We appreciate assistance from members of the fly community, particularly Dr. Denise Montell, Dr. Lynn Cooley, and Dr. Pernille Rorth, for reagents. We thank Flybase, the Bloomington Drosophila Stock Center, and Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank for information and providing fly stocks and antibodies, respectively. LM is supported by the Department of Education&#160;Grant, Graduate Assistance in the Areas of National Need (GAANN) training fellowship (P200A120017) and by a NIGMS Initiative for Maximizing Student Development Grant (2 R25-GM55036). A portion of the microscopy work was supported by NSF MRI grant DBI-0722569 and the Keith R. Porter Core Imaging Facility. Research was supported in part by a NSF CAREER Award (1054422) and a Basil O&#8217;Connor Starter Scholar Award from the March of Dimes, both awarded to MSG.

1. Dissecção da ovaríolos <ol><li> Transferir cerca de quinze 2-4 dias de idade moscas fêmeas e alguns machos a uma mosca frasco fresco alimentos com adição de levedura seca activa. Use algodão como um plug para os frascos, e adicione algumas gotas de água para o algodão para manter a umidade alta. </li><li> Coloque o frasco numa incubadora a 25 ° C durante 14-16 h, para maximizar o número de câmaras de 8-10 fase de ovo. NOTA: O tempo de incubação varia dependendo da temperatura e estágio desejado. </li><li> Prepare a mídia de dissecação, 0,1 M KPO 4 e NP40 soluções conforme necessário para o dia seguinte (ver Materiais). </li><li> Anestesiar as moscas usando CO 2, e colocar sob um microscópio de dissecção. Pipet várias gotas de mídia dissecção em cada cavidade no slide depressão vidro. </li><li> Segure fórceps em cada mão em um ângulo de aproximadamente 30 ° para o topo da tabela e orientar uma mosca fêmea com as asas para baixo. Com a mão não-dominante, pegar a fêmea com a pinça, agarrando-a no anterior do abdômen, perto do tórax, e mergulhe-a para a mídia dissecção na depressão de slides (Figura 1A inserção). </li><li> Com o outro par de fórceps, segure o exoesqueleto no ventral posterior do abdômen e perfurar. Agarre os ovários na extremidade posterior, em seguida, puxe-os para fora do abdômen e coloque no meio fresco, do outro lado do slide depressão. (Figura 1A inserção). Evite puxar para além do intestino. Descarte a carcaça. </li><li> Repita o procedimento com as outras moscas fêmeas até que todos os ovários são dissecados. Descartar os machos. </li><li> Com um par de fórceps, segure um ovário na extremidade posterior (perto das maiores câmaras de ovos), e com a outra mão use uma pinça para beliscar uma das câmaras de ovos mais anteriores (germário). (Figura 1A). </li><li> Lenta e progressivamente, puxe uma cadeia ovaríolo fora da bainha de ovário. Continue a dissecar ovarioles individualmente até que todas as câmaras de ovos desejados são removed. </li><li> Repita os passos de 1,7-1,8 para todos os ovários dissecados. </li><li> Uma vez completo, transferir ovarioles a um tubo de 0,6 ml usando uma pipeta de plástico. </li><li> Vamos ovarioles se depositam no fundo do tubo, em seguida, proceder à fixação e coloração etapas. </li></ol> 2. Immunofluorescent (IF) Coloração de ovaríolos <ol><li> Remova cuidadosamente media dissecção de ovarioles com uma pipeta. Cuidado para não remover quaisquer ovarioles ou câmaras de ovo. Deixe aproximadamente 50 l de ovarioles e meios de comunicação de dissecação. </li><li> Adicionar 50 mL de 16% de paraformaldeído para 150 mL de 0,1 M KPO 4 tampão em um tubo, e adicionar solução para câmaras de ovos para corrigi-los. Incubar, enquanto balançando para 10 min. CUIDADO: paraformaldeído é tóxico. </li><li> Remover fixador e lavar duas vezes com 0,5 ml de tampão de lavagem NP40. </li><li> Lavar duas vezes durante 15 minutos cada à temperatura ambiente. </li><li> Consulte o padrão se o protocolo 15 para as etapas subseqüentes. <ol><li> Resumidamente, após a fixação, adicionarOs anticorpos primários nas diluições apropriadas e incubar O / N a 4 ° C. Lavar em várias vezes NP40, em seguida, adicionar anticorpos secundários (1: 200) diluições. </li><li> Lavar várias vezes em NP40, em seguida, adicionar DAPI (1: 1000) durante 10 min, em seguida, repetir lavagens. Uma vez SE protocolo é completa, adicionar 200 ul de glicerol a 50% em PBS para as câmaras de ovos e deixar repousar à temperatura ambiente durante 2 horas. </li><li> Remova a solução, substitua-o por 70% de glicerol em PBS, e cubra com papel alumínio. Coloque amostra em 4 ᵒC até que esteja pronto para a montagem. Enquanto isso, continue com a etapa 3. </li></ol></li></ol> 3. Preparação Prévia de glicerina geléia Slides <ol><li> Medida pelo menos 4 ml de glicerina geléia com uma espátula e encher um tubo de cultura de células de vidro para a marca de meio caminho. Derreter glicerina geleia num banho de água a 55 ° C durante 30 min. </li><li> Verter uma pequena gota de glicerol, cerca de 300 ul, a partir da solução estoque em duas lâminas de microscópio. Utilizando um tecido, de glicerol em espalhar um la finayer através de cada um dos slides. Isto proporciona uma base e permite a fácil remoção de glicerina geleia no passo 5.6. </li><li> Corte a ponta fora de uma pipeta de ponta 1.000 ul filtrada. Use cut ponteira para transferir 1000-1500 ul de warm geléia glicerina lentamente para cada lâmina de microscópio. Tome cuidado para evitar bolhas. </li><li> Vamos lâminas glicerina geléia sentar por 5 min a RT para definir. </li><li> Coloque cada slide glicerina geléia em 60 mm x 15 milímetros placa de petri e cubra com filme plástico. Coloque a 4 ° CO / N. Opcionalmente, loja glicerina lâminas de geléia para até 5 dias a 4 ° C. </li></ol> 4. Montagem ovo Chambers <ol><li> Usando amostras do passo 2.5, pipeta várias gotas 3 ul de câmaras de ovos em 70% de glicerol através de uma glicerina geléia slide. Continue pipetagem 3 gotas ul até que todas as câmaras de ovos estão neste slide. Certifique-se de cada gota contém, pelo menos, dez câmaras de ovo. Enquanto isso, aqueça um tubo de cultura de glicerina geléia em um banho de água a 55 ° C. </li><li> Coloque o slide glicerina geléia com câmaras de ovo sob um microscópio de dissecção. Ajustar ampliação de modo a que apenas uma gota de câmaras de ovo está no campo de visão (figura 1B). </li><li> Usando uma agulha de calibre 30 como uma colher, pegar a câmara fase de ovo desejado. Quando necessárias, as câmaras de ovo desejados separados de uma cadeia ovaríolo utilizando a agulha, como uma faca. </li><li> Para evitar detritos que podem interferir com a imagem, a câmara de transferência de ovo para a segunda lâmina de glicerina geleia, com o anterior virada para a esquerda (Figura 1E -1). Repetir até que não haja, pelo menos, sete câmaras de ovo alinhados em uma coluna (Figura 1C). </li><li> Formar novas colunas de sete até que todas as câmaras de ovos desejados são transferidos para o segundo slide glicerina geléia. </li><li> Rasgue um pequeno pedaço de tecido e torção. Use-o para absorver o excesso de PBS-glicerol das câmaras de ovo levemente tocando cada um. Tome cuidado para não remover câmaras de ovo. </li><li> Corte oponta de uma pipeta de ponta de 200 ul filtrada. Utilize este para transferir 150 mL de glicerina geléia para cobrir todas as colunas de câmaras de ovo. NOTA: A quantidade de geléia glicerina necessário para cobrir as colunas é baseado em etapas da câmara de ovos e número de colunas. Este valor pode ser ajustado. </li><li> Deixe câmaras de ovos montados sentar-se durante 5 min à temperatura ambiente até que a camada superior de glicerina geleia é completamente solidificado (Figura 1D). </li><li> Colocar a lâmina de câmaras de ovos montados em 60 mm × 15 milímetros placa de petri e cubra com filme plástico. Armazenar a 4 ° CO / N para permitir que as camadas glicerina geléia para solidificar juntos (lugar no escuro, se há uma preocupação com a fotodegradação). </li></ol> 5. Preparação de ovo Chambers for Imaging <ol><li> Coloque slides das câmaras de ovos montados sob um microscópio de dissecção. Ajustar ampliação de modo a que apenas uma coluna de câmaras de ovo está no campo de visão. </li><li> Usando um ângulo de 45 ° bisturi miniatura, corte um straight linha ao longo do lado direito da primeira coluna de câmaras de ovo (próxima da face posterior das câmaras de ovo). (Figura 1D-E) </li><li> Em seguida, cortado por cima da primeira câmara de ovo no topo e por baixo da última câmara de ovo na coluna. Neste ponto, a coluna de câmaras de ovo deve ser cortada em três lados. </li><li> Usando um microlanceta, corte ao longo do lado esquerdo da coluna, tão perto quanto possível do lado anterior das câmaras de ovo (Figura 1E) -3. </li><li> Pipetar 100 mL de frio 1X PBT sobre a coluna corte. </li><li> Use uma espátula rodada gumes para remover o excesso de geléia glicerina em torno de três lados da coluna corte de câmaras de ovo e descartar, deixando o resto no slide. </li><li> Insira a espátula no corte feito na face anterior das câmaras de ovos e separar a coluna do bloco de glicerina geléia primária. </li><li> Preparar amostras em posição invertida (5.8.1) ou vertical (5.8.2) de microscopia para qualquer um. <ol><li> Para microscópio invertido: t Transferênciaele coluna de câmaras de ovos para uma lamela com face anterior das câmaras de ovo virado para baixo. Repita os passos 5,2-5,8 até que todas as colunas de glicerina geleia foram removidos e montados. Adicione um par de gotas de 50% PBS-glicerol para cada bloco de câmaras de ovos para evitar que sequem. Câmaras de ovos imagem diretamente sobre lamela. </li><li> Para microscópio vertical: Transferir a coluna de câmaras de ovo para uma lâmina de microscópio com o lado anterior para cima. Repita os passos 5,2-5,9 até que todas as colunas de glicerina geleia foram removidas e montadas em lâminas de microscópio. Adicione um par de gotas de 50% PBS-glicerol para cada bloco de câmaras de ovo e blocos de cobertura com uma lamela ½ # 1. </li></ol></li></ol>

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The authors have no competing financial interests.

Aqui nós descrevemos um método para montar e pequena imagem, o desenvolvimento de câmaras de ovos de uma perspectiva end-on. Técnicas comuns para câmaras de ovos de imagem são otimizados para vistas laterais e permitir principalmente a visualização precisa das células do folículo medio-lateral quando coradas com anticorpos fluorescentes. O uso de Z-stacks ou 3-D reconstruções auxilia na visualização de vários planos focais, mas ainda é insuficiente para a resolução de sub-celular dos pólos de câmaras...

Estudo da Drosophila melanogaster tem proporcionado grandes insights sobre a regulação genética de uma ampla gama de fenômenos. Em particular, tem havido uma extensa pesquisa sobre o desenvolvimento do ovo, porque oogenesis fornece uma maneira dócil para investigar vários processos de desenvolvimento diferentes, incluindo padrões de tecidos, alterações de polaridade celular, comutação do ciclo celular, e regulação de translação 1,2,3,4. Um evento morphogenic importante durante oogenesis é a especificação, aquisição de motilidade, e migração de um conjunto de células, chamadas de células de fronteira (revisto em 5). Uma vez que a migração celular é uma característica fundamental da morfogénese dos animais, e porque a regulação genética do presente processo é bem conservada, determinados mecanismos de moscas são susceptíveis de ser importante em outros contextos. Assim, estamos investigando o controle molecular da migração celular fronteira. Para os nossos estudos, desenvolvemos um novo método para observar os pólos anterior de desenvolvimento de ovos,onde surgem as células de fronteira, para examinar como elas se desenvolvem em detalhe. Dentro do ovário, câmaras de ovo em várias fases de desenvolvimento existir ao longo das cadeias chamadas ovarioles, que são envolvidas por uma bainha fina (Figura 1A). Cada câmara ovo vai continuar a formar um ovo. Durante oogenesis, vários tipos de células diferentes deve desenvolver-se de forma coordenada. O D. câmara melanogaster ovo é composto por 16 células germinativas, incluindo um oócito, cercado por uma única camada de epitélio folicular 6. Um pequeno número de células especializadas, chamadas células polares, surgem as anteriores e posteriores pólos do epitélio. As células de fronteira 6-8 originam no epitélio anterior da câmara de ovo, induzida pelas células polares 5,7. Em meados de oogénese (etapa 9), as células de fronteira desanexar das suas vizinhas e migram entre as células de enfermagem para atingir o oócito na parte posterior da câmara do ovo 5,7. Este movimento deve ser realizadoenquanto que as células permanecem na fronteira um cluster circundante duas células polares não-móveis, tornando este um tipo de migração celular colectiva. Migração bem-sucedida do grupo de células de fronteira garante o bom desenvolvimento da micrópila da casca do ovo, que é necessário para a fertilização. As células polares anteriores instruir destino celular fronteira ativando uma cascata de transdução de sinal. Células polares secretar uma citocina, Unpaired (UPD), que se liga a um receptor de membrana, Domeless (DOME), na vizinha células foliculares durante a fase de desenvolvimento do oócito 8 8,9. A ligação da UPD provoca Janus tirosina quinase (JAK) para fosforilar o transdutor de sinal e ativador de transcrição (STAT) 8,10,11. STAT, em seguida, move-se para o núcleo para activar a transcrição. Células de Fronteira lenta (SLBO) é um fator de transcrição que é um alvo direto da transcrição do STAT e também é necessário para a migração celular fronteira 12. Vistas laterais de câmaras de ovos indicam tatividade STAT chapéu é regulada em um gradiente através do epitélio anterior 8,11,13. Células do folículo mais próximos às células polares têm os mais altos níveis de STAT ativado, assim, tornam-se células de fronteira e invadir o tecido germinal adjacente. Para entender como as células de fronteira são especificados dentro e destacar do epitélio, precisamos observar como o tecido é organizado. Se virmos câmaras de ovos de uma perspectiva anterior-on, esperaríamos simetria radial da atividade STAT nas células foliculares que cercam as células polares. Um fim-em vista também mostram mais precisamente as diferenças de proteínas de membrana e interfaces célula-célula antes e durante o descolamento do que comparando células em diferentes planos focais. Porque câmaras de ovo são oblongas e ligados uns aos outros por células pedunculares, estabelecem-se em lâminas lateralmente, tornando-o difícil de observar a arquitectura anterior. Assim, muita informação sobre as células nos pólos da câmara de ovo temsido inferida a partir de vistas laterais. Embora algumas informações podem ser obtidas através de algoritmos reconstruções 3-D de secções ópticas, espalhamento de luz, fotodegradativas e limites mais pobres da resolução no eixo Z tornar essa informação menos detalhada e confiável na ausência de técnicas caras, como microscopia de super-resolução 14 . Outros tipos de imagem baseado em seção (por exemplo, microscopia eletrônica ou microtome seccionamento) exigem extensa manipulação de tecidos, incluindo a desidratação, aumentando a probabilidade de artefatos. Assim, foi desenvolvido um novo método para a imagem D. câmaras melanogaster ovos, enquanto na posição vertical. Este método já provou útil para elucidar como células móveis estão fadados (ver resultados representativos e Manning et al, em revisão), e é provável que seja mais amplamente útil em estudos de outros aspectos da oogenesis.

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			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:348px;">Name of Reagent/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:279px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:283px;">Comments/Description</td>
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			<td height="96" style="height:96px;width:348px;">0.1 M Potassium phosphate Buffer (KPO4 Buffer)</td>
			<td style="width:279px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:283px;">Add 3.1 g of NaH2PO4&#8226;H2O and 10.9 g of Na2HPO4 (anhydrous) to distilled H2O to make a volume of 1 L. The pH of the final solution will be 7.4. This buffer can be stored for up to 1 mo at 4&#176;C.</td>
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			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:348px;">16% Paraformaldehyde aqueous solution, EM grade</td>
			<td style="width:279px;">Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15710</td>
			<td>methanol-free to preserve GFP fluorescence</td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:348px;">30G x 1/2 inch needle&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:279px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BD305106</td>
			<td>Regular bevel</td>
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			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:348px;">Active Dry Yeast</td>
			<td style="width:279px;">Genesee Scientific</td>
			<td>62-103</td>
			<td>To fatten female flies</td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:348px;">Bovine Serum Albumin</td>
			<td style="width:279px;">PAA-cell culture company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A15-701</td>
			<td>Used in NP40 Wash Buffer</td>
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		<tr height="39">
			<td height="39" style="height:39px;width:348px;">Dumont #5 Forceps</td>
			<td style="width:279px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11295-10</td>
			<td style="width:283px;">Dumostar alloy, biologie tip; sharp tips are essential for ovariole dissection</td>
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		<tr height="39">
			<td height="39" style="height:39px;width:348px;">DAPI (4&#8242;,6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride)</td>
			<td style="width:279px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D9542</td>
			<td style="width:283px;">5mg/ml stock solution&#160;&#160;</td>
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		<tr height="39">
			<td height="39" style="height:39px;width:348px;">Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS)</td>
			<td style="width:279px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">16140-071</td>
			<td style="width:283px;">Added to supplement dissection medium (10%)&#160;</td>
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			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:348px;">Glass culture tube</td>
			<td style="width:279px;">VWR</td>
			<td>47729-576</td>
			<td>14mL</td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:348px;">Glass Depression Slides</td>
			<td style="width:279px;">VWR</td>
			<td>470019-020</td>
			<td>1.2 mm Thick, Double Cavity</td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:348px;">Glycerin Jelly&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:279px;">Electron Microsocpy Sciences</td>
			<td>17998-10</td>
			<td>Mounting media</td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:348px;">Glycerol</td>
			<td style="width:279px;">IBI Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">IB15760</td>
			<td>70% in PBS</td>
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		<tr height="39">
			<td height="39" style="height:39px;width:348px;">IGEPAL CA-630</td>
			<td style="width:279px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">I3021-500ML</td>
			<td style="width:283px;">(interchangable for Nonidet P-40)&#160; Used in NP40 Wash Buffer&#160;</td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:348px;">Leica Fluorescent Stereoscope&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:279px;">Leica Microsystems</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:348px;">Leica SP5 Confocal Microscope</td>
			<td style="width:279px;">Leica Microsystems</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>40x/0.55NA dry objective&#160;</td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:348px;">Micro spatula&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:279px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">82027-518</td>
			<td>Stainless steel</td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:348px;">Microknife&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:279px;">Roboz Surgical Instrument Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">37-7546</td>
			<td>45&#7506; angle</td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:348px;">Microscope Slide</td>
			<td style="width:279px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">16004-368</td>
			<td>75x25x1 mm</td>
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		<tr height="58">
			<td height="58" style="height:58px;width:348px;">NP40 Wash Buffer</td>
			<td style="width:279px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:283px;">50mM TRIS-HCL, 150mM NaCl, 0.5% Ipegal, 1mg/ml BSA, and 0.02% sodium azide</td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:348px;">Penicillin-Streptomycin-Glutamine</td>
			<td style="width:279px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td>10378-016</td>
			<td>Added to supplement dissection medium (0.6X)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:348px;">Petridish- Polysterine, sterile</td>
			<td style="width:279px;">VWR</td>
			<td>82050-548</td>
			<td>60Wx15H mm</td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:348px;">Phosphate Buffer Saline</td>
			<td style="width:279px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P3813-10PAK</td>
			<td>10 packs of Powder</td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:348px;">Potassium phosphate dibasic</td>
			<td style="width:279px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P3786-500G</td>
			<td>Used in 0.1M KPO4 Buffer&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:348px;">Potassium phosphate monobasic</td>
			<td style="width:279px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P9791-500G</td>
			<td>Used in 0.1M KPO4 Buffer&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:348px;">Schneider&#8217;s Insect Medium</td>
			<td style="width:279px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"> 
			11720018</td>
			<td>With L-glutamine and sodium bicarbonate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:348px;">Sodium azide</td>
			<td style="width:279px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S2002-25G</td>
			<td>Used in fluorescent antibody staining</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:348px;">Sodium chloride</td>
			<td style="width:279px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S3014-500G</td>
			<td>Used in NP40 Wash Buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:348px;">TRIS-HCL</td>
			<td style="width:279px;">IBI Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">IB70144</td>
			<td>1M TRIS-HCL, pH 7.4</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:348px;">Volocity 3D Image Analysis Software</td>
			<td style="width:279px;">PerkinElmer</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>For processing confocal Z-stacks</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

upright imaging of drosophila egg chambers

Drosophila melanogaster oogenesis provides an ideal context for studying varied developmental processes since the ovary is relatively simple in architecture, is well-characterized, and is amenable to genetic analysis. Each egg chamber consists of germ-line cells surrounded by a single epithelial layer of somatic follicle cells. Subsets of follicle cells undergo differentiation during specific stages to become several different cell types. Standard techniques primarily allow for a lateral view of egg chambers, and therefore a limited view of follicle cell organization and identity. The upright imaging protocol describes a mounting technique that enables a novel, vertical view of egg chambers with a standard confocal microscope. Samples are first mounted between two layers of glycerin jelly in a lateral (horizontal) position on a glass microscope slide. The jelly with encased egg chambers is then cut into blocks, transferred to a coverslip, and flipped to position egg chambers upright. Mounted egg chambers can be imaged on either an upright or an inverted confocal microscope. This technique enables the study of follicle cell specification, organization, molecular markers, and egg development with new detail and from a new perspective.

O método de imagem na vertical nos permitiu ver diretamente a organização das células do epitélio folicular anterior na fase 8. Um marcador geral para o destino células do folículo, o Absent Eyes (EJA) de proteínas, bem como o marcador de DNA nuclear DAPI, mostrou ainda expressão através deste campo de células, e demonstrou que todas as células podem ser vistos com intensidades de coloração semelhante (Figura 2B &quot;). As proteínas reguladas, em resposta à UPD citoquina, no entanto, mo...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Upright Imaging of Drosophila Egg Chambers at JoVE.com

Upright Imaging of Drosophila Egg Chambers

The upright imaging method described in this protocol allows for the detailed visualization of the poles of a developing Drosophila melanogaster egg. This end-on view provides a new perspective into the arrangements and morphologies of multiple cell types in the follicular epithelium.

Imagem Vertical de<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Câmaras de ovo

Drosophila melanogaster oogenesis provides an ideal context for studying varied developmental processes since the ovary is relatively simple in ...

upright-imaging-of-drosophila-egg-chambers

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Upright Imaging of Drosophila Egg Chambers

7.5K visualizações.  University of Maryland Baltimore County. The upright imaging method described in this protocol allows for the detailed visualization of the poles of a developing Drosophila melanogaster egg. This end-on view provides a new perspective into the arrangements and morphologies of multiple cell types in the follicular epithelium.

Vídeo: Upright Imaging of Drosophila Egg Chambers

Live-imaging of the Drosophila Pupal Eye

Inherent processes of Drosophila pupal development can shift and distort the eye epithelium in ways that make individual cell behavior difficult to track during live cell imaging. These processes include: retinal rotation, cell growth and organismal movement. Additionally, irregularities in the topology of the epithelium, including subtle bumps and folds often introduced as the pupa is prepared for imaging, make it challenging to acquire in-focus images of more than a few ommatidia in a single focal plane. The workflow outlined here remedies these issues, allowing easy analysis of cellular processes during Drosophila pupal eye development. Appropriately-staged pupae are arranged in an imaging rig that can be easily assembled in most laboratories. Ubiquitin-DE-Cadherin:GFP and GMR-GAL4&#8211;driven UAS-&#945;-catenin:GFP are used to visualize cell boundaries in the eye epithelium 1-3. After deconvolution is applied to fluorescent images captured at multiple focal planes, maximum projection images are generated for each time point and enhanced using image editing software. Alignment algorithms are used to quickly stabilize superfluous motion, making individual cell behavior easier to track.

Live-imaging of the Drosophila Pupal Eye

This protocol presents an efficient method for imaging the live Drosophila pupal eye neuroepithelium. This method compensates for tissue movement and uneven topology, enhances visualization of cell boundaries through the use of multiple GFP-tagged junction proteins, and uses an easily-assembled imaging rig.

Vivo-imaging da<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Pupal Eye

Inherent processes of Drosophila pupal development can shift and distort the eye epithelium in ways that make individual cell behavior difficult to track ...

Biologia do Desenvolvimento

Imaging Calcium in Drosophila at Egg Activation

Egg activation is a universal process that includes a series of events to allow the fertilized egg to complete meiosis and initiate embryonic development. One aspect of egg activation, conserved across all organisms examined, is a change in the intracellular concentration of calcium (Ca2+) often termed a 'Ca2+ wave'. While the speed and number of oscillations of the Ca2+ wave varies between species, the change in intracellular Ca2+ is key in bringing about essential events for embryonic development. These changes include resumption of the cell cycle, mRNA regulation, cortical granule exocytosis, and rearrangement of the cytoskeleton.
In the mature Drosophila egg, activation occurs in the female oviduct prior to fertilization, initiating a series of Ca2+-dependent events. Here we present a protocol for imaging the Ca2+ wave in Drosophila. This approach provides a manipulable model system to interrogate the mechanism of the Ca2+ wave and the downstream changes associated with it.

Imaging Calcium in Drosophila at Egg Activation

This article describes an adaptable ex vivo protocol for visualizing Ca2+ during egg activation in Drosophila.

Imagens de cálcio na<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; At Activation Egg

Egg activation is a universal process that includes a series of events to allow the fertilized egg to complete meiosis and initiate embryonic development. ...

Long-term Live Imaging of Drosophila Eye Disc

Live imaging provides the ability to continuously track dynamic cellular and developmental processes in real time. Drosophila larval imaginal discs have been used to study many biological processes, such as cell proliferation, differentiation, growth, migration, apoptosis, competition, cell-cell signaling, and compartmental boundary formation. However, methods for the long-term ex vivo culture and live imaging of the imaginal discs have not been satisfactory, despite many efforts. Recently, we developed a method for the long-term ex vivo culture and live imaging of imaginal discs for up to 18 h. In addition to using a high insulin concentration in the culture medium, a low-melting agarose was also used to embed the disc to prevent it from drifting during the imaging period. This report uses the eye-antennal discs as an example. Photoreceptor R3/4-specific m&#948;0.5-Ga4 expression was followed to demonstrate that photoreceptor differentiation and ommatidial rotation can be observed during a 10 h live imaging period. This is a detailed protocol describing this simple method.

Long-term Live Imaging of Drosophila Eye Disc

This protocol describes a detailed method for the long-term ex vivo culture and live imaging of a Drosophila imaginal disc. It demonstrates photoreceptor differentiation and ommatidial rotation within the 10 h period of live imaging of the eye disc. The protocol is simple and does not require expensive setup.

Longo prazo Imagens ao vivo de<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Disco para os olhos

Live imaging provides the ability to continuously track dynamic cellular and developmental processes in real time. Drosophila larval imaginal discs have ...

In Vivo Imaging of Muscle-tendon Morphogenesis in Drosophila Pupae

Muscles together with tendons and the skeleton enable animals including humans to move their body parts. Muscle morphogenesis is highly conserved from animals to humans. Therefore, the powerful Drosophila model system can be used to study concepts of muscle-tendon development that can also be applied to human muscle biology. Here, we describe in detail how morphogenesis of the adult muscle-tendon system can be easily imaged in living, developing Drosophila pupae. Hence, the method allows investigating proteins, cells and tissues in their physiological environment. In addition to a step-by-step protocol with helpful tips, we provide a comprehensive overview of fluorescently tagged marker proteins that are suitable for studying the muscle-tendon system. To highlight the versatile applications of the protocol, we show example movies ranging from visualization of long-term morphogenetic events &#8211; occurring on the time scale of hours and days &#8211; to visualization of short-term dynamic processes like muscle twitching occurring on time scale of seconds. Taken together, this protocol should enable the reader to design and perform live-imaging experiments for investigating muscle-tendon morphogenesis in the intact organism.

In Vivo Imaging of Muscle-tendon Morphogenesis in Drosophila Pupae

Here, we present an easy-to-use and versatile method to perform live imaging of developmental processes in general and muscle-tendon morphogenesis in particular in living Drosophila pupae.

Na Vivo Imagem latente da morfogênese músculo-tendão em pupas de Drosophila

Muscles together with tendons and the skeleton enable animals including humans to move their body parts. Muscle morphogenesis is highly conserved from ...

Analysis of Actomyosin Dynamics at Local Cellular and Tissue Scales Using Time-lapse Movies of Cultured Drosophila Egg Chambers

Drosophila immature eggs are called egg chambers, and their structure resembles primitive organs that undergo morphological changes from a round to an ellipsoid shape during development. This developmental process is called oogenesis and is crucial to generating functional mature eggs to secure the next fly generation. For these reasons, egg chambers have served as an ideal and relevant model to understand animal organ development.
Several in vitro culturing protocols have been developed, but there are several disadvantages to these protocols. One involves the application of various covers that exert an artificial pressure on the imaged egg chambers in order to immobilize them and to increase the imaged acquisition plane of the circumferential surface of the analyzed egg chambers. Such an approach may negatively influence the behavior of the thin actomyosin machinery that generates the power to rotate egg chambers around their longer axis.
Thus, to overcome this limitation, we culture Drosophila egg chambers freely in the media in order to reliably analyze actomyosin machinery along the circumference of egg chambers. In the first part of the protocol, we provide a manual detailing how to analyze the actomyosin machinery in a limited acquisition plane at the local cellular scale (up to 15 cells). In the second part of the protocol, we provide users with a new Fiji-based plugin that allows the simple extraction of a defined thin layer of the egg chambers&#8217; circumferential surface. The following protocol then describes how to analyze actomyosin signals at the tissue scale (&#62;50 cells). Finally, we pinpoint the limitations of these approaches at both the local cellular and tissue scales and discuss its potential future development and possible applications.

Analysis of Actomyosin Dynamics at Local Cellular and Tissue Scales Using Time-lapse Movies of Cultured Drosophila Egg Chambers

This protocol provides a Fiji-based, user-friendly methodology along with straightforward instructions explaining how to reliably analyze actomyosin behavior in individual cells and curved epithelial tissues. No programming skills are required to follow the tutorial; all steps are performed in a semi-interactive manner using the graphical user interface of Fiji and associated plugins.

Análise da dinâmica da Actomiosina em escalas celulares e teciduais locais usando filmes de lapso de tempo das câmaras de ovos de Drosophila cultivadas

Drosophila immature eggs are called egg chambers, and their structure resembles primitive organs that undergo morphological changes from a round to an ...

Live Imaging and Analysis of Muscle Contractions in Drosophila Embryo

Coordinated muscle contractions are a form of rhythmic behavior seen early during development in Drosophila embryos. Neuronal sensory feedback circuits are required to control this behavior. Failure to produce the rhythmic pattern of contractions can be indicative of neurological abnormalities. We previously found that defects in protein O-mannosylation, a posttranslational protein modification, affect the axon morphology of sensory neurons and result in abnormal coordinated muscle contractions in embryos. Here, we present a relatively simple method for recording and analyzing the pattern of peristaltic muscle contractions by live imaging of late stage embryos up to the point of hatching, which we used to characterize the muscle contraction phenotype of protein O-mannosyltransferase mutants. Data obtained from these recordings can be used to analyze muscle contraction waves, including frequency, direction of propagation and relative amplitude of muscle contractions at different body segments. We have also examined body posture and taken advantage of a fluorescent marker expressed specifically in muscles to accurately determine the position of the embryo midline. A similar approach can also be utilized to study various other behaviors during development, such as embryo rolling and hatching.

Live Imaging and Analysis of Muscle Contractions in Drosophila Embryo

Here, we present a method to record embryonic muscle contractions in Drosophila embryos in a non-invasive and detail-oriented manner.

Imagens ao vivo e análise de contrações musculares no embrião de Drosophila

Coordinated muscle contractions are a form of rhythmic behavior seen early during development in Drosophila embryos. Neuronal sensory feedback circuits ...

Thawing, Culturing, and Cryopreserving Drosophila Cell Lines

There are currently over 160 distinct Drosophila cell lines distributed by the Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC). With genome engineering, the number of novel cell lines is expected to increase. The DGRC aims to familiarize researchers with using Drosophila cell lines as an experimental tool to complement and drive their research agenda. Procedures for working with a variety of Drosophila cell lines with distinct characteristics are provided, including protocols for thawing, culturing, and cryopreserving cell lines. Importantly, this publication demonstrates the best practices required to work with Drosophila cell lines to minimize the risk of contaminations from adventitious microorganisms or from other cell lines. Researchers who become familiar with these procedures will be able to delve into the many applications that use Drosophila cultured cells including biochemistry, cell biology and functional genomics.

Thawing, Culturing, and Cryopreserving Drosophila Cell Lines

Drosophila cell lines are important reagents for both fundamental and biomedical research. This article provides protocols for thawing, subculturing, and the cryopreservation of commonly used Drosophila cell lines to assist researchers in incorporating the use of these reagents in their research.

Descongelamento, cultivo e Cryopreserving linhas de células de Drosophila

There are currently over 160 distinct Drosophila cell lines distributed by the Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC). With genome engineering, the ...

Human Egg Maturity Assessment and Its Clinical Application

The optimal timing of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is of a serious concern for fertility programs because untimely sperm entry diminishes the egg&#39;s developmental competence. Presence of the first polar body (PB) together with the meiotic spindle indicates completion of the oocyte maturation and the egg&#39;s readiness for fertilization. In clinical practice, it is customary to assume that all oocytes displaying a PB are mature metaphase (MII) oocytes. However, PB extrusion precedes the formation of the bipolar MII spindle. This asynchrony makes the mere presence of PB an unreliable marker of oocyte maturity. Noninvasive spindle imaging using polarized light microscopy (PLM) allows quick and easy inspection of whether the PB-displaying oocyte actually reassembled a meiotic spindle prior to ICSI. Here, we present a standard protocol to perform human egg maturity assessment in the clinical laboratory. We also show how to optimize the time of ICSI with respect to the oocyte&#39;s developmental stage in order to prevent premature sperm injection of late-maturing oocytes. Using this approach, even immature oocytes extruding PB in vitro can be clinically utilized. Affirmation that MII spindle is present prior to sperm injection and individual adjustment of the time of ICSI is particularly important in poor prognosis in-vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles with a low number of oocytes available for fertilization.

We provide an outline of the clinical protocol for non-invasive assessment of human egg maturity using polarized light microscopy.

Avaliação da maturidade do ovo humano e sua aplicação clínica

The optimal timing of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is of a serious concern for fertility programs because untimely sperm entry diminishes the ...

Imaging Dpp Release from a Drosophila Wing Disc

The transforming Growth Factor-beta (TGF-&#946;) superfamily is essential for early embryonic patterning and development of adult structures in multicellular organisms. The TGF-&#946; superfamily includes TGF-&#946;, bone morphogenetic protein (BMPs), Activins, Growth and Differentiation Factors, and Nodals. It has long been known that the amount of ligand exposed to cells is important for its effects. It was thought that long-range concentration gradients set up embryonic pattern. However, recently it has become clear that the timing of exposure to these ligands is also important for their downstream transcriptional consequences. A TGF-&#946; superfamily ligand cannot have a developmental consequence until it is released from the cell in which it was produced. Until recently, it was difficult to determine when these ligands were released from cells. Here we show how to measure the release of a Drosophila BMP called Decapentaplegic (Dpp) from the cells of the wing primordium or wing disc. This method could be modified for other systems or signaling ligands.

Imaging Dpp Release from a Drosophila Wing Disc

The timing of exposure to ligands may impact their developmental consequences. Here we show how to image release of a Drosophila bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) called Dpp from cells of the wing disc.

Imagem Dpp Liberação de um disco de asa drosophila

The transforming Growth Factor-beta (TGF-&#946;) superfamily is essential for early embryonic patterning and development of adult structures in ...

Whole Animal Imaging of Drosophila melanogaster using Microcomputed Tomography

Biomedical imaging tools permit investigation of molecular mechanisms across spatial scales, from genes to organisms. Drosophila melanogaster, a well-characterized model organism, has benefited from the use of light and electron microscopy to understand gene function at the level of cells and tissues. The application of imaging platforms that allow for an understanding of gene function at the level of the entire intact organism would further enhance our knowledge of genetic mechanisms. Here a whole animal imaging method is presented that outlines the steps needed to visualize Drosophila at any developmental stage using microcomputed tomography (&#181;-CT). The advantages of &#181;-CT include commercially available instrumentation and minimal hands-on time to produce accurate 3D information at micron-level resolution without the need for tissue dissection or clearing methods. Paired with software that accelerate image analysis and 3D rendering, detailed morphometric analysis of any tissue or organ system can be performed to better understand mechanisms of development, physiology, and anatomy for both descriptive and hypothesis testing studies. By utilizing an imaging workflow that incorporates the use of electron microscopy, light microscopy, and &#181;-CT, a thorough evaluation of gene function can be performed, thus furthering the usefulness of this powerful model organism.

Whole Animal Imaging of Drosophila melanogaster using Microcomputed Tomography

A protocol is presented that allows for the visualization of intact Drosophila melanogaster at any stage of development using microcomputed tomography.