1000</td>
			<td style="width:224px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Mini Gel Tank</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Invitrogen,USA</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">A25977</td>
			<td style="width:224px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Shaking incubator</td>
			<td>Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany</td>
			<td>Thermomixer comfort&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:224px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="38">
			<td height="38" style="height:39px;">Tissue Grinder, Dounce</td>
			<td>PYREX, USA</td>
			<td>1234F35</td>
			<td style="width:224px;">only&#160; the &#34;loose&#34; pestle is used in this protocol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:229px;">TProfessional standard 96 Gradient</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Biometra, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">serial no.: 2604323</td>
			<td style="width:224px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Tube Revolver&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Crystal, USA</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">serial no.: 3406051</td>
			<td style="width:224px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">UV-light cross-linker</td>
			<td>UVP, USA</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">CL-1000</td>
			<td style="width:224px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Materials</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:171px;"></td>
			<td style="width:224px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">TC-treated Culture Dish</td>
			<td>Corning, USA</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">430167</td>
			<td style="width:224px;">100 mm&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Tubes</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Corning, USA</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">430791</td>
			<td style="width:224px;">15 mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Microtubes tubes</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">AXYGEN , USA</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">MCT-150-C</td>
			<td style="width:224px;">1.5 mL&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Reagents&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:180px;"></td>
			<td style="width:171px;"></td>
			<td style="width:224px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="62">
			<td height="62" style="height:62px;width:229px;">Acid phenol/chloroform/isoamyl alcohol&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Solarbio, China</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">P1011</td>
			<td style="width:224px;">25:24:01</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">AffinityScript Enzyme</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Agilent, USA</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">600107</td>
			<td style="width:224px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Antioxidant</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Invitrogen,USA</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">NP0005</td>
			<td style="width:224px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="65">
			<td height="65" style="height:65px;width:229px;">DH5&#945; competent bacteria</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Thermo Scientific, USA</td>
			<td>18265017</td>
			<td style="width:224px;">these economical cells yield &#62;1 x 106 transformants/&#181;g control DNA per 50 &#181;L reaction.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">DMSO</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Sigma-Aldrich, USA</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">D8418</td>
			<td style="width:224px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">DNA Ladder</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Invitrogen, USA</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">10416014</td>
			<td style="width:224px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">dNTP</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Sigma-Aldrich, USA</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">DNTP100-1KT</td>
			<td style="width:224px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dynabeads Protein A&#160;</td>
			<td>Invitrogen, USA</td>
			<td>10002D</td>
			<td style="width:224px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">ECL reagent</td>
			<td>Vazyme, China</td>
			<td>E411-04</td>
			<td style="width:224px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">EDTA</td>
			<td>Invitrogen, USA</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">AM9260G</td>
			<td style="width:224px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:229px;">EDTA free protease inhibitor cocktail</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Roche, USA</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">04693132001</td>
			<td style="width:224px;">add fresh</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Exo-SAP-IT</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Affymetrix, USA</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">78201</td>
			<td style="width:224px;">PCR Product Cleanup Reagent&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">FastAP enzyme</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Thermo Scientific, USA</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">EF0652</td>
			<td style="width:224px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">LDS Sample Buffer</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Thermo Scientific, USA</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">NP0007</td>
			<td style="width:224px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">MetaPhor Agarose&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">lonza, Switzerland</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">50180</td>
			<td style="width:224px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:229px;">MgCl2</td>
			<td>Invitrogen, USA</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">AM9530G</td>
			<td style="width:224px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="66">
			<td height="66" style="height:66px;width:229px;">MiniElute gel Extraction</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">QIAGEN, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">28604</td>
			<td style="width:224px;">column store at 4 &#8451;; buffer QG=gel dissolving buffer; buffer PE= wash buffer(for step 14)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">MyONE Silane beads</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Thermo Scientific, USA</td>
			<td>37002D</td>
			<td style="width:224px;">nucleic acids extraction magnetic beads</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">NaCl</td>
			<td>Invitrogen,USA</td>
			<td>AM9759 
			&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:224px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">NP-40</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Amresco, USA</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">M158-500ML</td>
			<td style="width:224px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">NuPAGE Bis-Tris Protein Gels</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Invitrogen, USA</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">NP0336BOX</td>
			<td style="width:224px;">4%&#8211;12%,1.5 mm, 15-well</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">NuPAGE MOPS SDS Buffer Kit&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Invitrogen, USA</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">NP0050</td>
			<td style="width:224px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">PBS</td>
			<td>Gibco, USA</td>
			<td>10010023</td>
			<td style="width:224px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:229px;">Phase-Locked Gel (PLG) heavy tube&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">TIANGEN, China</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">WM5-2302831</td>
			<td style="width:224px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:229px;">PowerUp SYBR Green Master Mix</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Applied Biosystems, USA</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">A25742</td>
			<td style="width:224px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">proteinase K</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">NEB, New England&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">P8107S</td>
			<td style="width:224px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Q5 PCR master mix&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">NEB, New England&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">M0492L</td>
			<td style="width:224px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">RLT buffer</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">QIAGEN, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">79216</td>
			<td style="width:224px;">RNA purification lysis buffer&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:229px;">RNA Clean &#38; Concentrator-5 columns&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">ZYMO RESEARCH, USA</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">R1016</td>
			<td style="width:224px;">RNA purification and concentration columns</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">RNase I&#160;</td>
			<td>Invitrogen, USA</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">AM2295</td>
			<td style="width:224px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">RNase Inhibitor</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Promega, USA</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">N251B</td>
			<td style="width:224px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">RQ1 DNase</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Promega,USA</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">M610A</td>
			<td style="width:224px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Sample Reducing Agent</td>
			<td>Invitrogen,USA</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">NP0009</td>
			<td style="width:224px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">SDS Solution</td>
			<td>Invitrogen, USA</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">15553027</td>
			<td style="width:224px;">10%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Sodium deoxycholate</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Sigma-Aldrich, USA</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">30970</td>
			<td style="width:224px;">protect from light</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">T4 PNK enzyme</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">NEB, New England&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">M0201L</td>
			<td style="width:224px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">T4 RNA ligase 1 high conc</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">NEB, New England&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">M0437M</td>
			<td style="width:224px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">TA/Blunt-Zero Cloning Mix</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Vazyme, China</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">C601-01</td>
			<td style="width:224px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">TBE</td>
			<td>Invitrogen,USA</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">AM9863</td>
			<td style="width:224px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Tris-HCI Buffer</td>
			<td>Invitrogen, USA</td>
			<td>15567027</td>
			<td style="width:224px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Triton X-100</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Sangon Biotech, China</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">A600198&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:224px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Tween-20</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Sangon Biotech, China</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">A600560</td>
			<td style="width:224px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Urea</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Sigma-Aldrich, USA</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">U5378</td>
			<td style="width:224px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">X-ray Films</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Caresteam, Canada</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">6535876</td>
			<td style="width:224px;"></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

enhanced crosslinking immunoprecipitation (eclip) method for efficient identification of protein-bound rna in mouse testis

Spermatogenesis defines a highly ordered process of male germ cell differentiation in mammals. In testis, transcription and translation are uncoupled, underlining the importance of post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression orchestrated by RBPs. To elucidate mechanistic roles of an RBP, crosslinking immunoprecipitation (CLIP) methodology can be used to capture its endogenous direct RNA targets and define the actual interaction sites. The enhanced CLIP (eCLIP) is a newly-developed method that offers several advantages over the conventional CLIPs. However, the use of eCLIP has so far been limited to cell lines, calling for expanded applications. Here, we employed eCLIP to study MOV10 and MOV10L1, two known RNA-binding helicases, in mouse testis. As expected, we find that MOV10 predominantly binds to 3' untranslated regions (UTRs) of mRNA and MOV10L1 selectively binds to Piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA) precursor transcripts. Our eCLIP method allows fast determination of major RNA species bound by various RBPs via small-scale sequencing of subclones and thus availability of qualified libraries, as a warrant for proceeding with deep sequencing. This study establishes an applicable basis for eCLIP in mammalian testis.

The eCLIP procedure and results are illustrated in Figure 1, Figure 2, Figure 3, Figure 4. Mice were euthanized with carbon dioxide and a small incision was made in the lower abdomen using surgical scissors (Figure 2A,B). Mo...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Enhanced Crosslinking Immunoprecipitation eCLIP Method for Efficient Identification of Protein-bound RNA in Mouse Testis at JoVE.com

Enhanced Crosslinking Immunoprecipitation eCLIP Method for Efficient Identification of Protein-bound RNA in Mouse Testis

Here, we present an eCLIP protocol to determine major RNA targets of RBP candidates in testis.

Enhanced Crosslinking Immunoprecipitation (eCLIP) Method for Efficient Identification of Protein-bound RNA in Mouse Testis

Spermatogenesis defines a highly ordered process of male germ cell differentiation in mammals. In testis, transcription and translation are uncoupled, ...

RNA-binding proteins are essential to cellular physiology. Importantly, the RBP are highly expressed throughout spermatogenesis and have been well-documented as essential post-transcriptional regulators during all stages of germ cells. Identification of binding targets is critical to elucidate the mechanistic roles of RBP.This protocol represents an adapted application of eCLIP method to capture endogenous direct RNA targets and establishes an applicable basis for eCLIP in mammalian testis. The main advantage of this method is that it is non-radioactive, less time-intensive, and provides a stronger signal-to-noise ratio because the size-matched input will serve as an appropriate background for authentic targets. Lastly, we think that small-scale sequencing of subclones are useful to following deep sequencing.Demonstrating the procedure will be Xu Qiushi, my colleague. To begin this procedure, harvest about 100 milligrams of testes from mice of appropriate age for each immunoprecipitation experiment. Place the tissues in ice-cold PBS.Using a pair of fine-tipped tweezers, gently remove the tunica albuginea. Add three milliliters of ice-cold PBS to a tissue grinder, and use a loose glass pestle to triturate the tissue by mild mechanical force. Next, transfer the tissue suspension to a cell culture dish, and add ice-cold PBS up to six milliliters.Shake the plate quickly so that liquid covers the bottom of the dish evenly. Crosslink the suspension on ice three times with 400 millijoules per centimeter squared at 254 nanometers. Make sure to mix the suspension between each irradiation.Then, collect the suspension in a 15-milliliter conical tube, and centrifuge at 1, 200 times g and at four degrees for five minutes. Remove the supernatant, and resuspend the pellet in one milliliter of PBS. After this, transfer the suspension to a 1.5-milliliter centrifuge tube.Centrifuge at 1, 000 times g and at four degrees Celsius for two minutes, and discard the supernatant. First, add 125 microliters of protein A magnetic beads per sample to a fresh centrifuge tube. Place the tube on the magnet to separate the beads from the solution.After 10 seconds, remove the supernatant, and wash the beads twice with one milliliter of ice-cold lysis buffer. Resuspend the beads in 100 microliters of cold lysis buffer with 10 micrograms of eCLIP antibody. Rotate the tubes at room temperature for 45 minutes.Then, wash the beads twice with one milliliter of ice-cold lysis buffer. To begin, resuspend the tissue pellets in one milliliter of cold lysis buffer containing 22 microliters of 50x EDTA-free protein inhibitor cocktail and 11 microliters of RNase inhibitor. Keep lysing the samples on ice for 15 minutes.Sonicate each sample as outlined in the text protocol. Next, add four microliters of DNase to each tube and mix well. Incubate at 37 degrees Celsius for 10 minutes while shaking at 1, 200 rpm.After this, add 10 microliters of diluted RNase and mix well. Incubate at 37 degrees Celsius for five minutes while shaking at 1, 200 rpm. Then, centrifuge at 15, 000 times g and at four degrees Celsius for 20 minutes to clear the lysate.Carefully collect the supernatant, and save input samples for RWB and RRI samples. First, add one milliliter of the lysate to the prepared beads, and rotate the samples at four degrees Celsius for either two hours or overnight. After this, collect the beads with a magnetic stand, and discard the supernatant.Wash the beads twice with 900 microliters of high-salt buffer, and then wash the beads twice with 900 microliters of wash buffer. Then, wash the beads once with 500 microliters of 1x dephosphorylation buffer. First, discard the supernatant, and use fine pipette tips to remove any residual liquid.Add 25 microliters of three-prime ligation master mix to each sample, and carefully pipette to mix. Add 2.5 microliters of RNA adapter X1A and 2.5 microliters of RNA adapter X1B to each sample. Mix carefully by pipetting or flicking.Incubate at 25 degrees Celsius for 75 minutes, making sure to flick the tube to mix every 10 minutes. Wash the beads once with 500 microliters of cold wash buffer. Next, wash the beads once with 500 microliters of cold high-salt buffer and then with 500 microliters of cold wash buffer.Repeat both of these washes once more. Magnetically separate the beads, and use fine pipette tips to remove any residual liquid. Resuspend the beads in 100 microliters of cold wash buffer, and move 20 microliters to new tubes as RWB samples.Add 7.5 microliters of 4x LDS sample buffer and three microliters of 10x sample reducing agent to the remaining samples. Incubate at 70 degrees Celsius for 10 minutes while shaking at 1, 200 rpm. After this, cool the samples on ice for one minute, and centrifuge at 1, 000 times g and at four degrees Celsius for one minute.For RWB gel, place tubes on a magnet, and separate protein eluate from the beads. Load 15 microliters of sample into each well. Next, add 500 microliters of antioxidant to 500 milliliters of 1x SDS running buffer.Run the gel at 200 volts, 1x SDS running buffer for 50 minutes or until the dye front is at the bottom. Transfer the protein-RNA complexes from the gel to a nitrocellulose membrane at 10 volts for 70 minutes in 1x transfer buffer with 10%methanol. Block the RWB membrane in 5%milk in TBST at room temperature for one hour.Rinse the membrane in TBST, and incubate with primary antibody in TBST overnight at four degrees Celsius. After this, wash twice with TBST, with each wash lasting five minutes. Incubate with secondary antibody in TBST at room temperature for one hour.Then, wash the membrane three times with TBST. Next, mix equal volumes of ECL buffer A and buffer B.Add this mixture to the membrane, and incubate for one minute. Cover the membrane with plastic wrap, and expose it to an x-ray film at room temperature for two to three minutes before developing the film.In this study, MOV10 eCLIP in testes from adult wild-type mice with RNase I treating the crosslinked lysate, the target protein, which is approximately 114 kilodaltons, is successfully enriched. The qPCR results of cDNA diluted one to 10 from various samples reveals that non-crosslinked samples show decreased RNA recovery. It is observed that the Ct values of the non-crosslinked group is generally five times more than UV-crosslinked group.Representative results for PCR amplification and size selection via agarose gel electrophoresis are shown here. The primer-dimer product appears at about 140 base pairs. The UCSC Genome Browser view of two representative subclone sequences shows that MOV10-bound eCLIP tags are found to be located within the three-prime UTR of gene Fto.The approximate rate of three-prime UTR targets accounts for 75%is consistent with the majority of MOV10 targets in HEK293 cells and in testes. In contrast, MOV10L1-bound eCLIP tags are found to be located within a piRNA cluster, indicating MOV10L1 targets piRNA precursors. The approximate rate of piRNA precursor targets accounts for 42%which reflect a trend from previous studies.MOV10L1 eCLIP with a 40-unit-per-milliliter RNase I digestion yields relatively more sequences with less than 20 base pairs. This protocol described here represents an employment of the eCLIP method in reproduction, an area in which the RNA-RBP interaction knowledge is rather insufficient.

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Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Assay for Tissue-specific Genes using Early-stage Mouse Embryos

Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) is a powerful tool to identify protein:chromatin interactions that occur in the context of living cells 1-3. This technique has been widely exploited in tissue culture cells, and to a lesser extent, in primary tissue. The application of ChIP to rodent embryonic tissue, especially at early times of development, is complicated by the limited amount of tissue and the heterogeneity of cell and tissue types in the embryo. Here we present a method to perform ChIP using a dissociated embryonic day 8.5 (E8.5) embryo. Sheared chromatin from a single E8.5 embryo can be divided into up to five aliquots, which allows the investigator sufficient material for controls and for investigation of specific protein:chromatin interactions.
We have utilized this technique to begin to document protein:chromatin interactions during the specification of tissue-specific gene expression programs. The heterogeneity of cell types in an embryo necessarily restricts the application of this technique because the result is the detection of protein:chromatin interactions without distinguishing whether the interactions occur in all, a subset of, or a single cell type(s). However, examination of tissue-specific genes during or following the onset of tissue-specific gene expression is feasible for two reasons. First, immunoprecipitation of tissue specific factors necessarily isolates chromatin from the cell type where the factor is expressed. Second, immunoprecipitation of coactivators and histones containing post-translational modifications that are associated with gene activation should only be found at genes and gene regulatory sequences in the cell type where the gene is being or has been activated. The technique should be applicable to the study of most tissue-specific gene activation events.
In the example described below, we utilized E8.5 and E9.5 mouse embryos to examine factor binding at a skeletal muscle specific gene promoter. Somites, which are the precursor tissues from which the skeletal muscles of the trunk and limbs will form, are present at E8.5-9.54,5. Myogenin is a regulatory factor required for skeletal muscle differentiation 6-9. The data demonstrate that myogenin is associated with its own promoter in E8.5 and E9.5 embryos. Because myogenin is only expressed in somites at this stage of development 6,10, the data indicate that myogenin interactions with its own promoter have already occurred in skeletal muscle precursor cells in E8.5 embryos.

We demonstrate a chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) method to identify factor interactions at tissue-specific genes during or after the onset of tissue-specific gene expression in mouse embryonic tissue. This protocol should be widely applicable for the study of tissue-specific gene activation as it occurs during normal embryonic development.

Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) is a powerful tool to identify protein:chromatin interactions that occur in the context of living cells 1-3. This ...

In vitro Transcription and Capping of Gaussia Luciferase mRNA Followed by HeLa Cell Transfection

In vitro transcription is the synthesis of RNA transcripts by RNA polymerase from a linear DNA template containing the corresponding promoter sequence (T7, T3, SP6) and the gene to be transcribed (Figure 1A). A typical transcription reaction consists of the template DNA, RNA polymerase, ribonucleotide triphosphates, RNase inhibitor and buffer containing Mg2+ ions.
Large amounts of high quality RNA are often required for a variety of applications. Use of in vitro transcription has been reported for RNA structure and function studies such as splicing1, RNAi experiments in mammalian cells2, antisense RNA amplification by the "Eberwine method"3, microarray analysis4 and for RNA vaccine studies5. The technique can also be used for producing radiolabeled and dye labeled probes6. Warren, et al. recently reported reprogramming of human cells by transfection with in vitro transcribed capped RNA7. The T7 High Yield RNA Synthesis Kit from New England Biolabs has been designed to synthesize up to 180 &mu;g RNA per 20 &mu;l reaction. RNA of length up to 10kb has been successfully transcribed using this kit. Linearized plasmid DNA, PCR products and synthetic DNA oligonucleotides can be used as templates for transcription as long as they have the T7 promoter sequence upstream of the gene to be transcribed.
Addition of a 5' end cap structure to the RNA is an important process in eukaryotes. It is essential for RNA stability8, efficient translation9, nuclear transport10 and splicing11. The process involves addition of a 7-methylguanosine cap at the 5' triphosphate end of the RNA. RNA capping can be carried out post-transcriptionally using capping enzymes or co-transcriptionally using cap analogs. In the enzymatic method, the mRNA is capped using the Vaccinia virus capping enzyme12,13. The enzyme adds on a 7-methylguanosine cap at the 5' end of the RNA using GTP and S-adenosyl methionine as donors (cap 0 structure). Both methods yield functionally active capped RNA suitable for transfection or other applications14 such as generating viral genomic RNA for reverse-genetic systems15 and crystallographic studies of cap binding proteins such as eIF4E16.
In the method described below, the T7 High Yield RNA Synthesis Kit from NEB is used to synthesize capped and uncapped RNA transcripts of Gaussia luciferase (GLuc) and Cypridina luciferase (CLuc). A portion of the uncapped GLuc RNA is capped using the Vaccinia Capping System (NEB). A linearized plasmid containing the GLuc or CLuc gene and T7 promoter is used as the template DNA. The transcribed RNA is transfected into HeLa cells and cell culture supernatants are assayed for luciferase activity. Capped CLuc RNA is used as the internal control to normalize GLuc expression.

In vitro Transcription and Capping of Gaussia Luciferase mRNA Followed by HeLa Cell Transfection

This method describes high yield in vitro synthesis of both capped and uncapped mRNA from a linearized plasmid containing the Gaussia luciferase (GLuc) gene. The RNA is purified and a fraction of the uncapped RNA is enzymatically capped using the Vaccinia virus capping enzyme. In the final step, the mRNA is transfected into HeLa cells and cell culture supernatants are assayed for luciferase activity.

In vitro transcription is the synthesis of RNA transcripts by RNA polymerase from a linear DNA template containing the corresponding promoter sequence ...

Efficient Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells into Motor Neurons

Direct differentiation of embryonic stem (ES) cells into functional motor neurons represents a promising resource to study disease mechanisms, to screen new drug compounds, and to develop new therapies for motor neuron diseases such as spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Many current protocols use a combination of retinoic acid (RA) and sonic hedgehog (Shh) to differentiate mouse embryonic stem (mES) cells into motor neurons1-4. However, the differentiation efficiency of mES cells into motor neurons has only met with moderate success. We have developed a two-step differentiation protocol5 that significantly improves the differentiation efficiency compared with currently established protocols. The first step is to enhance the neuralization process by adding Noggin and fibroblast growth factors (FGFs). Noggin is a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) antagonist and is implicated in neural induction according to the default model of neurogenesis and results in the formation of anterior neural patterning6. FGF signaling acts synergistically with Noggin in inducing neural tissue formation by promoting a posterior neural identity7-9. In this step, mES cells were primed with Noggin, bFGF, and FGF-8 for two days to promote differentiation towards neural lineages. The second step is to induce motor neuron specification. Noggin/FGFs exposed mES cells were incubated with RA and a Shh agonist, Smoothened agonist (SAG), for another 5 days to facilitate motor neuron generation. To monitor the differentiation of mESs into motor neurons, we used an ES cell line derived from a transgenic mouse expressing eGFP under the control of the motor neuron specific promoter Hb91. Using this robust protocol, we achieved 51&plusmn;0.8% of differentiation efficiency (n = 3; p &lt; 0.01, Student's t-test)5. Results from immunofluorescent staining showed that GFP+ cells express the motor neuron specific markers, Islet-1 and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT). Our two-step differentiation protocol provides an efficient way to differentiate mES cells into spinal motor neurons.

We developed a new protocol to improve efficiency of in vitro differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells into motor neurons. The differentiated ES cells acquired motor neurons features as evidenced by expression of neuronal and motor neuron markers using immunohistochemical techniques.

Direct differentiation of embryonic stem (ES) cells into functional  motor neurons represents a promising resource to study disease mechanisms, to  screen ...

Efficient Chromatin Immunoprecipitation using Limiting Amounts of Biomass

Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) is a widely-used method for determining the interactions of different proteins with DNA in chromatin of living cells. Examples include sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factors, histones and their different modification states, enzymes such as RNA polymerases and ancillary factors, and DNA repair components. Despite its ubiquity, there is a lack of up-to-date, detailed methodologies for both bench preparation of material and for accurate analysis allowing quantitative metrics of interaction. Due to this lack of information, and also because, like any immunoprecipitation, conditions must be re-optimized for new sets of experimental conditions, the ChIP assay is susceptible to inaccurate or poorly quantitative results.
Our protocol is ultimately derived from seminal work on transcription factor:DNA interactions1,2 , but incorporates a number of improvements to sensitivity and reproducibility for difficult-to-obtain cell types. The protocol has been used successfully3,4 , both using qPCR to quantify DNA enrichment, or using a semi-quantitative variant of the below protocol.
This quantitative analysis of PCR-amplified material is performed computationally, and represents a limiting factor in the assay. Important controls and other considerations include the use of an isotype-matched antibody, as well as evaluation of a control region of genomic DNA, such as an intergenic region predicted not to be bound by the protein under study (or anticipated not to show changes under the experimental conditions). In addition, a standard curve of input material for every ChIP sample is used to derive absolute levels of enrichment in the experimental material. Use of standard curves helps to take into account differences between primer sets, regardless of how carefully they are designed, and also efficiency differences throughout the range of template concentrations for a single primer set. Our protocol is different from others that are available5-8 in that we extensively cover the later, analysis phase.

We describe a robust method for chromatin immunoprecipitation using primary T cells. The method is founded on standard approaches, but uses a specific set of conditions and reagents that improve efficiency for limited a quantities of cells. Importantly, a detailed description of the data analysis phase is presented.

Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) is a  widely-used method for determining the interactions of different proteins with  DNA in chromatin of living ...

Identification of Protein Interaction Partners in Mammalian Cells Using SILAC-immunoprecipitation Quantitative Proteomics

Quantitative proteomics combined with immuno-affinity purification, SILAC immunoprecipitation, represent a powerful means for the discovery of novel protein:protein interactions. By allowing the accurate relative quantification of protein abundance in both control and test samples, true interactions may be easily distinguished from experimental contaminants. Low affinity interactions can be preserved through the use of less-stringent buffer conditions and remain readily identifiable. This protocol discusses the labeling of tissue culture cells with stable isotope labeled amino acids, transfection and immunoprecipitation of an affinity tagged protein of interest, followed by the preparation for submission to a mass spectrometry facility. This protocol then discusses how to analyze and interpret the data returned from the mass spectrometer in order to identify cellular partners interacting with a protein of interest. As an example this technique is applied to identify proteins binding to the eukaryotic translation initiation factors: eIF4AI and eIF4AII.

SILAC immunoprecipitation experiments represent a powerful means for discovering novel protein:protein interactions. By allowing the accurate relative quantification of protein abundance in both control and test samples, true interactions may be easily distinguished from experimental contaminants, and low affinity interactions preserved through use of less-stringent buffer conditions.

Quantitative proteomics combined with immuno-affinity purification, SILAC immunoprecipitation, represent a powerful means for the discovery of novel ...

In Vivo Microinjection and Electroporation of Mouse Testis

This video and article contribution gives a comprehensive description of microinjection and electroporation of mouse testis in vivo. This particular transfection technique for testicular mouse cells allows the study of unique processes in spermatogenesis.
The following protocol focuses on transfection of testicular mouse cells with plasmid constructs. Specifically, we used the reporter vector pEGFP-C1, which expresses enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) and also the pDsRed2-N1 vector expressing red fluorescent protein (DsRed2). Both encoded reporter genes were under the control of the human cytomegalovirus immediate-early promoter (CMV).
For performing gene transfer into mouse testes, the reporter plasmid constructs are injected into testes of living mice. To that end, the testis of an anaesthetized animal is exposed and the site of microinjection is prepared. Our preferred place of injection is the efferent duct, with the ultimately connected rete testis as the anatomical transport route of the spermatozoa between the testis and the epididymis. In this way, the filling of the seminiferous tubules after microinjection is excellently managed and controlled due to the use of stained DNA solutions. After observing a sufficient filling of the testis by its colored tubule structure, the organ is electroporated. This enables the transfer of the DNA solution into the testicular&#160;cells. Following 3 days of incubation, the testis is removed and investigated under the microscope for green or red&#160;fluorescence, illustrating transfection success.
Generally, this protocol can be employed for delivering DNA- or RNA- constructs into living mouse testis in order to (over)express or knock down genes, facilitating in vivo gene function analysis. Furthermore, it is suitable for studying reporter constructs or putative gene regulatory elements. Thus, the main advantages of the electroporation technique are fast performance in combination with low effort as well as the moderate technical equipment and skills required compared to alternative techniques.

In Vivo Microinjection and Electroporation of Mouse Testis

This article describes microinjection and electroporation of mouse testis in&#160;vivo as a&#160;transfection technique for testicular mouse cells to study unique processes of spermatogenesis. The presented protocol involves steps of glass capillary preparation, microinjection via the efferent duct, and transfection by electroporation.

This video and article contribution gives a comprehensive description of microinjection and electroporation of mouse testis in vivo. This particular ...

Enhanced Northern Blot Detection of Small RNA Species in Drosophila Melanogaster

The last decades have witnessed the explosion of scientific interest around gene expression control mechanisms at the RNA level. This branch of molecular biology has been greatly fueled by the discovery of noncoding RNAs as major players in post-transcriptional regulation. Such a revolutionary perspective has been accompanied and triggered by the development of powerful technologies for profiling short RNAs expression, both at the high-throughput level (genome-wide identification) or as single-candidate analysis (steady state accumulation of specific species). Although several state-of-art strategies are currently available for dosing or visualizing such fleeing molecules, Northern Blot assay remains the eligible approach in molecular biology for immediate and accurate evaluation of RNA expression. It represents a first step toward the application of more sophisticated, costly technologies and, in many cases, remains a preferential method to easily gain insights into RNA biology. Here we overview an efficient protocol (Enhanced Northern Blot) for detecting weakly expressed microRNAs (or other small regulatory RNA species) from Drosophila melanogaster whole embryos, manually dissected larval/adult tissues or in vitro cultured cells. A very limited amount of RNA is required and the use of material from flow cytometry-isolated cells can be also envisaged.

Enhanced Northern Blot Detection of Small RNA Species in Drosophila Melanogaster

The aim of this publication is to visualize and discuss the operative steps of an Enhanced Northern Blot protocol on RNA extracted from Drosophila melanogaster embryos, cells, and tissues. This protocol is particularly useful for the efficient detection of small RNA species.

The last decades have witnessed the explosion of scientific interest around gene expression control mechanisms at the RNA level. This branch of molecular ...

Highly Efficient Ligation of Small RNA Molecules for MicroRNA Quantitation by High-Throughput Sequencing

MiRNA cloning and high-throughput sequencing, termed miR-Seq, stands alone as a transcriptome-wide approach to quantify miRNAs with single nucleotide resolution. This technique captures miRNAs by attaching 3&#8217; and 5&#8217; oligonucleotide adapters to miRNA molecules and allows de novo miRNA discovery. Coupling with powerful next-generation sequencing platforms, miR-Seq has been instrumental in the study of miRNA biology. However, significant biases introduced by oligonucleotide ligation steps have prevented miR-Seq from being employed as an accurate quantitation tool. Previous studies demonstrate that biases in current miR-Seq methods often lead to inaccurate miRNA quantification with errors up to 1,000-fold for some miRNAs1,2. To resolve these biases imparted by RNA ligation, we have developed a small RNA ligation method that results in ligation efficiencies of over 95% for both 3&#8217; and 5&#8242; ligation steps. Benchmarking this improved library construction method using equimolar or differentially mixed synthetic miRNAs, consistently yields reads numbers with less than two-fold deviation from the expected value. Furthermore, this high-efficiency miR-Seq method permits accurate genome-wide miRNA profiling from in vivo total RNA samples2.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a widely conserved class of regulatory molecules. Here we describe a miRNA cloning method that relies upon two potent ligation steps followed by high-throughput sequencing. Our method permits accurate genome-wide quantitation of miRNAs.

MiRNA cloning and high-throughput sequencing, termed miR-Seq, stands alone as a transcriptome-wide approach to quantify miRNAs with single nucleotide ...

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Assay for the Identification of Arabidopsis Protein-DNA Interactions In Vivo

Intricate gene regulatory networks orchestrate biological processes and developmental transitions in plants. Selective transcriptional activation and silencing of genes mediate the response of plants to environmental signals and developmental cues. Therefore, insights into the mechanisms that control plant gene expression are essential to gain a deep understanding of how biological processes are regulated in plants. The chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) technique described here is a procedure to identify the DNA-binding sites of proteins in genes or genomic regions of the model species Arabidopsis thaliana. The interactions with DNA of proteins of interest such as transcription factors, chromatin proteins or posttranslationally modified versions of histones can be efficiently analyzed with the ChIP protocol. This method is based on the fixation of protein-DNA interactions in vivo, random fragmentation of chromatin, immunoprecipitation of protein-DNA complexes with specific antibodies, and quantification of the DNA associated with the protein of interest by PCR techniques. The use of this methodology in Arabidopsis has contributed significantly to unveil transcriptional regulatory mechanisms that control a variety of plant biological processes. This approach allowed the identification of the binding sites of the Arabidopsis chromatin protein EBS to regulatory regions of the master gene of flowering FT. The impact of this protein in the accumulation of particular histone marks in the genomic region of FT was also revealed through ChIP analysis.

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Assay for the Identification of Arabidopsis Protein-DNA Interactions In Vivo

Chromatin immunoprecipitation is a powerful technique for the identification of DNA binding sites of Arabidopsis proteins in vivo. This procedure includes chromatin cross-linking and fragmentation, immunoprecipitation with selective antibodies against the protein of interest, and qPCR analysis of bound DNA. We describe a simple ChIP assay optimized for Arabidopsis plants.

Intricate gene regulatory networks orchestrate biological processes and developmental transitions in plants. Selective transcriptional activation and ...

TChIP-Seq: Cell-Type-Specific Epigenome Profiling

Epigenetic regulation plays central roles in gene expression. Since histone modification was discovered in the 1960s, its physiological and pathological functions have been extensively studied. Indeed, the advent of next-generation deep sequencing and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) via specific histone modification antibodies has revolutionized our view of epigenetic regulation across the genome. Conversely, tissues typically consist of diverse cell types, and their complex mixture poses analytic challenges to investigating the epigenome in a particular cell type. To address the cell type-specific chromatin state in a genome-wide manner, we recently developed tandem chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (tChIP-Seq), which is based on the selective purification of chromatin by tagged core histone proteins from cell types of interest, followed by ChIP-Seq. The goal of this protocol is the introduction of best practices of tChIP-Seq. This technique provides a versatile tool for tissue-specific epigenome investigation in diverse histone modifications and model organisms.

We describe a step-by-step protocol for tandem chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (tChIP-Seq) that enables the analysis of cell-type-specific genome-wide histone modification.

Epigenetic regulation plays central roles in gene expression. Since histone modification was discovered in the 1960s, its physiological and pathological ...