This work was supported by UK Medical Research Council core funding to the MRC-UCL University Unit Grant Ref MC_U12266B, MRC Dementia Platform Grant UK MR/M02492X/1, Pancreatic Cancer UK (grant reference 2018RIF_15), and the UCL Therapeutic Acceleration Support scheme, supported by funding from MRC Confidence in Concept 2020 UCL MC/PC/19054. The plasmid encoding the ActinLC3dNGLUC (pMOWS-ActinLC3dNGLUC) was obtained from Dr. Robin Ketteler (Department of Human Medicine, Medical School Berlin).

NOTE: The assay process is outlined in Figure 1. See the Table of Materials for details related to all materials, reagents, and equipment used in this protocol.
1. Retrovirus production
NOTE: The plasmid encoding the ActinLC3dNGLUC is pMOWS-ActinLC3dNGLUC20. Use a low-passage number of cells for high-titer virus production (ideally less than P20).
<ol>
	<li>Culture HEK293T cell...

High-Throughput Screening Analysis for 4B Cysteine Peptidase Autophagy Inhibitor

<ol>
	<li>Kocaturk, N. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Autophagy+as+a+molecular+target+for+cancer+treatment.">Autophagy as a molecular target for cancer treatment.</a> European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 134, 116-137 (2019).</li><li>Fu, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Targeting+ATG4+in+cancer+therapy.">Targeting ATG4 in cancer therapy.</a> Cancers. 11 (5), 649 (2019).</li><li>Towers, C. G., Thorburn, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Therapeutic+targeting+of+autophagy.">Therapeutic targeting of autophagy.</a> EBioMedicine. 14, 15-23 (2016).</li><li>Agrotis, A., Ketteler, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=On+ATG4B+as+drug+target+for+treatment+of+solid+tumours-the+knowns+and+the+unknowns.">On ATG4B as drug target for treatment of solid tumours-the knowns and the unknowns.</a> Cells. 9 (1), 53 (2019).</li><li>Levy, J. M. M., Towers, C. G., Thorburn, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Targeting+autophagy+in+cancer.">Targeting autophagy in cancer.</a> Nature Reviews Cancer. 17 (9), 528-542 (2017).</li><li>Kimmelman, A. C., White, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Autophagy+and+tumor+metabolism.">Autophagy and tumor metabolism.</a> Cell Metabolism. 25 (5), 1037-1043 (2017).</li><li>Tran, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Context-dependent+role+of+ATG4B+as+target+for+autophagy+inhibition+in+prostate+cancer+therapy.">Context-dependent role of ATG4B as target for autophagy inhibition in prostate cancer therapy.</a> Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 441 (4), 726-731 (2013).</li><li>Pengo, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+kinases+and+phosphatases+that+regulate+ATG4B+activity+by+siRNA+and+small+molecule+screening+in+cells.">Identification of kinases and phosphatases that regulate ATG4B activity by siRNA and small molecule screening in cells.</a> Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology. 6, 148 (2018).</li><li>Kauffman, K. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Delipidation+of+mammalian+Atg8-family+proteins+by+each+of+the+four+ATG4+proteases.">Delipidation of mammalian Atg8-family proteins by each of the four ATG4 proteases.</a> Autophagy. 14 (6), 992-1010 (2018).</li><li>Tanida, I., Sou, Y. -. S., Minematsu-Ikeguchi, N., Ueno, T., Kominami, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Atg8L/Apg8L+is+the+fourth+mammalian+modifier+of+mammalian+Atg8+conjugation+mediated+by+human+Atg4B,+Atg7+and+Atg3.">Atg8L/Apg8L is the fourth mammalian modifier of mammalian Atg8 conjugation mediated by human Atg4B, Atg7 and Atg3.</a> The FEBS Journal. 273 (11), 2553-2562 (2006).</li><li>Agrotis, A., Pengo, N., Burden, J. J., Ketteler, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Redundancy+of+human+ATG4+protease+isoforms+in+autophagy+and+LC3/GABARAP+processing+revealed+in+cells.">Redundancy of human ATG4 protease isoforms in autophagy and LC3/GABARAP processing revealed in cells.</a> Autophagy. 15 (6), 976-997 (2019).</li><li>Nguyen, T. N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Atg8+family+LC3/GABARAP+proteins+are+crucial+for+autophagosome-lysosome+fusion+but+not+autophagosome+formation+during+PINK1/Parkin+mitophagy+and+starvation.">Atg8 family LC3/GABARAP proteins are crucial for autophagosome-lysosome fusion but not autophagosome formation during PINK1/Parkin mitophagy and starvation.</a> The Journal of Cell Biology. 215 (6), 857-874 (2016).</li><li>Ketteler, R., Tooze, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ATG4:+More+than+a+protease.">ATG4: More than a protease.</a> Trends in Cell Biology. 31 (7), 515-516 (2021).</li><li>Zhang, L., Li, J., Ouyang, L., Liu, B., Cheng, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Unraveling+the+roles+of+Atg4+proteases+from+autophagy+modulation+to+targeted+cancer+therapy.">Unraveling the roles of Atg4 proteases from autophagy modulation to targeted cancer therapy.</a> Cancer Letters. 373 (1), 19-26 (2016).</li><li>Fern&#225;ndez, &. #. 1. 9. 3. ;. F., L&#243;pez-Ot&#237;n, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+functional+and+pathologic+relevance+of+autophagy+proteases.">The functional and pathologic relevance of autophagy proteases.</a> The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 125 (1), 33-41 (2015).</li><li>Maruyama, T., Noda, N. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Autophagy-regulating+protease+Atg4:+structure,+function,+regulation+and+inhibition.">Autophagy-regulating protease Atg4: structure, function, regulation and inhibition.</a> The Journal of Antibiotics. 71 (1), 72-78 (2017).</li><li>Ketteler, R., Seed, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitation+of+autophagy+by+luciferase+release+assay.">Quantitation of autophagy by luciferase release assay.</a> Autophagy. 4 (6), 801-806 (2008).</li><li>Ketteler, R., Sun, Z., Kovacs, K. F., He, W. -. W., Seed, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+pathway+sensor+for+genome-wide+screens+of+intracellular+proteolytic+cleavage.">A pathway sensor for genome-wide screens of intracellular proteolytic cleavage.</a> Genome Biology. 9 (4), 64 (2008).</li><li>Luft, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Application+of+Gaussia+luciferase+in+bicistronic+and+non-conventional+secretion+reporter+constructs.">Application of Gaussia luciferase in bicistronic and non-conventional secretion reporter constructs.</a> BMC Biochemistry. 15, 14 (2014).</li><li>Ketteler, R., Glaser, S., Sandra, O., Martens, U. M., Klingm&#252;ller, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enhanced+transgene+expression+in+primitive+hematopoietic+progenitor+cells+and+embryonic+stem+cells+efficiently+transduced+by+optimized+retroviral+hybrid+vectors.">Enhanced transgene expression in primitive hematopoietic progenitor cells and embryonic stem cells efficiently transduced by optimized retroviral hybrid vectors.</a> Gene Therapy. 9 (8), 477-487 (2002).</li></ol>

This protocol describes a cell-based reporter-gene assay for the identification of ATG4B inhibitors. The identification of primary hits is based on luciferase activity upon the treatment of cells expressing the full-length open reading frame of LC3B between &#946;-actin and dNGLUC. Some advantages of this assay are that it is sensitive, highly quantitative, and noninvasive, as it can detect dNGLUC without lysing the cells. This paper presents a detailed protocol for generating a stable cell line and a primary screening. ...

Autophagy is a conserved metabolic process that allows cells to keep intracellular homeostasis and respond to stress by degrading aged, defective, or unnecessary cellular contents via the lysosomes1,2,3. Under some pathophysiologic conditions, this process acts as a crucial cellular response to nutrient and oxygen deprivation, resulting in recycled nutrients and lipids, allowing the cells to adapt to their metabolic needs2,3,4. Autophagy has also been identified as a cellular stress response related to several diseases, such as neurodegenerative disorders, pathogen infection, and various types of cancer. The function of autophagy in cancer is complex and dependent on the type, stage, and status of the tumor. It can suppress tumorigenesis through autophagic degradation of damaged cells, but can also promote the survival of advanced tumors by improving cell survival during stressful conditions, such as hypoxia, nutrient deprivation, and cytotoxic damage2,4,5,6.
Several studies have shown that autophagy inhibition provides a benefit as an anticancer strategy. Thus, the inhibition of critical steps, such as autophagosome formation or its fusion with the lysosome, could be an effective method for cancer control2,4,5,6. Growing evidence has shown that ATG4B is involved in certain pathological conditions, and it has gained attention as a potential anticancer target2,3,4. For instance, it was observed that colorectal cancer cells and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive breast cancer cells had significantly higher ATG4B expression levels than adjacent normal cells2,4. In prostate cancer cells, inhibition of ATG4B resulted in a cell line-specific susceptibility to chemotherapy and radiotherapy7. Recently, strong evidence has emerged that pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is particularly vulnerable to ATG4B inhibition. For instance, in a genetically engineered mouse model, it was shown that intermittent loss of ATG4B function reduces PDAC tumor growth and increases survival3,4. Overall, ATG4B is highly overexpressed in some cancer types, is related to the progression of tumor, and is linked to cancer therapy resistance2,4,8.
The ATG4 cysteine proteases in mammals have four family members, ATG4A-ATG4D. These proteins exhibit some target selectivity toward the LC3/GABARAP (ATG8) family of proteins9,10,11 and may have additional functions not linked to their protease activity12,13. Furthermore, ATG4 functions in regulating a novel type of post-translational modification, the ATG8-ylation of proteins11,12. While ATG4B and its main substrate LC3B are the most widely studied, a picture is emerging that suggests a complex role for each subfamily member in the regulation of autophagic and non-autophagic processes. This is further corroborated by a complex network of post-translational modifications that regulate ATG4B activity via phosphorylation, acetylation, glycosylation, and nitrosylation9,10,11,12,13.
Several known ATG4B inhibitors have been published2,4,14,15. While these are suitable as research tools, their pharmacodynamic profile, selectivity, or potency have yet precluded them from development as preclinical candidates4,16. Overall, there is an urgent need to identify more potent and selective compounds. Often, the compounds are good biochemical inhibitors of protein function, yet their efficacy in cell-based assays is poor. There are multiple assays to monitor ATG4B activity, including biochemical methods and cell-based assays4. We have previously developed a simple, luminescence-based, high-throughput assay for monitoring ATG4B activity in cells8,17. This assay utilizes a luciferase protein from Gaussia princeps (GLUC) that is stable and active in the extracellular milieu and can be inducibly released from cells in response to ATG4B proteolytic activity18,19.
In this reporter construct, dNGLUC is linked to the actin cytoskeleton of cells. A protease-specific linker can be introduced between the &#946;-actin anchor and dNGLUC, turning the secretion dependent on cleavage of the linker. We used the full-length open reading frame of LC3B between &#946;-actin and dNGLUC, to be able to monitor LC3B cleavage17,18,19. Although the secretion mechanism of dNGLUC is poorly understood, it is specific for monitoring ATG4B activity, does not depend on overall autophagy as it occurs in ATG5 knockout cells, and is mediated by non-conventional mechanisms that do not require a classical signal peptide4,18,19. We have successfully used this reporter to screen small molecules and siRNA libraries, and have identified novel regulators of ATG4B activity, such as the Akt protein kinases8. This paper describes a detailed protocol for the use of this luciferase reporter in a semi-automated, high-throughput screening format.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>50 &#181;L Disposable Tips - Non-filtered, Pure, Nested 8 Stack (Passive Stack)</td>
			<td>Tecan</td>
			<td>30038609</td>
			<td>Disposable 96-tip rack</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BioTek MultiFlo</td>
			<td>BioTek</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>bulk dispenser</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Coelenterazine</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td>
			<td>sc-205904</td>
			<td>substrate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Columbus Image analysis software</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer</td>
			<td>Version 2.9.1</td>
			<td>image analysis software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DPBS (1x)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>14190-144</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Echo Qualified 384-Well Polypropylene Microplate, Clear, Non-sterile</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>001-14555</td>
			<td>384PP plate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EnVision II</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>luminescence plate reader</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Express pick Library (96-well)-L3600-Z369949-100&#181;L</td>
			<td>Selleckchem</td>
			<td>L3600</td>
			<td>Selleckchem</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FMK9A</td>
			<td>MedChemExpress</td>
			<td>HY-100522</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Greiner FLUOTRAC 200 384 well plates</td>
			<td>Greiner Bio-One</td>
			<td>781076</td>
			<td>solid-black 384-well plates</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Harmony Imaging software</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer</td>
			<td>Version 5.1</td>
			<td>imaging software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hoechst 33342, Trihydrochloride, Trihydrate - 10 mg/mL Solution in Water</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>H3570</td>
			<td>Hoechst 33342</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Labcyte Echo 550 series with Echo Cherry Pick software</td>
			<td>Labcyte/Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>nanoscale acoustic liquid dispenser</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Milli-Q water</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>deionized water</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Opera Phenix High-Content Screening System</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>automated microscope</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraformaldehyde solution 4% in PBS</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td>
			<td>sc-281692</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PhenoPlate 384-well, black, optically clear flat-bottom, tissue-culture treated, lids</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer</td>
			<td>6057300</td>
			<td>CellCarrier-384 Ultra PN</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pMOWS-ActinLC3dNGLUC</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Obtained from Dr. Robin Ketteler (Department of Human Medicine, Medical School Berlin)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polybrene Infection / Transfection Reagent</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>TR-1003-G</td>
			<td>polybrene</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Puromycin dihydrochloride, 98%, Thermo Scientific Chemicals</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>J61278.ME</td>
			<td>Puromycin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tecan Freedom EVO 200 robot</td>
			<td>Tecan</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>liquid handling robotic platform</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>X-tremeGENE HP DNA Transfection Reagent Roche</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>6366244001</td>
			<td>DNA transfection reagent</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

cell-based drug screening for inhibitors of autophagy related 4b cysteine peptidase

Growing evidence has shown that high autophagic flux is related to tumor progression and cancer therapy resistance. Assaying individual autophagy proteins is a prerequisite for therapeutic strategies targeting this pathway. Inhibition of the autophagy protease ATG4B has been shown to increase overall survival, suggesting that ATG4B could be a potential drug target for cancer therapy. Our laboratory has developed a selective luciferase-based assay for monitoring ATG4B activity in cells. For this assay, the substrate of ATG4B, LC3B, is tagged at the C-terminus with a secretable luciferase from the marine copepod Gaussia princeps (GLUC). This reporter is linked to the actin cytoskeleton, thus keeping it in the cytoplasm of cells when uncleaved. ATG4B-mediated cleavage results in the release of GLUC by non-conventional secretion, which then can be monitored by harvesting supernatants from cell culture as a correlate of cellular ATG4B activity. This paper presents the adaptation of this luciferase-based assay to automated high-throughput screening. We describe the workflow and optimization for exemplary high-throughput analysis of cellular ATG4B activity.

Author Spotlight: A Selective Luciferase-Based Assay for Monitoring ATG4B 27 Activity in Cells 

Cell-Based Drug Screening for Inhibitors of Autophagy Related 4B Cysteine Peptidase

The main aim of research in my lab is to understand the regulation of autophagy and in particular of the ATG4 cysteine protean and use this knowledge to develop small molecule inhibitors that target this pathway in particular for diseases such as pancreatic cancer. We use high content, high throughput screening technologies to identify drug targets as well as drug candidates and we focus on the ATG4 cysteine protease family because we think it's a very good drug target for various forms of cancer. We have been studying the ATG4 family members for quite some time now.We made significant discoveries into dysfunction of this protein family and cells. We've also identified novel post-translational mechanisms of regulation of the ATG4 family members and currently we are developing small molecule inhibitors and also activators of the ATG4 families for diseases such as cancer and neuro degeneration. There are not many assays to monitor ATG4 protease activity in cells.So we were one of the first to develop a luciferase based assay to monitor this activity. And our assay is quite unusual because it uses secreted, let's say phrase, therefore we don't need to license the cells and we can adapt this protocol easily to high throughput screening methods and lab automation. We have focused on the ATG4 B protein protease for quite some time now.We have generated knockout cell lines of the ATG4 family members. We have identified novel post-translational regulation mechanisms of ATG4, and ultimately we have also identified several novel small molecule compounds that could inhibit and even activate the ATG4 B protease. In the future, we'd like to continue our work on the ATG4 family members.We think that's quite a lot that is currently unknown and still remains to be uncovered. For example, how these proteins regulate autophagy in neurons is currently completely not understood. We'd also like to focus our work on validation of these small molecule compounds that we've identified and potentially to use activators in neurodegenerative diseases.

In a previous publication8, we successfully used this assay to screen small molecule and siRNA libraries and identified novel regulators of ATG4B. Here, we describe the protocol and representative results of this luciferase reporter in a semi-automated, high-throughput screening format. Figure 8 shows an example of the raw data analysis for both cell nuclei and luminescence. A typical result of a luminescence measurement is depicted in Figure 8A</...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Selective Luciferase-Based Assay for Monitoring ATG4B 27 Activity in Cells at JoVE.com

Here, we describe a detailed protocol for the use of a luciferase-based reporter assay in a semi-automated, high-throughput screening format.

Growing evidence has shown that high autophagic flux is related to tumor progression and cancer therapy resistance. Assaying individual autophagy proteins ...

cell-based-drug-screening-for-inhibitors-autophagy-related-4b

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

466 ビュー.  University College London. 私の研究室での研究の主な目的は、オートファジー、特にATG4システインプロティアンの制御を理解し、この知識を利用して、特に膵臓がんなどの疾患に対してこの経路を標的とする低分子阻害剤を開発することです。当社は、ハイコンテント、ハイスループットスクリーニング技術を用いて創薬標的および創薬候補を同定しており、ATG4システインプロテアーゼファミリ...

ビデオ: 著者スポットライト:細胞内のATG4B 27活性をモニタリングするための選択的ルシフェラーゼベースのアッセイ 

Here, we describe a detailed protocol for the use of a luciferase-based reporter assay in a semi-automated, high-throughput screening...

luciferase assay for the detection of autophagy protease atg4b

Luciferase Assay for the Detection of Autophagy Protease ATG4B  

monitoring hippo signaling pathway activity using a luciferase-based large tumor suppressor (lats) biosensor

Monitoring Hippo Signaling Pathway Activity Using a Luciferase-based Large Tumor Suppressor LATS Biosensor

Here we present a luciferase-based biosensor to quantify the kinase activity of large tumor suppressor (LATS)-a central kinase in the Hippo signaling pathway. This biosensor has diverse applications in basic and translational research aimed at investigating Hippo pathway regulators in vitro and in...

Monitoring Hippo Signaling Pathway Activity Using a Luciferase-based Large Tumor Suppressor (LATS) Biosensor

image acquisition and analysis for the detection of autophagy protease atg4b using luciferase assay

Image Acquisition and Analysis for the Detection of Autophagy Protease ATG4B Using Luciferase Assay  

a multiplexed luciferase-based screening platform for interrogating cancer-associated signal transduction in cultured cells

A Multiplexed Luciferase-based Screening Platform for Interrogating Cancer-associated Signal Transduction in Cultured Cells

Achieving a systems level understanding of cellular processes is a goal of modern-day cell biology. We describe here strategies for multiplexing luciferase reporters of various cellular function end-points to interrogate gene function using genome-scale RNAi...

a luciferase reporter assay to study translation regulation in poxvirus-infected cells

This video demonstrates an assay to study the translation regulation in poxvirus-infected cells. Uninfected and virus-infected cells were co-transfected with mRNAs encoding for firefly luciferase (Fluc) and Renilla luciferase (Rluc), with the Fluc mRNA containing a 5&#39; Poly(A) leader sequence. Upon adding bioluminescent substrates on lysed cells, measure the signal from both the luciferases to identify the translational advantage of the Fluc mRNA in virus-infected cells, conferred by the...

A Luciferase Reporter Assay to Study Translation Regulation in Poxvirus-Infected Cells

studying membrane biogenesis with a luciferase-based reporter gene assay

Studying Membrane Biogenesis with a Luciferase-Based Reporter Gene Assay

Here, we describe procedures for studying changes in phagocytosis-induced gene expression with a luciferase-based reporter gene approach using the Dual-GloTM Luciferase Assay System from...

a reporter based cellular assay for monitoring splicing efficiency

A Reporter Based Cellular Assay for Monitoring Splicing Efficiency

This protocol describes a minigene reporter assay to monitor the impact of 5&#180;-splice site mutations on splicing and develops suppressor U1 snRNA for the rescue of mutation-induced splicing inhibition. The reporter and suppressor U1 snRNA constructs are expressed in HeLa cells, and splicing is analyzed by primer extension or...

in vitro transcribed rna-based luciferase reporter assay to study translation regulation in poxvirus-infected cells

In Vitro Transcribed RNA-based Luciferase Reporter Assay to Study Translation Regulation in Poxvirus-infected Cells

We present a protocol to study mRNA translation regulation in poxvirus-infected cells using in vitro Transcribed RNA-based luciferase reporter assay. The assay can be used for studying translation regulation by cis-elements of an mRNA, including 5&#8217;-untranslated region (UTR) and 3&#8217;-UTR. Different translation initiation modes can also be examined using this...

quantifying the modulation of elastase enzyme activity through colorimetric analysis

Author Spotlight: Quantifying Activity of Natural Plant Extracts for Developing Efficient Bioactive Molecules

This protocol describes the development of a colorimetric assay method for determining the ability of compounds to inhibit or activate elastase...

Measuring Elastase Modulation: A Colorimetric Assay for Therapeutic Insights

https://cloudfront.jove.com/CDNSource/teasers/67331_b.jpg

endotoxin activity assay: a chemiluminescence-based bioassay for investigating endotoxin activity in blood sample

This video demonstrates a rapid bioassay for investigating endotoxin activity in a whole blood sample via a chemiluminescence-based method. This assay is a rapid and sensitive biomarker test for early-stage diagnosis of endotoxin-mediated...

Endotoxin Activity Assay: A Chemiluminescence-Based Bioassay for Investigating Endotoxin Activity in Blood Sample

Place the tube racks with all of the EA test tubes into the incubator shaker, close the lid, and incubate at 37 degrees Celsius for 10 minutes. After this, open the incubator lid, and remove the tube racks from the...

monitoring endoplasmic reticulum calcium homeostasis using a gaussia luciferase sercamp

Monitoring Endoplasmic Reticulum Calcium Homeostasis Using a Gaussia Luciferase SERCaMP

Endoplasmic reticulum calcium homeostasis is disrupted in diverse pathologies.  A secreted ER calcium monitoring protein (SERCaMP) reporter can be used to detect disruptions in the ER calcium store.   This protocol describes the use of a Gaussia luciferase SERCaMP to examine ER calcium homeostasis in vitro and in...

Monitoring Endoplasmic Reticulum Calcium Homeostasis Using a Gaussia Luciferase SERCaMP

luciferase-based growth assay to quantify intracellular parasite reproduction

In this video, we demonstrate the luciferase assay to quantify the growth of the intracellular pathogen Toxoplasma gondii. Utilizing a strain of Toxoplasma that expresses luciferase enzyme after infecting the host cells, the luciferase activity is detected in the infected cell culture to determine the successful reproduction of the...

Luciferase-Based Growth Assay to Quantify Intracellular Parasite Reproduction

a fluorescence-based assay of phospholipid scramblase activity

A Fluorescence-based Assay of Phospholipid Scramblase Activity

We describe a fluorescence-based assay to measure phospholipid scrambling in large unilamellar liposomes reconstituted with opsin.

In another microcentrifuge tube, add 1.1 microliters of cationic lipid transfection reagent. Add 55 microliters of reduced serum media to both tubes. Mix and incubate at room temperature for 5 minutes. Then, add 55 microliters cationic lipid transfection reagent containing reduced serum media to mRNA-containing tube. Mix gently but thoroughly with a pipette and incubate at room temperature for 15 minutes. During the incubation, remove the cell culture medium from the cells and add 400...

fluorescence-based monitoring of pad4 activity via a pro-fluorescence substrate analog

Fluorescence-based Monitoring of PAD4 Activity via a Pro-fluorescence Substrate Analog

PAD4 is an enzyme responsible for the conversion of peptidyl-arginine to peptidyl-citrulline. Dysregulation of PAD4 has been implicated in a number of human diseases. A facile and high-throughput compatible fluorescence based PAD4 assay is...

a matrigel-based tube formation assay to assess the vasculogenic activity of tumor cells

A Matrigel-Based Tube Formation Assay to Assess the Vasculogenic Activity of Tumor Cells

A tube formation assay is used to evaluate vascular activity of tumor...

split-luciferase reassembly assay to measure endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondria contacts in live cells

Author Spotlight: Regulation and Dysregulation of ER-Mitochondria Contacts &#8212; Implications for Neurodegenerative Disease Pathogenesis

We have established a split-luciferase reassembly assay to monitor the endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondria contacts in live cells. Using this assay, we describe a protocol to quantitatively measure the level of these inter-organelle couplings in HEK293T cells, under the condition of chemical...

Split-Luciferase Reassembly Assay to Measure Endoplasmic Reticulum-Mitochondria Contacts in Live Cells

determination of chemical inhibitor efficiency against intracellular toxoplasma gondii growth using a luciferase-based growth assay

Determination of Chemical Inhibitor Efficiency against Intracellular Toxoplasma Gondii Growth Using a Luciferase-Based Growth Assay

Presented here is a protocol to evaluate the inhibition efficacy of chemical compounds against in vitro intracellular growth of Toxoplasma gondii using a luciferase-based growth assay. The technique is used to confirm inhibition specificity by genetic deletion of the corresponding target gene. The inhibition of LHVS against TgCPL protease is evaluated as an...

Determination of Chemical Inhibitor Efficiency against Intracellular Toxoplasma Gondii Growth Using a Luciferase-Based Growth Assay

Autophagy Protease Tag-Compound Addition and Cellular Supernatant Harvest for Drug Screening

Begin by thawing the Selleckchem Small Molecule Compound Library plates at room temperature. Open the software and click on New Protocol. On the Protocol tab, click on Sample Plate Format, followed by 384PP.Then on Sample Plate Type, select 384PP_DMSO2. Next, choose Cell Carrier 384 Ultra PN as the Destination Plate Type. Click on Pick List and select the import options to import the spreadsheet containing the dispensing program.Click on the Run Protocol option to verify the accuracy of the displayed information and then click on Run. Next press Start on the new window titled Run status, and then follow the steps displayed on the prompt windows. Use a nanoscale acoustic liquid dispenser and dispense 50 nanoliters per well of the Small Molecule Compound Library into a 384 well assay plate.To begin cellular supernatant harvesting, start by configuring the deck of the lab automation workstation. Place a disposable 96 tip rack on the P1 position and place the assay plates on positions P2 and P4.Finally, place the empty, solid black 384 well plates at positions P3 and P5.Using the tips from P1, aspirate 10 microliters of the supernatant from the plate at P2 and then transfer it into the empty solid black plate on P3.Discard the tips at position P6.Repeat the transfer of supernatant from P4 to P5.

Begin by opening the program and initialize the injector pump by clicking on the Dispenser Control, and select Pump 2, and then clicking on Init. To rinse the tubing with the ionized water, click on Rinse, then press Next. Select Pump 2 and set the tip mount to the desired tip.Then click on Next again. Click Start to begin tube rinsing. Repeat rinsing with methanol.Meanwhile, prepare a working substrate solution by diluting the substrate stock by 1 to 100. Finally, rinse the tubing with the working dilution of the substrate stock in PBS. Load the plate into the plate reader.And then, on Measurement settings, choose the aperture to 384 plate US luminescence aperture, followed by the distance between plate and detector to 0.6 millimeters, and the measurement time as 0.5 seconds. Once the measurement settings have been settled, on the Protocol-General settings tab, select the plate type as 384 Nunc, and choose the By columns bi-directional option as the measurement mode. Input 1 into the number of assay repeats tab.Now, on the Dispense tab, select the desired dispense measurement. Then set the measurement time for each well as one second and select the desired used pump. Dispensing speed of 200 microliters per second.And the dispensing volume to 50 microliters. Choose Dispensing volume as the syringe filling volume for Pump 2. And then set the Start dispensing at measurement number to 1.On the Well selection tab, use the Add/remove samples dropdown menu and choose the desired sample type, and select the wells to be measured. After that, start the measurement by clicking Run. The basal luminescence signal from DMSO is seen in column 1, and the decrease of luminescence signal on the presence of ATG4B inhibitor, FMK-9a, is seen in column 24.

Begin by launching the microscope operating software. Under the setup tab, choose the correct predefined plate type. Press eject to access the plate stage to position the plate and then press load to load the plate into the microscope.Next, choose the 20 times air objective with a numerical aperture of 0.4. Adjust the correction collar of the 20x air objective for the plate thickness of the chosen plate type. Set the channel selection to Hoechst 33342, and adjust the imaging parameters for the Hoechst channel.Test the chosen settings by selecting a representative well within the plate. On defined layout, select all plate wells and for fields. Then choose the corresponding folder under online jobs to transfer the data to the online analysis software.The experiment settings are saved. Under the run experiment tab, the plate which is going to be imaged is named, and the imaging process is started. To begin image analysis, first launch the software, choose the images for analysis, and then click on the image analysis tab to start image segmentation.Next, click on the plus sign in the input image tab to add a new building block. From the list, click on find nuclei. Choose the most appropriate segmentation method after inspecting the segmented objects on the image.Adjust the detection parameters within the segmentation method. Click on define results and choose standard output as the method. Click on save analysis to database to save the analysis pipeline.Under the batch analysis tab, click on the saved pipeline which will appear under the method option. Then select the data to be analyzed. Start the analysis by clicking on start analysis to generate the dataset for cell numbers.The described cell-based assay relies on a reporter readout that indirectly reflects changes in the ATG4B activity, enabling the detection of both inhibitors and activators of ATG4B activity. The ratio of the ATG4B activity of each compound to its cell viability is used as a cutoff value for the identification of ATG4B inhibitors. Ratios greater than one indicate possible ATG4B activators and ratios less than one indicate possible ATG4B inhibitors.