This study was supported by grant No. 2021YFC2302603 of the National Key Research and Development Program of China, grants No. 31670938, 32070924, 82041045, and 32000651 of the National Natural Science Foundation Program of China, grants No. 2014jcyjA0107 and No. 2019jcyjA-msxmx0159 of the Natural Science Foundation Project Program of Chongqing, grant No. CYS21519 of the Postgraduate Research and Innovation Project of Chongqing, grant No. 2020XBK24 of the Army Medical University Special projects, and grant No. 202090031021 of the National Innovation and Entrepreneurship Program for college students.

All cell experiments were performed in a cell engineering laboratory equipped with basic operating rooms, buffer rooms, sterile culture rooms, and identification and analysis rooms. The working environment and conditions were free from microbial contamination and other harmful factors. The animal experiments were conducted based on the Guidelines for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals and were approved by the Laboratory Animal Welfare and Ethics Committee of the Third Military Medical University.
<p class="jove_t...

<ol>
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The authors declare that there are no competing financial or personal interests that could have influenced the work reported in this paper.

Subunit vaccines provide excellent safety but poor immunogenicity. The main strategy to enhance the immunogenicity is to physically adsorb or couple antigens with adjuvants and incorporate them into the drug delivery systems to promote the uptake and presentation by DCs. Natural plant saponins such as quillaia saponin and its derivatives are highly toxic and are not suitable for the development of human vaccines17. Therefore, the study of the toxic effects of vaccines or adjuvants on cells is a ne...

Vaccines are an important means of preventing and treating infectious and noncommunicable diseases. The appropriate addition of adjuvants and delivery vehicles to vaccine formulations is beneficial for enhancing the immunogenicity of antigens and generating long-lasting immune responses1. In addition to the classical adjuvant alum (aluminum salt), there are six kinds of adjuvants for vaccines that are currently marketed: MF592,3, AS043, AS033, AS013, CpG10184, and Matrix-M5. Generally, when the human body encounters a viral attack, the first and second lines of defense (skin, mucosa, and macrophages) take the lead in clearing the virus, and finally, the third line of defense, involving the immune organs and immune cells, is activated. Aluminum and aluminum salts have been the most widely used adjuvants for human vaccines since the early 1920s, eliciting an effective innate immune response6. However, it has been proposed that the activation of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) by classical adjuvants, which stimulates the immune cells to generate specific sets of cytokines and chemokines, is the mechanism by which adjuvants work and may be one of the reasons why adjuvants exert only transient effects on specific immune responses7. The presence of limited licensed adjuvants for human use is a restrictive factor for developing vaccines that elicit effective immune responses8.
Currently, an increasing number of adjuvant studies are demonstrating the ability to induce a strong cellular immune response in mice. QS-21 has been shown to induce a balanced T-helper 1 (Th1) and T-helper 2 (Th2) immune response, produce higher levels of antibody titers, and prolong the protection as an adjuvant, but its strong toxicity and hemolytic properties limit its development as a standalone clinical adjuvant9,10. OP-D (ruscogenin-O-&#945;-L-rhamnopyranosy1-(1&#8594;2)-&#946;-D-xylopyranosyl-(1&#8594;3)-&#946;-D-fucopyranoside) is one of the steroidal saponins isolated from the root of the Chinese medicinal plant Ophiopogon japonicas4. Additionally, it is the chief pharmacologically active component (Shen Mai San) found in Radix Ophiopogonis and is known to have certain pharmacological properties11. Moreover, it is a member of the Liliaceae family and is widely utilized for its inhibitory and protective effects in cellular inflammation and myocardial injury. For example, OP-D ameliorates DNCB-induced atopic dermatitis-like lesions and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-&#945;) inflammatory HaCaT cells in BALB/c mice12. Importantly, OP-D promotes the antioxidative protection of the cardiovascular system and protects the heart against doxorubicin-induced autophagic injury by reducing both reactive oxygen species generation and disrupting mitochondrial membrane damage. Experiments have shown that taking OP-D with mono-desmoside helps to boost immune health, increase white blood cell counts and DNA synthesis, and make antibodies last longer13. It has previously been found that OP-D has an adjuvant effect14.
Nanoemulsions are oil-in-water nanoformulations composed of a combination of surfactants, oil, cosurfactants, and water12,15. These nanovaccine designs allow antigens and adjuvants to be encapsulated together to enhance immune stimulation, protect the antigens, and promote dendritic cell (DC) maturation16. For development of these novel adjuvants obtained from screening, it is important to find appropriate methods to evaluate their cellular response abilities.
The purpose of this protocol is to systematically evaluate whether adjuvants can enhance phagocytosis and the expression of immune cells in in vitro cell culture and to elaborate on the main experimental methods. The experiment is divided into four subsections: (1) the toxicity of OP-D and NOD to L929 cells is determined by the cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay; (2) the cytokine levels of endocrine IFN-&#947; and IL-17A and the corresponding cell numbers in immunized mice are detected by splenocyte stimulation and ELISpot assays; (3) the antigen presentation ability of DCs after adjuvant stimulation is observed using confocal microscopy; and (4) the three kinds of cytokines, IL-1&#946;, IL-6, and TNF-&#945;, in the supernatants obtained from peritoneal macrophages (PMs) in normal mice cocultured with adjuvants are detected.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>0.25% Trypsin-EDTA (1x)</td>
			<td>GIBCO, USA</td>
			<td>25200056</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>96-well filter plates</td>
			<td>Millipore. Billerica, MA</td>
			<td>CLS3922</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AlPO4</td>
			<td>General Chemical Company, USA</td>
			<td>null</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Automated Cell Counter</td>
			<td>Countstar, China</td>
			<td>IC1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BALB/c mice and C57BL/6 mice</td>
			<td>Beijing HFK Bioscience Co. Ltd</td>
			<td>null</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>caprylic/capric triglyceride (GTCC)</td>
			<td>Beijing Fengli Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Beijing, China</td>
			<td>null</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CCK-8 kits</td>
			<td>Dojindo, Japan</td>
			<td>CK04</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell Counting Plate</td>
			<td>Costar, Corning, USA</td>
			<td>CO010101</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell Sieve</td>
			<td>biosharp, China</td>
			<td>BS-70-CS</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge 5810 R</td>
			<td>Eppendorf, Germany&#160;</td>
			<td>5811000398</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DAPI</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, USA</td>
			<td>D9542</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM basic(1x) medium</td>
			<td>GIBCO, USA</td>
			<td>C11885500BT</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DSZ5000X Inverted Microscope</td>
			<td>Nikon,Japan</td>
			<td>DSZ5000X</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EL-35 (Cremophor-35)</td>
			<td>Mumbai, India</td>
			<td>null</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ELISpot classic</td>
			<td>AID, Germany</td>
			<td>ELR06</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td>GIBCO, USA</td>
			<td>10099141C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Full-function Microplate Reader</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA</td>
			<td>VL0000D2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GFP</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, USA</td>
			<td>P42212</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glutamax</td>
			<td>Invitrogen, USA</td>
			<td>35050061</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Granulocyte Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor</td>
			<td>GM-CSF, R&#38;D Systems, USA</td>
			<td>315-03</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES</td>
			<td>Invitrogen, USA</td>
			<td>15630106</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HF 90/240 Incubator</td>
			<td>Heal Force, Switzerland</td>
			<td>null</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IL-4</td>
			<td>PeproTech, USA</td>
			<td>042149</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L929 cell line</td>
			<td>FENGHUISHENGWU, China</td>
			<td>&#160;NCTC clone 929 (RRID:CVCL_0462)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy</td>
			<td>Zeiss, Germany</td>
			<td>LSM 980</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MONTANE 85 PPI</td>
			<td>SEPPIC, France</td>
			<td>L12910</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MONTANOX 80 PPI</td>
			<td>SEPPIC, France</td>
			<td>36372K</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse IFN-&#947; ELISA kit</td>
			<td>Dakewe, China</td>
			<td>1210002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse IFN-&#947; precoated ELISPOT kit</td>
			<td>Dakewe, China</td>
			<td>DKW22-2000-096</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse IL-17A ELISA kit</td>
			<td>Dakewe, China</td>
			<td>1211702</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse IL-17A ELISpotPLUS Kit</td>
			<td>ebiosciences, USA</td>
			<td>3521-4HPW-2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse IL-1&#946; ELISA kit</td>
			<td>Dakewe, China</td>
			<td>1210122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse IL-6 ELISA kit</td>
			<td>Dakewe, China</td>
			<td>1210602</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse TNF-&#945; ELISA kit</td>
			<td>Dakewe, China</td>
			<td>1217202</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Non-essential amino acids(100x)</td>
			<td>Invitrogen, USA</td>
			<td>11140050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ophiopogonin-D</td>
			<td>Chengdu Purui Technology Co. Ltd</td>
			<td>945619-74-9</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin-Streptomycin Solution</td>
			<td>Invitrogen, USA</td>
			<td>15070063</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phalloidin</td>
			<td>Solarbio, China</td>
			<td>CA1620</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate Buffered Saline</td>
			<td>ZSGB-BIO, China</td>
			<td>ZLI-9062</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Red Blood Cell Lysis Buffer</td>
			<td>Solarbio, China</td>
			<td>R1010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RPMI 1640 medium</td>
			<td>Hyclone (Life Technology), USA</td>
			<td>SH30809.01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium pyruvate(100 mM)</td>
			<td>Invitrogen, USA</td>
			<td>11360070</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Squalene</td>
			<td>Sigma, USA</td>
			<td>S3626</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#946;- Mercaptoethanol</td>
			<td>Invitrogen, USA</td>
			<td>21985023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

in vitro cellular activity evaluation of the nanoemulsion vaccine adjuvant ophiopogonin d

As a principal ingredient of vaccines, adjuvants can directly induce or enhance the powerful, widespread, innate, and adaptive immune responses associated with antigens. Ophiopogonin D (OP-D), a purified component extracted from the plant Ophiopogon japonicus, has been found to be useful as a vaccine adjuvant. The problems of the low solubility and toxicity of OP-D can be effectively overcome by using a low-energy emulsification method to prepare nanoemulsion ophiopogonin D (NOD). In this article, a series of in vitro protocols for cellular activity evaluation are examined. The cytotoxic effects of L929 were determined using a cell counting kit-8 assay. Then, the secreted cytokine levels and corresponding immune cell numbers after the stimulation and culture of splenocytes from immunized mice were detected by ELISA and ELISpot methods. In addition, the antigen uptake ability in bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs), which were isolated from C57BL/6 mice and matured after incubation with GM-CSF plus IL-4, was observed by laser scanning confocal microscopy (CLSM). Importantly, macrophage activation was confirmed by measuring the levels of IL-1&#946;, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-&#945;) cytokines by ELISA kits after coculturing peritoneal macrophages (PMs) from blank mice with the adjuvant for 24 h. It is hoped that this protocol will provide other researchers with direct and effective experimental approaches to evaluate the cellular response efficacies of novel vaccine adjuvants.

The cellular activity evaluation of the adjuvants OP-D and NOD was completed in vitro according to the protocol. L929 fibroblasts are a useful screening model for the in vitro toxicity testing of NOD (Figure 1). The quantification of inflammatory cytokine levels in the spleen can help researchers better understand the immune response (Figure 2). Monitoring CTLs with ELISpot is the gold standard for assessing antigen-specific T-cell immunity in ...

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In Vitro Cellular Activity Evaluation of the Nanoemulsion Vaccine Adjuvant Ophiopogonin D

The protocol presents detailed methods for evaluating whether the nanoemulsion ophiopogonin D adjuvant promotes effective cellular immune responses.

In Vitro Cellular Activity Evaluation of the Nanoemulsion Vaccine Adjuvant Ophiopogonin D

As a principal ingredient of vaccines, adjuvants can directly induce or enhance the powerful, widespread, innate, and adaptive immune responses associated ...

This protocol can provide other researchers with direct and effective experimental approaches and the detail steps to evaluate the cellular response efficacies of novel vaccine adjuvants. It cannot only provide researchers with specific cellular evaluation methods for adjuvants, but can also break down extraction methods such as BM disease. This protocols not only demonstrate no toxicity and high cellular delivery, but also provide detailed procedures for adjuvant evaluation field.To begin, turn on the water bath and adjust the temperature to 37 degrees Celsius. Then after collecting a tube of frozen L929 cells from liquid nitrogen, thaw quickly in the water bath. After pipetting the cells into a 15 milliliters sterile centrifuge tube, add two milliliters of DMEM and mix well.Centrifuge the samples at 129 x g for five minutes. And after discarding the supernatant, add two milliliters of DMEM to resuspend the cells. Centrifuge the samples again.And after discarding the supernatant, add six milliliters of DMEM complete medium for resuspension, and transferred to a T25 centimeter squared culture flask in a 37 degree Celsius incubator with 5%carbon dioxide to culture for 48 hours. On day 24 after the primary immunization, remove the mice from the animal room, place it in a glass dish and soak in 75%alcohol for five minutes. Place the centrifuge tubes on a centrifuge tube rack, numbered the disposable Petri dishes, and add five milliliters of PBS to each Petri dish with a 10 milliliter pipette.Make a six to eight centimeter incision with scissors in the middle of the left ventral side of the mouse. Tear open the skin to expose the abdominal wall and locate the long red strip of the spleen. Next, lift the peritoneum on the inferior side of the spleen with forceps.Cut it open and turn it upward to expose the spleen. Lift the spleen with forceps. Separate the connective tissue beneath the spleen with ophthalmic scissors and remove the spleen.Place the spleen in a Petri dish containing five milliliters of PBS and mill with a sieve and syringe plunger. After grinding, transfer the liquid into a 15 milliliter centrifuge tube with a pipette in accordance with the numbering. Next, centrifuge the liquid at 453 x g for five minutes.And after discarding the supernatant, add three milliliters of red blood cell lysis buffer to each tube. Resuspend the cells and lyse at room temperature for 10 minutes. Then add 10 to 12 milliliters of PBS to each tube.And after mixing and centrifuging at 453 x g for five minutes, discard the supernatant and add 10 milliliters of PBS to each centrifuge tube and resuspend the cells. Take 20 microliters of each sample in a well of the cell counting plate and record the number of live cells using an automated cell counter. Next, centrifuge the samples at 453 x g for five minutes.And after discarding the supernatant, dilute to 2.5 x 10 to the sixth cells per milliliter with RF10 medium and add to a 96-well plate at 100 microliters per well. Cut a six to eight centimeters incision below the abdomen of the mouse with scissors and clamp the two ends of the opening to separate it in different directions and expose the legs of the mouse. Separate the mouse femur from the mouse body and the tibia from the joint.And keep the bones intact at both ends. Next, remove the residual tissue and cartilage from the articular joints at both ends of the femur with scissors and forceps. Soak the femurs in 75%alcohol for five minutes and then soak in a sterile PBS solution to wash off the surface alcohol.Then cut off the ends of the femurs with scissors and rinse the bone marrow in a sterile Petri dish with sterile PBS solution, followed by aspiration with a one milliliter syringe. Repeat the washing three to five times. Next, filter by a cell sieve and collect the bone marrow-derived dendritic cells into a 15 milliliter centrifuge tube.After centrifuging the samples at 290 x g for five minutes, discard the supernatant and add four milliliters of red blood cell lysis buffer, resuspend and lyse at room temperature for five minutes. Next, add 10 milliliters of sterile PBS solution to neutralize the lysate, and after centrifuging at 290 x g for five minutes, discard the supernatant. Resuspend the cells in one milliliter of DMEM containing 1%penicillin-streptomycin solution and 10%fetal bovine serum and count.Then add granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor plus interleukin-4 to the medium. Adjust the cell concentration to 5 x 10 to the fifth per milliliter and inoculate the cells on cover slips. After adding the cell suspension to a six-well plate at two milliliters per well, place the plate in a humidified incubator at 37 degrees Celsius with 5%carbon dioxide for 48 hours.Change the medium completely after two days and change half of the medium after four days. Immerse the mice in 75%alcohol after euthanasia and place them face up in a glass Petri dish in numbered order. Pass the mice through the transfer window into the sterile operation room and place them on the operation table for five minutes.Using the syringe, aspirate 10 milliliters of saline. Tilt the mice downward at approximately 45 degrees and inject into the middle of the abdominal cavity. Draw about five milliliters of cell suspension into a 15 milliliter centrifuge tube for each 10 milliliters and repeat the injection three times.Centrifuge the cell suspension at 129 x g for five minutes to obtain mouse peritoneal primary macrophages. L929 fibroblasts are a useful screening model for the in vitro toxicity testing of NOD. The quantification of inflammatory cytokine levels in the spleen can help researchers better understand the immune response.Monitoring cytotoxic T lymphocytes with enzyme-linked immunospot is the gold standard for assessing antigen specific T-cell immunity in clinical trials and for screening vaccine candidates. The increased uptake of an antigen by dendritic cells can elicit enhanced adaptive immune responses. Macrophages play an important role in presenting antigens to T-cells, as well as inducing other antigen presenting cells to express co-stimulatory molecules, thereby initiating adaptive immune responses.The isolation of cells under the ratio of drug to cell action are of utmost importance.

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Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

1.7K 조회수.  Third Military Medical University of Chinese PLA. 이 프로토콜은 다른 연구자들에게 직접적이고 효과적인 실험적 접근법과 새로운 백신 보조제의 세포 반응 효율성을 평가하기 위한 세부 단계를 제공할 수 있습니다. 연구자에게 보조제에 대한 특정 세포 평가 방법을 제공 할뿐만 아니라 BM 질환과 같은 추출 방법을 분해 할 수도 있습니다. 이 프로토콜은 독성이 없고 높은 세포 전달을 입증할 뿐만 아니라 보조제 평가 분야에...