We would like to thank Andrea Portbury and Davin Townley-Tilson for critical reading of the manuscript and the NIH (grant # R01HL061656) for funding support.

참고 : 모든 실험 채플 힐 노스 캐롤라이나 대학의 기관 동물 관리 및 사용위원회에 의해 승인되었습니다. 1 소비세 대동맥판 <ol><li> 관심 배아 스테이지 안락사 승인 기술을 사용하여, 개발의 목적 배아 일 (E)에서의 새끼와 임신 마우스를 안락사. </li><li> 임신 여성의 복부를 소독하기 위해 70 % 에탄올을 사용합니다. 멀리 내부 장기에서 낮은 복부 위쪽의 피부와 근육을 들어 올리고 자궁 뿔에 액세스 할 수 있도록 열려있는 여성의 낮은 복강을 절개. </li><li> 자궁 경적을 검색하려면 집게에 집게로 자궁 경부 조심스럽게 잘라 꼬리를 개최합니다. 장소에 혼을 유지하는 결합 조직을 절단, 자궁 경적을 들어 올리고 난관과 자궁 뿔의 접합을 절단하여 제거를 완료합니다. </li><li> 페트리 접시 포함 COL에 해부 자궁 경적을 배치D 0.1 M 트리스 완충액 (pH 7.6) 및 필요에 따라 린스. 그런 다음, 오픈 길이 현명한 배아 주머니를 노출하는 자궁 뿔을 잘라. </li><li> 배아를 표시하려면, 태반 및 태아의 교차점에서 배아 주머니를 열고 잘라 배아를 무료로 제대 혈관을 잘라. 차가운 0.1 M 트리스 버퍼를 가지는 초 페트리 접시에서 해부 배아를 놓습니다. 다음 배아에 대한 준비가 될 때까지 얼음에 나머지 undissected 배아와 첫번째 페트리 접시를 돌려줍니다. </li><li> 배아 내의 흉벽 접근을 개선하기 위해 배아를 참살. 유전자형이 필요한 경우 제거하고 얼음에 배치 된 에펜 도르프 튜브에 여분의 조직 일부를 저장한다. </li><li> 그 뒷면에있는 배아를 놓고 앞다리 근처, 흉곽의 측면을 따라 수직으로 가슴 벽을 잘라 수평 격막 위의 마음을 시각화 할 수 있습니다. 그런 마음을 노출하는 가슴 벽을 엽니 다. </li><li> 대 혈관을 따라 높은 잡아 집게를 사용하여 집게를 사용하여 마음을 들어 올려 아래의 혈관을 잘라.N, 마음을 무료로 집게 위에 잘라. 폐 혈관 포경 남아 있으면, 폐 심장으로 제거 될 수 있고 계속하기 전에 제거되어야한다. </li><li> 잘라 내기 및 밸브의 수준의 위 폐동맥을 제거; 여기에 기술 된 배아 단계에서, 폐동맥 밸브 지역에서의 차별에 도움되는 약간 불투명하다. 그냥 폐동맥 판막 아래 잘라 trabeculated 심실의 심근을 방지하고이 지역이 관심 또한 경우 단계 1.10에 설명 된대로 수집합니다. 여기서 및 다음 단계에서, 종래의 용해 완충액에 수집 어웨이 관심 영역으로부터 과량의 트리스 완충액을 그리 모세관을 사용한다. </li><li> 조심스럽게 그냥 밸브의 수준 이상으로, 대동맥 판막을 대동맥 원위부를 제거; 폐동맥과 같은 대동맥의 제거에 도움을줌으로써 이러한 배아 단계에서 약간 불투명 남아있다. 다시 trabeculated 심실 심근을 피하고, 단지 대동맥판 이하 잘라 및 전송얼음에 단백질 분해 효소와 포스 파타 아제 억제제를 포함하는 (재료 표에 설명) 2 μL 용해 버퍼 에펜 도르프 튜브에 집게를 사용하여 밸브. </li><li> 밸브는 별도의 에펜 도르프 튜브에 각 밸브를 수집, 모든 배아에서 적출 될 때까지 반복 1.6-1.10 단계를 반복합니다. 모든 배아는 동일한 유전자형을 가지고 있다면, 모든 밸브는 단일 에펜 도르프 튜브에 수집 될 수있다. </li><li> 유전자형이 함께 풀에 밸브를 결정하기 위해 수행해야하는 경우, 즉시 더 사용할 때까지 -80 ° C에서 용해 버퍼에 샘플을 배치. 시료 (단계 2.1.1) 유전형 후 풀링 될 수있다. </li></ol> 2 단백질 추출 <ol><li> 1 분은 튜브의 바닥에 용해 완충액에서 조직을 수집하기위한 13100 XG에서 얼음과 원심 분리기에 수집 된 조직을 해동. <ol><li> 배아 유전자형 된 경우, 부드럽게 수집하고 풀 용해 버퍼 유사한 유전자형을 가진 배아에서 밸브 영역을 포함하는 피펫을 사용합니다. 강한 B를 확보하려면샘플이 좋습니다 당과, E13.5 배아에서 3-4 밸브 영역을 풀링. </li><li> 모든 배아는 동일한 유전자형의이었고 모든 밸브 영역은 1.10 단계에서 함께 회수하고 있으면 단계 2.2에 기재된 바와 같이, 전체 샘플을 용해. </li></ol></li><li> 풀링 얻어진 시료의 부피를 점검하고 40 ㎕의 총 부피에 용해 완충액을 추가; 그때, 중단하고 에펜 도르프 튜브에 5mm 스테인리스 비즈를 사용하여 샘​​플을 균질화. 제조업체의 지침에 따라, 50 Hz에서 2-4 분 동안 lyser을 사용하십시오. 간단히 스핀 튜브, 불용성 이물질 남기고 새로운 튜브로 (13100 ~ 1 분간 XG) 및 전송 샘플. </li><li> 준비 및 Eslami 외 9와 같은 프로토콜 다음 SDS-PAGE 이후 서양 얼룩 분석을 위해 전송을위한 별도의 샘플. 로드 제어 단백질 블로 팅하는 단백질 정량에 필수적이다. </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

심장 밸브 영역을 조기에 마우스 배아 단백질 수준을 정량화하고 병아리 능력 밸브 개발에 중요한 세포 신호 전달 사건을 이해하기위한 추가 툴을 제공한다. 여기에 설명 된 우리의 프로토콜은 표준 단백질 분리 과정에서 크게 차이가 없습니다. 그러나, 몇 가지 주요 단계를 수정하여, 우리는 성공적으로 매우 작은 샘플 크기에서 인산화 단백질을 얻을 수있다. 이 결과를 달성하기 위해, 다음 단?...

단백질 발현 수준을 확인하고 정량 할 수있는 것은 동물성 및 세포 기반 실험을위한 표준 기술이다. 그러나,에도 불구하고 오랜 현재 병아리와 마우스 1, 2 모두에서 면역 조직 화학 염색으로 제한됩니다 개발 과정이 특정 조직에서 단백질 발현을 평가, 초기 배아 심장 밸브 개발에 관심을. 대부분의 모델 유기체 (예, 마우스 및 병아리)의 현상 밸브에서 단백질 발현을 정량화하는 어려움의 일부를 얻을 수있다 단백질의 양을 제한하는 밸브의 작은 크기이다. 따라서, 정량 분석을 위해, 연구원은 일반적으로 다음 정량 PCR이나 마이크로 어레이 분석 2-5 RNA 추출 및 증폭에 의존하고 있습니다. 그러나, RNA 및 단백질 발현 수준은 6 전적으로 상관 아니므 RNA 발현에 집중하면 특정 신호 발생 수많은 변화 엄격한 계정을 제공 할 수 없다개발하는 동안 여러 번 통로입니다. 현재 가능한 방법이 한계에 기초하여,이 절차의 목적은 안정적으로 중요한 다양한 신호 경로에서 발생하는 변화의 정량적 분석을 위해 개발 배아 마우스 심장 밸브 영역에서 단백질의 충분한 양을 획득하기위한 프로토콜을 개발하는 것이었다 이 조직의 성숙. 배아 밸브 이미 일반적으로 RNA 분리 및 후속 유전자 발현 분석을위한 2-5 생쥐 해부된다. 그러나, 이들 연구는 하류 시그널링에 영향을 미칠 수있는 번역 후 단백질 변형을 검출의 검출을 허용하지 않는 경로를 활성화, 신호의 판독으로 유전자 발현을 사용하여 한정 하였다. 출발점으로 RNA 분리 기법을 사용하여, 관심 영역을 해부 시작되었다. 우리의 관심은 인산화 된 단백질을 검출 되었기 때문에 신호 확실 나타내는라고대동맥 판막 개발 (E13.5-14.5)의 특정 기간 동안 hway 활동, 우리는 포스페이트없는 트리스 완충액에서 모두 박리를 수행 프로테아제 및 포스파타제 억제제 트리스 계 용해 완충액에 밸브를 모았다. 우리의 특정 경우에만 대동맥판 영역은 회수하고 있지만, 폐동맥 판막 영역 용이 동시에 얻을 수 있었다. 밸브 영역은 균질화 현재 성인 심장 밸브 (7)의 단백질 발현을 연구하는 데 사용되는 샘플 완충액과 혼합 하였다. 작은 샘플 볼륨 (예를 들어, 2 μL)를 사용하고 동일한 유전자형 배아에서 밸브 영역 풀링함으로써 배아 일 13.5 8에서 인산화 및 비 인산화 된 단백질을 검출 할 수 있었다. 밸브 영역 동결 및 용해 버퍼에 저장 될 수 있기 때문에 풀링하기 전에, 필요한 경우, 배아는 유전자형을 할 수있다. 이 기술은 셀 signalin 평가에 사용할 수있는 툴 세트를 넓게g 개발 중에 경로와 특별히 개발 심장 밸브에 대한 면역 조직 화학 염색에 대한 정량적 칭찬을 제공합니다. 이 기술은 발달 심장병 전문의로뿐만 아니라 제한적인 조직을 포함하는 지역에 관심이있는 초기 단계의 배아에서 작동하는 모든 발달 생물 학자뿐만 아니라 도움이 될 것이다.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="972">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Name of Reagent/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:512px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Timed-pregnant mouse</td>
			<td style="width:125px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>To be dissected at the embryonic stage of interest</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Stereoscopic microscope</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Nikon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SMZ645</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">0.1 M Tris, pH 7.6</td>
			<td style="width:125px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Microscissors</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15003-08</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Fine forceps, #5</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11251-30</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Dissecting needle holders</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Ted Pella Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">13560</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Dissecting needles</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Ted Pella Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">13561-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Micropipette, 20 &#956;l, with tips</td>
			<td style="width:125px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Lysis buffer</td>
			<td style="width:125px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaCl, 5 mM EDTA, 1% Triton</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">PhosSTOP</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Roche</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">4906845001</td>
			<td>Add 1 tablet to 10 ml lysis buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">TissueLyser LT</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">85600</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Stainless steel beads</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td align="right">69989</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Microcentrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:125px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

protein isolation from the developing embryonic mouse heart valve region

Western blot analysis is a commonly employed technique for detecting and quantifying protein levels. However, for small tissue samples, this analysis method may not be sufficiently sensitive to detect a protein of interest. To overcome these difficulties, we examined protocols for obtaining protein from adult human cardiac valves and modified these protocols for the developing early embryonic mouse counterparts. In brief, the mouse embryonic aortic valve regions, including the aortic valve and surrounding aortic wall, are collected in the minimal possible volume of a Tris-based lysis buffer with protease inhibitors. If required based on the breeding strategy, embryos are genotyped prior to pooling four embryonic aortic valve regions for homogenization. After homogenization, an SDS-based sample buffer is used to denature the sample for running on an SDS-PAGE gel and subsequent western blot analysis. Although the protein concentration remains too low to quantify using spectrophotometric protein quantification assays and have sample remaining for subsequent analyses, this technique can be used to successfully detect and semi-quantify phosphorylated proteins via western blot from pooled samples of four embryonic day 13.5 mouse aortic valve regions, each of which yields approximately 1 &#956;g of protein. This technique will be of benefit for studying cell signaling pathway activation and protein expression levels during early embryonic mouse valve development.

이러한 준비의 기술을 사용하여, 우리는 E13.5 배아에서 하나의 대동맥 판막 지역에서 인산화 TGF 계통 1,5,8 (pSmad)을 감지 할 수 있었다. 도 1a에 도시 된 바와 같이, 심지어 단일 밸브 영역으로부터 분리 된 단백질은 희미한 pSmad 밴드를 검출하기에 충분하다. 신호 강도는 풀링 밸브 영역의 개수에 비례하여 증가한다. 중요한 것은, pSmad / β-액틴 비율은 서로 다른 샘플 크기 (...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Protein Isolation from the Developing Embryonic Mouse Heart Valve Region at JoVE.com

Protein Isolation from the Developing Embryonic Mouse Heart Valve Region

The analysis of protein expression in young embryonic mouse valves has been hampered by the limited tissue available. This manuscript provides a protocol for preparing protein from developing embryonic mouse valve regions for western blot analysis.

개발 배아 마우스 심장 밸브 지역에서 단백질 분리

Western blot analysis is a commonly employed technique for detecting and quantifying protein levels. However, for small tissue samples, this analysis ...

protein-isolation-from-developing-embryonic-mouse-heart-valve

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

9.3K 조회수.  University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. The analysis of protein expression in young embryonic mouse valves has been hampered by the limited tissue available. This manuscript provides a protocol for preparing protein from developing embryonic mouse valve regions for western blot analysis.

비디오: Protein Isolation from the Developing Embryonic Mouse Heart Valve Region

Micro-dissection of Rat Brain for RNA or Protein Extraction from Specific Brain Region

Micro-dissection of rat brain into various regions is extremely important for the study of different neurodegenerative diseases. This video demonstrates micro-dissection of four major brain regions include olfactory bulb, frontal cortex, striatum and hippocampus in fresh rat brain tissue. Useful tips for quick removal of respective regions to avoid RNA and protein degradation of the tissue are given.

Micro-dissection of rat brain into various regions is extremely important for the study of different neurodegenerative diseases. This video demonstrates micro-dissection of four major brain regions include olfactory bulb, frontal cortex, striatum and hippocampus in fresh rat brain tissue. Useful tips for quick removal of respective regions to avoid RNA and protein degradation of the tissue are given.

RNA 또는 특정 뇌 영역에서 단백질 추출에 대한 쥐 두뇌의 마이크로 해부

Micro-dissection of rat brain into various regions is extremely important for the study of different neurodegenerative diseases. This video demonstrates ...

연구

생물학

Isolation and Derivation of Mouse Embryonic Germinal Cells

The ability of embryonic germinal cells (EG) to differentiate into primordial germinal cells (PGCs) and later into gametes during early developmental stages is a perfect model to address our hypothesis about cancer and infertility. This protocol shows how to isolate primordial germinal cells from developing gonads in 10.5-11.5 days post coitum (dpc) mouse embryos.  Developing gonadal ridges from mouse embryos (C57BL6J) were dissociated by mechanical disruption with collagenase, then plated in a mouse embryo fibroblast feeder layer (MEF-CF1) that was previously mitotically inactivated with mitomycin C in the presence of knockout media and supplemented with Leukemia Inhibitor Factor (LIF), basic Fibroblast Growth Factor (bFGF), and Stem Cell Factor (SCF).  Using these optimized methods for PCG identification, isolation, and establishment of culture conditions permits long term cultures of EG cells for more than 40 days.  The embryonic germinal cell lines showed embryonic phenotype and expression of common used markers of the pluripotent state.  Isolation and derivation of germinal cells in culture provide a tool to understand their development in vitro and offer the opportunity to monitor cumulative damage at genetic and epigenetic levels after exposure to oxidative stress.

The ability of embryonic germinal cells to differentiate into primordial germinal cells during early development stages is a perfect model to address our hypothesis about cancer and infertility. This protocol shows how to isolate primordial germinal cells from developing gonads in 10.5-11.5 days post coitum mouse embryos.

절연 및 마우스 배아 새싹 세포의 유도

The ability of embryonic germinal cells (EG) to differentiate into primordial germinal cells (PGCs) and later into gametes during early developmental ...

Isolation and Culture of Cells from the Nephrogenic Zone of the Embryonic Mouse Kidney

Embryonic development of the kidney has been extensively studied both as a model for epithelial-mesenchymal interaction in organogenesis and to gain understanding of the origins of congenital kidney disease. More recently, the possibility of steering na&iuml;ve embryonic stem cells toward nephrogenic fates has been explored in the emerging field of regenerative medicine. Genetic studies in the mouse have identified several pathways required for kidney development, and a global catalog of gene transcription in the organ has recently been generated <a href="http://www.gudmap.org/">http://www.gudmap.org/</a>, providing numerous candidate regulators of essential developmental functions. Organogenesis of the rodent kidney can be studied in organ culture, and many reports have used this approach to analyze outcomes of either applying candidate proteins or knocking down the expression of candidate genes using siRNA or morpholinos. However, the applicability of organ culture to the study of signaling that regulates stem/progenitor cell differentiation versus renewal in the developing kidney is limited as cultured organs contain a compact extracellular matrix limiting diffusion of macromolecules and virus particles. To study the cell signaling events that influence the stem/progenitor cell niche in the kidney we have developed a primary cell system that establishes the nephrogenic zone or progenitor cell niche of the developing kidney ex vivo in isolation from the epithelial inducer of differentiation. Using limited enzymatic digestion, nephrogenic zone cells can be selectively liberated from developing kidneys at E17.5. Following filtration, these cells can be cultured as an irregular monolayer using optimized conditions. Marker gene analysis demonstrates that these cultures contain a distribution of cell types characteristic of the nephrogenic zone in vivo, and that they maintain appropriate marker gene expression during the culture period. These cells are highly accessible to small molecule and recombinant protein treatment, and importantly also to viral transduction, which greatly facilitates the study of candidate stem/progenitor cell regulator effects. Basic cell biological parameters such as proliferation and cell death as well as changes in expression of molecular markers characteristic of nephron stem/progenitor cells in vivo can be successfully used as experimental outcomes. Ongoing work in our laboratory using this novel primary cell technique aims to uncover basic mechanisms governing the regulation of self-renewal versus differentiation in nephron stem/progenitor cells.

In this report we describe a method for the isolation and culture of the progenitor cell niche from the embryonic mouse kidney that can be used to study signaling pathways regulating stem/progenitor cells of the developing kidney. These cultured cells are highly accessible to small molecule and recombinant protein treatment, and importantly also to viral transduction, which allows efficient manipulation of candidate pathways.

배아 마우스 신장의 Nephrogenic 지대의 세포의 분리 및 문화

Embryonic development of the kidney has been extensively studied both as a model for epithelial-mesenchymal interaction in organogenesis and  to gain ...

Immunostaining of Dissected Zebrafish Embryonic Heart

Zebrafish embryo becomes a popular in vivo vertebrate model for studying cardiac development and human heart diseases due to its advantageous embryology and genetics 1,2. About 100-200 embryos are readily available every week from a single pair of adult fish. The transparent embryos that develop ex utero make them ideal for assessing cardiac defects 3. The expression of any gene can be manipulated via morpholino technology or RNA injection 4. Moreover, forward genetic screens have already generated a list of mutants that affect different perspectives of cardiogenesis 5. 
Whole mount immunostaining is an important technique in this animal model to reveal the expression pattern of the targeted protein to a particular tissue 6. However, high resolution images that can reveal cellular or subcellular structures have been difficult, mainly due to the physical location of the heart and the poor penetration of the antibodies. 
 Here, we present a method to address these bottlenecks by dissecting heart first and then conducting the staining process on the surface of a microscope slide. To prevent the loss of small heart samples and to facilitate solution handling, we restricted the heart samples within a circle on the surface of the microscope slides drawn by an immEdge pen. After the staining, the fluorescence signals can be directly observed by a compound microscope. 
Our new method significantly improves the penetration for antibodies, since a heart from an embryonic fish only consists of few cell layers. High quality images from intact hearts can be obtained within a much reduced procession time for zebrafish embryos aged from day 2 to day 6. Our method can be potentially extended to stain other organs dissected from either zebrafish or other small animals.

A rapid way to conduct immunostaining of zebrafish embryonic heart is described. Compared to the whole mount immunostaining approach, this method dramatically increases the penetration of the antibodies, which allows obtaining high resolution images that reveal cellular/subcellular structures in the heart within a much reduced processing time.

해부 Zebrafish 배아 심장의 Immunostaining

Zebrafish embryo becomes a popular in vivo vertebrate model for studying cardiac development and human heart diseases due to its advantageous embryology ...

Generation of Mice Derived from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

The production of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from somatic cells provides a means to create valuable tools for basic research and may also produce a source of patient-matched cells for regenerative therapies. iPSCs may be generated using multiple protocols and derived from multiple cell sources. Once generated, iPSCs are tested using a variety of assays including immunostaining for pluripotency markers, generation of three germ layers in embryoid bodies and teratomas, comparisons of gene expression with embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and production of chimeric mice with or without germline contribution2. Importantly, iPSC lines that pass these tests still vary in their capacity to produce different differentiated cell types2. This has made it difficult to establish which iPSC derivation protocols, donor cell sources or selection methods are most useful for different applications.
The most stringent test of whether a stem cell line has sufficient developmental potential to generate all tissues required for survival of an organism (termed full pluripotency) is tetraploid embryo complementation (TEC)3-5. Technically, TEC involves electrofusion of two-cell embryos to generate tetraploid (4n) one-cell embryos that can be cultured in vitro to the blastocyst stage6. Diploid (2n) pluripotent stem cells (e.g. ESCs or iPSCs) are then injected into the blastocoel cavity of the tetraploid blastocyst and transferred to a recipient female for gestation (see Figure 1). The tetraploid component of the complemented embryo contributes almost exclusively to the extraembryonic tissues (placenta, yolk sac), whereas the diploid cells constitute the embryo proper, resulting in a fetus derived entirely from the injected stem cell line.
Recently, we reported the derivation of iPSC lines that reproducibly generate adult mice via TEC1. These iPSC lines give rise to viable pups with efficiencies of 5-13%, which is comparable to ESCs3,4,7 and higher than that reported for most other iPSC lines8-12. These reports show that direct reprogramming can produce fully pluripotent iPSCs that match ESCs in their developmental potential and efficiency of generating pups in TEC tests. At present, it is not clear what distinguishes between fully pluripotent iPSCs and less potent lines13-15. Nor is it clear which reprogramming methods will produce these lines with the highest efficiency. Here we describe one method that produces fully pluripotent iPSCs and "all- iPSC" mice, which may be helpful for investigators wishing to compare the pluripotency of iPSC lines or establish the equivalence of different reprogramming methods.

Generating induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines produces lines of differing developmental potential even when they pass standard tests for pluripotency. Here we describe a protocol to produce mice derived entirely from iPSCs, which defines the iPSC lines as possessing full pluripotency1.

유도 만능의 줄기 세포에서 파생 마우스의 생성

The production of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from somatic cells provides a means to create valuable tools for basic research and may also ...

Isolating Primary Melanocyte-like Cells from the Mouse Heart

We identified a novel population of melanocyte-like cells (also known as cardiac melanocytes) in the hearts of mice and humans that contribute to atrial arrhythmia triggers in mice. To investigate the electrical and biological properties of cardiac melanocytes we developed a procedure to isolate them from mouse hearts that we derived from those designed to isolate neonatal murine cardiomyocytes. In order to obtain healthier cardiac melanocytes suitable for more extensive patch clamp or biochemical studies, we developed a refined procedure for isolating and plating cardiac melanocytes based on those originally designed to isolate cutaneous melanocytes. The refined procedure is demonstrated in this review and produces larger numbers of healthy melanocyte-like cells that can be plated as a pure population or with cardiomyocytes.

In this protocol, we identified a novel population of melanocyte-like cells (also known as cardiac melanocytes) in the hearts of mice and humans that contribute to atrial arrhythmia triggers in mice.&#160;

마우스의 심장에서 차 멜라닌 세포와 같은 세포를 분리

We identified a novel population of melanocyte-like cells (also known as cardiac melanocytes) in the hearts of mice and humans that contribute to atrial ...

A Novel Ex vivo Culture Method for the Embryonic Mouse Heart

Developmental studies in the mouse are hampered by the inaccessibility of the embryo during gestation. Thus, protocols to isolate and culture individual organs of interest are essential to provide a method of both visualizing changes in development and allowing novel treatment strategies. To promote the long-term culture of the embryonic heart at late stages of gestation, we developed a protocol in which the excised heart is cultured in a semi-solid, dilute Matrigel. This substrate provides enough support to maintain the three-dimensional structure but is flexible enough to allow continued contraction. In brief, hearts are excised from the embryo and placed in a mixture of cold Matrigel diluted 1:1 with growth medium. After the diluted Matrigel solidifies, growth medium is added to the culture dish. Hearts excised as late as embryonic day 16.5 were viable for four days post-dissection. Analysis of the coronary plexus shows that this method does not disrupt coronary vascular development. Thus, we present a novel method for long-term culture of embryonic hearts.

A Novel Ex vivo Culture Method for the Embryonic Mouse Heart

Developmental studies in the mouse are hampered by the inaccessibility of the embryo during gestation. To promote the long-term culture of the embryonic heart at late stages of gestation, we developed a protocol in which the excised heart is cultured in a semi-solid, dilute Matrigel.

소설<em&gt; 생체</em배아 마우스 사랑을&gt; 문화 방법

Developmental studies in the mouse are hampered  by the inaccessibility of the embryo during gestation. Thus, protocols to  isolate and culture individual ...

Isolation of Embryonic Ventricular Endothelial Cells

Cell culture has greatly enhanced our ability to assess individual populations of cells under myriad culture conditions. While immortalized cell lines offer significant advantages for their ease of use, these cell lines are unavailable for all potential cell types. By isolating primary cells from a specific region of interest, particularly from a transgenic mouse, more nuanced studies can be performed. The basic technique involves dissecting the organ or partial organ of interest (e.g. the heart or a specific region of the heart) and dissociating the organ to single cells. These cells are then incubated with magnetic beads conjugated to an antibody that recognizes the cell type of interest. The cells of interest can then be isolated with the use of a magnet, with a short trypsin incubation dissociating the cells from the beads. These isolated cells can then be cultured and analyzed as desired. This technique was originally designed for adult mouse organs but can be easily scaled down for use with embryonic organs, as demonstrated herein. Because our interest is in the developing coronary vasculature, we wanted to study this population of cells during specific embryonic stages. Thus, the original protocol had to be modified to be compatible with the small size of the embryonic ventricles and the low potential yield of endothelial cells at these developmental stages. Utilizing this scaled-down approach, we have assessed coronary plexus remodeling in transgenic embryonic ventricular endothelial cells.

Primary cell culture is a useful technique for analyzing specific populations of cells, particularly from transgenic mouse embryos at specific developmental stages. Herein, embryonic ventricles are dissected and dissociated, and antibody-conjugated beads recognize and separate out the endothelial cells for further analysis.

배아 심실 내피 세포의 분리

Cell culture has greatly enhanced our ability to assess individual populations of cells under myriad culture conditions. While immortalized cell lines ...

Cell Labeling and Injection in Developing Embryonic Mouse Hearts

Testing the fate of embryonic or pluripotent stem cell-derivatives in in vitro protocols has led to controversial outcomes that do not necessarily reflect their in vivo potential. Preferably, these cells should be placed in a proper embryonic environment in order to acquire their definite phenotype. Furthermore, cell lineage tracing studies in the mouse after labeling cells with dyes or retroviral vectors has remained mostly limited to early stage mouse embryos with still poorly developed organs. To overcome these limitations, we designed standard and ultrasound-mediated microinjection protocols to inject various agents in targeted regions of the heart in mouse embryos at E9.5 and later stages of development. &#160;Embryonic explant or embryos are then cultured or left to further develop in utero. These agents include fluorescent dyes, virus, shRNAs, or stem cell-derived progenitor cells. Our approaches allow for preservation of the function of the organ while monitoring migration and fate of labeled and/or injected cells. These technologies can be extended to other organs and will be very helpful to address key biological questions in biology of development.

We describe a series of methods to inject dyes, DNA vectors, virus, and cells in order to monitor both cell fate and phenotype of endogenous and grafted cells derived from embryonic or pluripotent cells within mouse embryos at embryonic day (E)9.5 and later stages of development.

배아의 마우스 하트을 개발에있는 셀의 레테르를 붙이는 및 사출

Testing the fate of embryonic or pluripotent stem cell-derivatives in in vitro protocols has led to controversial outcomes that do not necessarily reflect ...

Isolation of Murine Valve Endothelial Cells

Normal valve structures consist of stratified layers of specialized extracellular matrix (ECM) interspersed with valve interstitial cells (VICs) and surrounded by a monolayer of valve endothelial cells (VECs). VECs play essential roles in establishing the valve structures during embryonic development, and are important for maintaining life-long valve integrity and function. In contrast to a continuous endothelium over the surface of healthy valve leaflets, VEC disruption is commonly observed in malfunctioning valves and is associated with pathological processes that promote valve disease and dysfunction. Despite the clinical relevance, focused studies determining the contribution of VECs to development and disease processes are limited. The isolation of VECs from animal models would allow for cell-specific experimentation. VECs have been isolated from large animal adult models but due to their small population size, fragileness, and lack of specific markers, no reports of VEC isolations in embryos or adult small animal models have been reported. Here we describe a novel method that allows for the direct isolation of VECs from mice at embryonic and adult stages. Utilizing the Tie2-GFP reporter model that labels all endothelial cells with Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP), we have been successful in isolating GFP-positive (and negative) cells from the semilunar and atrioventricular valve regions using fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS). Isolated GFP-positive VECs are enriched for endothelial markers, including CD31 and von Willebrand Factor (vWF), and retain endothelial cell expression when cultured; while, GFP-negative cells exhibit molecular profiles and cell shapes consistent with VIC phenotypes. The ability to isolate embryonic and adult murine VECs allows for previously unattainable molecular and functional studies to be carried out on a specific valve cell population, which will greatly improve our understanding of valve development and disease mechanisms.

The ability to isolate heart valve endothelial cells (VECs) is critical for understanding mechanisms of valve development, maintenance, and disease. Here we describe the isolation of VECs from embryonic and adult Tie2-GFP mice using FACS that will allow for studies determining the contribution of VECs in developmental and disease processes.

쥐과 밸브 내피 세포의 분리

Normal valve structures consist of stratified layers of specialized extracellular matrix (ECM) interspersed with valve interstitial cells (VICs) and ...

Methods Article

개발 배아 마우스 심장 밸브 지역에서 단백질 분리