We appreciate assistance from members of the fly community, particularly Dr. Denise Montell, Dr. Lynn Cooley, and Dr. Pernille Rorth, for reagents. We thank Flybase, the Bloomington Drosophila Stock Center, and Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank for information and providing fly stocks and antibodies, respectively. LM is supported by the Department of Education&#160;Grant, Graduate Assistance in the Areas of National Need (GAANN) training fellowship (P200A120017) and by a NIGMS Initiative for Maximizing Student Development Grant (2 R25-GM55036). A portion of the microscopy work was supported by NSF MRI grant DBI-0722569 and the Keith R. Porter Core Imaging Facility. Research was supported in part by a NSF CAREER Award (1054422) and a Basil O&#8217;Connor Starter Scholar Award from the March of Dimes, both awarded to MSG.

Ovarioles 1. Diseksiyon <ol><li> Ilave aktif kuru maya ile taze sinek gıda flakon yaklaşık onbeş 2-4 gün eski erkek sineklerin ve birkaç erkek aktarın. Şişelerde için fiş olarak pamuk kullanın, ve yüksek nem tutmak için pamuk su birkaç damla ekleyin. </li><li> 14-16 saat için 25 ° C inkübatör yerleştirin flakon aşaması 8-10 yumurta odaları sayısını en üst düzeye çıkarmak için. Not: Kuluçka süresi sıcaklığa ve istenilen aşamasına bağlı olarak değişmektedir. </li><li> Bir sonraki gün için gerektiği gibi diseksiyon medya hazırlayın, 0.1M KPO 4 ve NP40 çözümleri (Malzeme). </li><li> CO 2 kullanarak sinek anestezisi ve bir diseksiyon mikroskop altında yerleştirin. Pipetleyin cam depresyon slayt her boşluğuna diseksiyon medya birkaç damla. </li><li> Bir kadın sinek aşağı kanatları ile masa üstü ve yönlendirmek için yaklaşık 30 ° açıyla her el forseps tutun. Senin baskın olmayan el ile, a onu kavrayarak, forseps kullanarak kadın pick upToraks yakın karın, bir nterior ve depresyon slayt (Şekil 1A içerlek) diseksiyon ortama onu daldırın. </li><li> Forseps diğer çift, karın ventral posterior Exoskeleton kavramak ve delip. Posterior sonunda yumurtalıkları tut, sonra karın çekip çıkarın ve depresyon slayt diğer tarafında taze ortama yerleştirin. (Şekil 1A ek). Gut ayrı çekerek kaçının. Karkas atın. </li><li> Tüm yumurtalıkların disseke kadar diğer kadın sinekler tekrarlayın. Erkek atın. </li><li> Forseps bir çift, (büyük yumurta odaları yakınında) arka ucunda bir yumurtalık tutun ve diğer elinizle en ön yumurta odaları (germarium) birini çimdik forseps bir çift kullanın. (Şekil 1A). </li><li> Yavaş ve istikrarlı, yumurtalık kılıfın dışında bir ovaryol zinciri çekin. İstenen tüm yumurta odaları r kadar tek tek ovarioles teşrih devamemoved. </li><li> Tekrar tüm disseke yumurtalıklar için 1,7-1,8 adımları. </li><li> Tamamlandığında, plastik transfer pipet kullanarak 0.6ml tüp ovarioles aktarın. </li><li> Ovarioles, tüpün dibine çöker sonra sabitleme ve boyama adımlara devam edelim. </li></ol> Ovarioles 2. Immunofluorescent (IF) Boyama <ol><li> Dikkatle bir pipet ile ovarioles gelen diseksiyon ortamı çıkarın. Herhangi bir ovarioles veya yumurta odaları kaldırmak için emin olun. Ovarioles ve diseksiyon medya yaklaşık 50 ul bırakın. </li><li> Bir tüp içinde 0.1 M KPO 4 Tampon 150 ul% 16 paraformaldehit 50 ul ekle ve bunları çözmek için yumurta odalarına solüsyonunu ilave edin. 10 dakika süre ile sallanan kuluçkalayın. DİKKAT: paraformaldehit toksiktir. </li><li> Fiksatif çıkarın ve 0.5 ml NP40 yıkama tamponu ile iki kez yıkayın. </li><li> 15 dakika oda sıcaklığında her biri için iki kez yıkanır. </li><li> Sonraki adımlar için standart IF protokol 15 bakın. <ol><li> Kısaca, tespit sonrasında, eklemekUygun seyreltmede primer antikorlar ile 4 ° C&#39;de O / N inkübe edin. (: 200 seyreltmeler 1) sonra ikincil antikorlar ekleyin, NP-40 birkaç kez yıkayın. </li><li> NP40 birkaç kez yıkayın, sonra DAPI (1: 1000) ekleyin, 10 dakika boyunca, daha sonra yıkama tekrarlayın. Protokol tamsa sonra, yumurta odalarına PBS içinde% 50 gliserol, 200 ul ve 2 saat boyunca oda sıcaklığında bekletin. </li><li> , Çözüm çıkarın PBS içinde% 70 gliserol ile değiştirin, ve folyo ile kaplayın. Montaj için hazır olana kadar 4 ᵒC de örnek yerleştirin. Bu arada, adım 3 ile devam edin. </li></ol></li></ol> Gliserin Jelly Slaytlar 3. Ön Hazırlıklar <ol><li> Jöle gliserin, bir spatula ile en az 4 ml ölçün ve yarım işareti cam hücre kültürü tüp doldurun. 30 dakika boyunca 55 ° C&#39;de bir su banyosu içinde gliserin jöle eritin. </li><li> İki mikroskop slaytlar üzerine stok çözeltisinden gliserol küçük bir damla, yaklaşık 300 ul, dökün. Bir dokuyu kullanarak, ince la gliserol yayıldıyer&#39;de slaytlar her karşısında. Bu temel sağlar ve adım 5.6 de gliserin jöle kolay çıkarılması için izin verir. </li><li> Filtrelenmiş 1.000 ul pipet kapalı ucu kesin. Kullanım kesme pipet yavaş yavaş her mikroskop lamı sıcak gliserin jöle 1000-1500 ul aktarmak için. Kabarcıklarını önlemek için özen gösterin. </li><li> Gliserin jöle slaytlar ayarlamak için oda sıcaklığında 5 dakika bekletin. </li><li> 60 mm x 15 mm petri her gliserin jöle slayt yerleştirin ve plastik wrap ile kaplayın. 4 ° CO / N Place. İsteğe bağlı olarak, mağaza 4 ° C&#39;de en fazla 5 gün jöle slaytlar gliserin. </li></ol> 4. Yumurta Chambers Montaj <ol><li> Adım 2.5, bir gliserin jöle slayt genelinde% 70 gliserol yumurta odaları pipet birkaç 3 ul damla örnekler kullanma. Tüm yumurta odaları bu slaytta kadar pipetlenmesi 3 ul damla devam edin. Her damla, en az on yumurta odaları içerdiğinden emin olun. Bu arada, 55 ° C su banyosu içinde gliserin jöle kültür tüpü ısı. </li><li> Bir diseksiyon mikroskop altında yumurta odaları ile gliserin jöle slayt yerleştirin. Yumurta bölmelerin tek bir damla görüş alanı (Şekil 1B) olacak şekilde büyütme ayarlayın. </li><li> İstenilen sahne yumurta odasını pick up, bir kaşık gibi 30 iğne kullanma. Ne zaman bir bıçak gibi iğne kullanılarak bir ovaryol zinciri gerekli, ayrı istenen yumurta odaları. </li><li> Görüntüleme engel olabilir enkaz önlemek için, sol (Şekil 1E -1) bakan anterior, ikinci gliserin jöle slayt yumurta odasına aktarın. En az yedi yumurta oda, bir sütun (Şekil 1C) dizilmiş kalmayana kadar yineleyin. </li><li> İstenen tüm yumurta odaları ikinci gliserin jöle slayt transfer kadar yedi yeni sütunlar oluşturur. </li><li> Doku ve büküm küçük bir parça koparın. Hafifçe her birine dokunarak yumurta odalarından fazla PBS-Gliserol emmek için bunu kullanın. Yumurta odalarına kaldırmak değil dikkat edin. </li><li> Ayırmakfiltrelenmiş 200 ul pipet ucu. Yumurta odalarının tüm sütunları kapsayacak şekilde jöle gliserin 150 ul aktarmak için bunu kullanın. NOT: sütunları karşılamak için gerekli gliserin jöle miktarı yumurta odası aşamaları ve sütun sayısına bağlıdır. Miktarı ayarlanabilir. </li><li> Gliserin jöle üst tabakası tamamen (Şekil 1D) katılaşmış kadar monte yumurta odaları oda sıcaklığında 5 dakika bekletin. </li><li> Place 60 mm x 15 mm petri monte yumurta odaları slayt ve plastik wrap ile kaplayın. 4 ° CO / N Mağaza (photobleaching hakkında endişe varsa karanlıkta yer) gliserin jöle katmanları bir araya katılaşmaya izin. </li></ol> Görüntüleme Yumurta Odaları 5. hazırlanması <ol><li> Bir diseksiyon mikroskobu altında monte yumurta odaları slayt yerleştirin. Yumurta bölmelerin sadece bir sütun görüş alanında olacak şekilde büyütme ayarlayın. </li><li> 45 ° açı minyatür neşter kullanarak, bir straig kesti(yumurta odaları arka tarafına yakın) yumurta odaları ilk sütunun sağ tarafı boyunca ht hattı. (Şekil 1D-e) </li><li> Sonraki, sütundaki son yumurta odasının üstündeki ilk yumurta odasının üstünde ve altında kesti. Bu noktada, yumurta bölmelerin kolon üç tarafı kesilmelidir. </li><li> Yumurta odalarına (Şekil 1E -3) ön tarafına mümkün olduğunca yakın bir microknife, sütunun sol tarafındaki dilim, kullanma. </li><li> Kesim sütun üzerinde soğuk 1X PBT 100 ul pipet. </li><li> Slaytta kalanı bırakarak, yumurta odaları ve atın kesme sütunu üç tarafı etrafında aşırı gliserin jöle kaldırmak için bir yuvarlak kenarlı spatula kullanın. </li><li> Yumurta odalarının ön tarafında yapılan kesim spatula yerleştirin ve birincil gliserin jöle bloğundan sütun ayrı. </li><li> Örnekleri için ya ters (5.8.1) veya dik (5.8.2) mikroskopi hazırlayın. <ol><li> Ters Mikroskop için: Devir tYumurta odalarının ön tarafı aşağı bakacak şekilde bir lamel yumurta odalarından o sütun. Gliserin jöle tüm sütunlar kaldırıldı ve monte edilene kadar tekrarlayın 5,2-5,8 adımları. Kurumasını önlemek için yumurta odaların her blok üzerine,% 50 PBS-Gliserin birkaç damla ekleyin. Doğrudan lamel Görüntü yumurta odaları. </li><li> Dik Mikroskop için: ön tarafı yukarı bakacak şekilde bir mikroskop lamı yumurta odalarının sütun aktarın. Gliserin jöle tüm sütunlar kaldırıldı ve mikroskop slaytlar üzerine monte edilene kadar tekrarlayın 5,2-5,9 adımları. # 1 ½ lamel ile yumurta odaları ve kapak blok, her blok üzerine% 50 PBS-Gliserin birkaç damla ekleyin. </li></ol></li></ol>

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The authors have no competing financial interests.

Burada bir son perspektif yumurta odaları gelişmekte, montaj için bir yöntem tarif ve görüntü küçük. Görüntüleme yumurta odaları için ortak teknikler yanal görünümler için optimize edilmiş ve floresan antikorlar ile boyanmış zaman öncelikle iç-dış folikül hücreleri hassas görselleştirme izin vardır. Birden fazla odak düzlemleri görüntüleme Z-yığınlarının veya 3-D rekonstrüksiyonlar yardımcıları kullanımı, ama yine de eliptik yumurta odaları (Şekil 2B) kutu...

Drosophila melanogaster Çalışma olayların geniş bir genetik yönetmelik seyircilerden büyük anlayışlar sağladı. Oogenez doku desen, hücre polarite değişiklikleri, hücre döngüsü anahtarlama ve translasyonel yönetmelik 1,2,3,4 dahil olmak üzere birçok farklı gelişim süreçleri, araştırmak için bir uysal bir yol sağlar, çünkü özellikle, yumurta gelişimi üzerine kapsamlı bir araştırma olmuştur. Oogenez sırasında önemli bir morfojenik olay (5 gözden) sınır hücreleri denilen hücreler bir dizi özellikleri, motilite edinimi ve göç. Hücre göçü beri hayvan morfojenezinin önemli bir özelliğidir ve bu sürecin genetik düzenleme iyi korunduğu için, sinekler belirlenen mekanizmaları diğer bağlamlarda önemli olması muhtemeldir. Böylece, biz sınır hücre migrasyonu moleküler kontrolü araştırıyor. Bizim çalışmalar için, biz yumurta geliştirme ön direkleri gözlemlemek için yeni bir yöntem geliştirdik,Sınır hücreleri ortaya yerlerde, detaylı olarak nasıl geliştiğini incelemek için. Yumurtalık içinde, çeşitli gelişim aşamalarında yumurta odaları ince kılıf (Şekil 1A) &#39;de muhafaza edilir ovarioles adı zincirleri boyunca mevcuttur. Her yumurta bir yumurta odası oluşturmak için devam edecektir. Oogenesiz sırasında, çok sayıda, farklı hücre tipleri, bir koordine bir şekilde geliştirilmesi gerekmektedir. D. melanogaster yumurta bölmesi tek katmanlı foliküler epitel 6 ile çevrili bir oosit, aşağıdakileri içeren 16 germ hat hücrelerine oluşur. Kutup hücreleri denilen özelleşmiş hücrelerin az sayıda, epitel anterior ve posterior kutuplarda ortaya çıkar. 6-8 sınır hücreleri kutup hücreleri 5,7 ile uyarılan yumurta odasının ön epiteli, köken. Orta-oogenez (evre 9), sınır hücreleri komşularından ayırmak ve yumurta odasının 5,7 olan posterior oosit ulaşmak için hemşire hücreleri arasındaki göç. Bu hareket yerine getirmesi gerekirSınır hücreleri bu kolektif hücre göçü bir tür yapma, olmayan iki hareketli kutup hücreleri çevreleyen bir kümede kalırken. Sınır hücre kümesinin Başarılı göç döllenme için gerekli olan yumurta kabuğu micropyle, düzgün gelişimini sağlar. ön kutup hücreleri sinyal iletim dizinini aktive ederek hücre sınır kaderi talimat. Polar hücreler oosit gelişimi 8,9 aşamasında 8 sırasında folikül hücreleri komşu, bir transmembran reseptörü, Kubbesiz (DOME) bağlanan bir sitokin, eşleşmemiş (UPD), salgılarlar. UPD bağlanması Janus tirozin kinaz (JAK) transkripsiyon (STAT) 8,10,11 arasında sinyal ileticisi ve Activator fosforile olur. STAT sonra transkripsiyonu aktive etmek çekirdeğine geçer. Yavaş Sınır Hücreler (SLBO) STAT doğrudan bir transkripsiyonel hedef ve sınır hücre göçü 12 için gerekli olan bir transkripsiyon faktörüdür. Yumurta odaları Yanal manzarası t gösterirşapka STAT etkinliği ön epiteli 8,11,13 boyunca bir degrade düzenlenmiştir. Kutup hücrelere yakın folikül hücreler bu nedenle sınır hücreleri haline ve komşu germ-line doku istila, aktif STAT en yüksek seviyeleri var. Sınır hücreleri içinde belirtilen ve epitel ayırmak nasıl anlamak için, biz doku nasıl düzenlendiğini gözlemlemek gerekir. Biz bir ön-perspektif yumurta odaları görmek, biz kutup hücreleri çevreleyen folikül hücreleri STAT aktivitesinin radyal simetri beklenebilir. Bir son bakış da daha doğru önce ve farklı odak düzlemlerinde hücreleri karşılaştırma daha Ayırma sırasında zar proteinleri ve hücre-hücre arayüzleri farklılıklar gösterir. Yumurta odaları dikdörtgen ve sap hücreleri birbirine bağlı olduğundan, onlar zor ön mimarisi gözlemlemek için yapım, yanal slaytlar üzerine yerleşmek. Böylece, yumurta odasının kutuplarda hücreler hakkında çok bilgi vardırLateral manzaralı olayla edilmiştir. Bazı bilgiler Photobleaching optik bölümlerde, ışık saçılması, algoritmik 3-D rekonstrüksiyon ve Z-ekseninde çözünürlük yoksul limitler aracılığıyla elde edilebilmesine rağmen süper çözünürlüklü mikroskopi 14 gibi pahalı tekniklerin yokluğunda bu bilgilerin daha az detaylı ve güvenilir hale . Bölüm-tabanlı görüntüleme diğer şekillerde (örneğin, elektron mikroskobu veya mikrotom kesit) eserler için olasılığını artırarak, dehidrasyon dahil dokuların, geniş manipülasyon gerektirir. Böylece, biz görüntü D. yeni bir yöntem geliştirdi dik iken melanogaster yumurta odaları. Bu yöntem zaten (inceleme altında Temsilcisi sonuçları ve Manning ve arkadaşları, bakınız) hareketli hücreler kaderde nasıl durulaştırmada yararlı kanıtlanmış ve daha geniş değerli oogenezisin diğer yönleri çalışmalarda olması muhtemeldir.

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			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:348px;">Name of Reagent/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:279px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:283px;">Comments/Description</td>
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			<td height="96" style="height:96px;width:348px;">0.1 M Potassium phosphate Buffer (KPO4 Buffer)</td>
			<td style="width:279px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:283px;">Add 3.1 g of NaH2PO4&#8226;H2O and 10.9 g of Na2HPO4 (anhydrous) to distilled H2O to make a volume of 1 L. The pH of the final solution will be 7.4. This buffer can be stored for up to 1 mo at 4&#176;C.</td>
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			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:348px;">16% Paraformaldehyde aqueous solution, EM grade</td>
			<td style="width:279px;">Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15710</td>
			<td>methanol-free to preserve GFP fluorescence</td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:348px;">30G x 1/2 inch needle&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:279px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BD305106</td>
			<td>Regular bevel</td>
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			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:348px;">Active Dry Yeast</td>
			<td style="width:279px;">Genesee Scientific</td>
			<td>62-103</td>
			<td>To fatten female flies</td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:348px;">Bovine Serum Albumin</td>
			<td style="width:279px;">PAA-cell culture company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A15-701</td>
			<td>Used in NP40 Wash Buffer</td>
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			<td height="39" style="height:39px;width:348px;">Dumont #5 Forceps</td>
			<td style="width:279px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11295-10</td>
			<td style="width:283px;">Dumostar alloy, biologie tip; sharp tips are essential for ovariole dissection</td>
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		<tr height="39">
			<td height="39" style="height:39px;width:348px;">DAPI (4&#8242;,6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride)</td>
			<td style="width:279px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D9542</td>
			<td style="width:283px;">5mg/ml stock solution&#160;&#160;</td>
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			<td height="39" style="height:39px;width:348px;">Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS)</td>
			<td style="width:279px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">16140-071</td>
			<td style="width:283px;">Added to supplement dissection medium (10%)&#160;</td>
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			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:348px;">Glass culture tube</td>
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			<td>47729-576</td>
			<td>14mL</td>
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			<td>470019-020</td>
			<td>1.2 mm Thick, Double Cavity</td>
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			<td>17998-10</td>
			<td>Mounting media</td>
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			<td style="width:119px;">IB15760</td>
			<td>70% in PBS</td>
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			<td height="39" style="height:39px;width:348px;">IGEPAL CA-630</td>
			<td style="width:279px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">I3021-500ML</td>
			<td style="width:283px;">(interchangable for Nonidet P-40)&#160; Used in NP40 Wash Buffer&#160;</td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:348px;">Leica Fluorescent Stereoscope&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:279px;">Leica Microsystems</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:348px;">Leica SP5 Confocal Microscope</td>
			<td style="width:279px;">Leica Microsystems</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>40x/0.55NA dry objective&#160;</td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:348px;">Micro spatula&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:279px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">82027-518</td>
			<td>Stainless steel</td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:348px;">Microknife&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:279px;">Roboz Surgical Instrument Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">37-7546</td>
			<td>45&#7506; angle</td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:348px;">Microscope Slide</td>
			<td style="width:279px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">16004-368</td>
			<td>75x25x1 mm</td>
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			<td height="58" style="height:58px;width:348px;">NP40 Wash Buffer</td>
			<td style="width:279px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:283px;">50mM TRIS-HCL, 150mM NaCl, 0.5% Ipegal, 1mg/ml BSA, and 0.02% sodium azide</td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:348px;">Penicillin-Streptomycin-Glutamine</td>
			<td style="width:279px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td>10378-016</td>
			<td>Added to supplement dissection medium (0.6X)</td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:348px;">Petridish- Polysterine, sterile</td>
			<td style="width:279px;">VWR</td>
			<td>82050-548</td>
			<td>60Wx15H mm</td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:348px;">Phosphate Buffer Saline</td>
			<td style="width:279px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P3813-10PAK</td>
			<td>10 packs of Powder</td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:348px;">Potassium phosphate dibasic</td>
			<td style="width:279px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P3786-500G</td>
			<td>Used in 0.1M KPO4 Buffer&#160;</td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:348px;">Potassium phosphate monobasic</td>
			<td style="width:279px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P9791-500G</td>
			<td>Used in 0.1M KPO4 Buffer&#160;</td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:348px;">Schneider&#8217;s Insect Medium</td>
			<td style="width:279px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"> 
			11720018</td>
			<td>With L-glutamine and sodium bicarbonate</td>
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		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:348px;">Sodium azide</td>
			<td style="width:279px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S2002-25G</td>
			<td>Used in fluorescent antibody staining</td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:348px;">Sodium chloride</td>
			<td style="width:279px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S3014-500G</td>
			<td>Used in NP40 Wash Buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:348px;">TRIS-HCL</td>
			<td style="width:279px;">IBI Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">IB70144</td>
			<td>1M TRIS-HCL, pH 7.4</td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:348px;">Volocity 3D Image Analysis Software</td>
			<td style="width:279px;">PerkinElmer</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>For processing confocal Z-stacks</td>
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upright imaging of drosophila egg chambers

Drosophila melanogaster oogenesis provides an ideal context for studying varied developmental processes since the ovary is relatively simple in architecture, is well-characterized, and is amenable to genetic analysis. Each egg chamber consists of germ-line cells surrounded by a single epithelial layer of somatic follicle cells. Subsets of follicle cells undergo differentiation during specific stages to become several different cell types. Standard techniques primarily allow for a lateral view of egg chambers, and therefore a limited view of follicle cell organization and identity. The upright imaging protocol describes a mounting technique that enables a novel, vertical view of egg chambers with a standard confocal microscope. Samples are first mounted between two layers of glycerin jelly in a lateral (horizontal) position on a glass microscope slide. The jelly with encased egg chambers is then cut into blocks, transferred to a coverslip, and flipped to position egg chambers upright. Mounted egg chambers can be imaged on either an upright or an inverted confocal microscope. This technique enables the study of follicle cell specification, organization, molecular markers, and egg development with new detail and from a new perspective.

dik görüntüleme yöntemi bize aşamada 8. anterior foliküler epitel hücrelerinin doğrudan organizasyonu görmek için izin bir folikül hücre kaderi için genel işaretleyici, Gözler Yok (EYA) proteini, yanı sıra nükleer DNA işaretleyici DAPI, hatta ifade gösterdi hücrelerin bu alan boyunca ve tüm hücreler içindeki boyama yoğunlukları (Şekil 2B &quot;) ile görülebilir gösterdi. Sitokin UPD yanıt olarak ayarlanır proteinler Bununla birlikte, değişken şekilleri ve sentezleme se...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Upright Imaging of Drosophila Egg Chambers at JoVE.com

Upright Imaging of Drosophila Egg Chambers

The upright imaging method described in this protocol allows for the detailed visualization of the poles of a developing Drosophila melanogaster egg. This end-on view provides a new perspective into the arrangements and morphologies of multiple cell types in the follicular epithelium.

Dik Görüntüleme<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Yumurta Odaları

Drosophila melanogaster oogenesis provides an ideal context for studying varied developmental processes since the ovary is relatively simple in ...

upright-imaging-of-drosophila-egg-chambers

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Upright Imaging of Drosophila Egg Chambers

7.6K Görüntüleme.  University of Maryland Baltimore County. The upright imaging method described in this protocol allows for the detailed visualization of the poles of a developing Drosophila melanogaster egg. This end-on view provides a new perspective into the arrangements and morphologies of multiple cell types in the follicular epithelium.

Video: Upright Imaging of Drosophila Egg Chambers

Live-imaging of the Drosophila Pupal Eye

Inherent processes of Drosophila pupal development can shift and distort the eye epithelium in ways that make individual cell behavior difficult to track during live cell imaging. These processes include: retinal rotation, cell growth and organismal movement. Additionally, irregularities in the topology of the epithelium, including subtle bumps and folds often introduced as the pupa is prepared for imaging, make it challenging to acquire in-focus images of more than a few ommatidia in a single focal plane. The workflow outlined here remedies these issues, allowing easy analysis of cellular processes during Drosophila pupal eye development. Appropriately-staged pupae are arranged in an imaging rig that can be easily assembled in most laboratories. Ubiquitin-DE-Cadherin:GFP and GMR-GAL4&#8211;driven UAS-&#945;-catenin:GFP are used to visualize cell boundaries in the eye epithelium 1-3. After deconvolution is applied to fluorescent images captured at multiple focal planes, maximum projection images are generated for each time point and enhanced using image editing software. Alignment algorithms are used to quickly stabilize superfluous motion, making individual cell behavior easier to track.

Live-imaging of the Drosophila Pupal Eye

This protocol presents an efficient method for imaging the live Drosophila pupal eye neuroepithelium. This method compensates for tissue movement and uneven topology, enhances visualization of cell boundaries through the use of multiple GFP-tagged junction proteins, and uses an easily-assembled imaging rig.

Canlı-görüntüleme<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Pupa Göz

Inherent processes of Drosophila pupal development can shift and distort the eye epithelium in ways that make individual cell behavior difficult to track ...

Gelişim Biyolojisi

Using Ex Vivo Upright Droplet Cultures of Whole Fetal Organs to Study Developmental Processes during Mouse Organogenesis

Investigating organogenesis in utero is a technically challenging process in placental mammals due to inaccessibility of reagents to embryos that develop within the uterus. A newly developed ex vivo upright droplet culture method provides an attractive alternative to studies performed in utero. The ex vivo droplet culture provides the ability to examine and manipulate cellular interactions and diverse signaling pathways through use of various blocking and activating compounds; additionally, the effects of various pharmacological reagents on the development of specific organs can be studied without unwanted side effects of systemic drug delivery in utero. As compared to other in vitro systems, the droplet culture not only allows for the ability to study three-dimensional morphogenesis and cell-cell interactions, which cannot be reproduced in mammalian cell lines, but also requires significantly less reagents than other ex vivo and in vitro protocols. This paper demonstrates proper mouse fetal organ dissection and upright droplet culture techniques, followed by whole organ immunofluorescence to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method. The ex vivo droplet culture method allows the formation of organ architecture comparable to what is observed in vivo and can be utilized to study otherwise difficult-to-study processes due to embryonic lethality in in vivo models. As a model application system, a small-molecule inhibitor will be utilized to probe the role of vascularization in testicular morphogenesis. This ex vivo droplet culture method is expandable to other fetal organ systems, such as lung and potentially others, although each organ must be extensively studied to determine any organ-specific modifications to the protocol. This organ culture system provides flexibility in experimentation with fetal organs, and results obtained using this technique will help researchers gain insights into fetal development.

Using Ex Vivo Upright Droplet Cultures of Whole Fetal Organs to Study Developmental Processes during Mouse Organogenesis

The&#160;ex vivo&#160;upright droplet culture is an alternative to current&#160;in vitro&#160;and&#160;in vivo&#160;experimental techniques. This protocol is easy to perform and requires smaller amounts of reagent, while permitting the ability to manipulate and study fetal vascularization, morphogenesis, and organogenesis.

Kullanımı<em&gt; Ex Vivo</em&gt; Tüm Fetal Organları Dik Damlacık Kültürleri Fare Organogenesis sırasında Gelişim Süreçleri Eğitim için

Investigating organogenesis in utero is a technically challenging process in placental mammals due to inaccessibility of reagents to embryos that develop ...

Imaging Calcium in Drosophila at Egg Activation

Egg activation is a universal process that includes a series of events to allow the fertilized egg to complete meiosis and initiate embryonic development. One aspect of egg activation, conserved across all organisms examined, is a change in the intracellular concentration of calcium (Ca2+) often termed a 'Ca2+ wave'. While the speed and number of oscillations of the Ca2+ wave varies between species, the change in intracellular Ca2+ is key in bringing about essential events for embryonic development. These changes include resumption of the cell cycle, mRNA regulation, cortical granule exocytosis, and rearrangement of the cytoskeleton.
In the mature Drosophila egg, activation occurs in the female oviduct prior to fertilization, initiating a series of Ca2+-dependent events. Here we present a protocol for imaging the Ca2+ wave in Drosophila. This approach provides a manipulable model system to interrogate the mechanism of the Ca2+ wave and the downstream changes associated with it.

Imaging Calcium in Drosophila at Egg Activation

This article describes an adaptable ex vivo protocol for visualizing Ca2+ during egg activation in Drosophila.

Görüntüleme Kalsiyum<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Yumurta Aktifleştirme de

Egg activation is a universal process that includes a series of events to allow the fertilized egg to complete meiosis and initiate embryonic development. ...

Long-term Live Imaging of Drosophila Eye Disc

Live imaging provides the ability to continuously track dynamic cellular and developmental processes in real time. Drosophila larval imaginal discs have been used to study many biological processes, such as cell proliferation, differentiation, growth, migration, apoptosis, competition, cell-cell signaling, and compartmental boundary formation. However, methods for the long-term ex vivo culture and live imaging of the imaginal discs have not been satisfactory, despite many efforts. Recently, we developed a method for the long-term ex vivo culture and live imaging of imaginal discs for up to 18 h. In addition to using a high insulin concentration in the culture medium, a low-melting agarose was also used to embed the disc to prevent it from drifting during the imaging period. This report uses the eye-antennal discs as an example. Photoreceptor R3/4-specific m&#948;0.5-Ga4 expression was followed to demonstrate that photoreceptor differentiation and ommatidial rotation can be observed during a 10 h live imaging period. This is a detailed protocol describing this simple method.

Long-term Live Imaging of Drosophila Eye Disc

This protocol describes a detailed method for the long-term ex vivo culture and live imaging of a Drosophila imaginal disc. It demonstrates photoreceptor differentiation and ommatidial rotation within the 10 h period of live imaging of the eye disc. The protocol is simple and does not require expensive setup.

Uzun süreli Canlı Görüntüleme<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Göz Disk

Live imaging provides the ability to continuously track dynamic cellular and developmental processes in real time. Drosophila larval imaginal discs have ...

In Vivo Imaging of Muscle-tendon Morphogenesis in Drosophila Pupae

Muscles together with tendons and the skeleton enable animals including humans to move their body parts. Muscle morphogenesis is highly conserved from animals to humans. Therefore, the powerful Drosophila model system can be used to study concepts of muscle-tendon development that can also be applied to human muscle biology. Here, we describe in detail how morphogenesis of the adult muscle-tendon system can be easily imaged in living, developing Drosophila pupae. Hence, the method allows investigating proteins, cells and tissues in their physiological environment. In addition to a step-by-step protocol with helpful tips, we provide a comprehensive overview of fluorescently tagged marker proteins that are suitable for studying the muscle-tendon system. To highlight the versatile applications of the protocol, we show example movies ranging from visualization of long-term morphogenetic events &#8211; occurring on the time scale of hours and days &#8211; to visualization of short-term dynamic processes like muscle twitching occurring on time scale of seconds. Taken together, this protocol should enable the reader to design and perform live-imaging experiments for investigating muscle-tendon morphogenesis in the intact organism.

In Vivo Imaging of Muscle-tendon Morphogenesis in Drosophila Pupae

Here, we present an easy-to-use and versatile method to perform live imaging of developmental processes in general and muscle-tendon morphogenesis in particular in living Drosophila pupae.

Vivo Kas-tendon morfogenez Drosophila pupa içinde görüntüleme

Muscles together with tendons and the skeleton enable animals including humans to move their body parts. Muscle morphogenesis is highly conserved from ...

Analysis of Actomyosin Dynamics at Local Cellular and Tissue Scales Using Time-lapse Movies of Cultured Drosophila Egg Chambers

Drosophila immature eggs are called egg chambers, and their structure resembles primitive organs that undergo morphological changes from a round to an ellipsoid shape during development. This developmental process is called oogenesis and is crucial to generating functional mature eggs to secure the next fly generation. For these reasons, egg chambers have served as an ideal and relevant model to understand animal organ development.
Several in vitro culturing protocols have been developed, but there are several disadvantages to these protocols. One involves the application of various covers that exert an artificial pressure on the imaged egg chambers in order to immobilize them and to increase the imaged acquisition plane of the circumferential surface of the analyzed egg chambers. Such an approach may negatively influence the behavior of the thin actomyosin machinery that generates the power to rotate egg chambers around their longer axis.
Thus, to overcome this limitation, we culture Drosophila egg chambers freely in the media in order to reliably analyze actomyosin machinery along the circumference of egg chambers. In the first part of the protocol, we provide a manual detailing how to analyze the actomyosin machinery in a limited acquisition plane at the local cellular scale (up to 15 cells). In the second part of the protocol, we provide users with a new Fiji-based plugin that allows the simple extraction of a defined thin layer of the egg chambers&#8217; circumferential surface. The following protocol then describes how to analyze actomyosin signals at the tissue scale (&#62;50 cells). Finally, we pinpoint the limitations of these approaches at both the local cellular and tissue scales and discuss its potential future development and possible applications.

Analysis of Actomyosin Dynamics at Local Cellular and Tissue Scales Using Time-lapse Movies of Cultured Drosophila Egg Chambers

This protocol provides a Fiji-based, user-friendly methodology along with straightforward instructions explaining how to reliably analyze actomyosin behavior in individual cells and curved epithelial tissues. No programming skills are required to follow the tutorial; all steps are performed in a semi-interactive manner using the graphical user interface of Fiji and associated plugins.

Kültür Drosophila Egg Chambers Time-Lapse filmler kullanarak yerel hücresel ve doku ölçeklerde Actomyosin dinamikleri Analizi

Drosophila immature eggs are called egg chambers, and their structure resembles primitive organs that undergo morphological changes from a round to an ...

Live Imaging and Analysis of Muscle Contractions in Drosophila Embryo

Coordinated muscle contractions are a form of rhythmic behavior seen early during development in Drosophila embryos. Neuronal sensory feedback circuits are required to control this behavior. Failure to produce the rhythmic pattern of contractions can be indicative of neurological abnormalities. We previously found that defects in protein O-mannosylation, a posttranslational protein modification, affect the axon morphology of sensory neurons and result in abnormal coordinated muscle contractions in embryos. Here, we present a relatively simple method for recording and analyzing the pattern of peristaltic muscle contractions by live imaging of late stage embryos up to the point of hatching, which we used to characterize the muscle contraction phenotype of protein O-mannosyltransferase mutants. Data obtained from these recordings can be used to analyze muscle contraction waves, including frequency, direction of propagation and relative amplitude of muscle contractions at different body segments. We have also examined body posture and taken advantage of a fluorescent marker expressed specifically in muscles to accurately determine the position of the embryo midline. A similar approach can also be utilized to study various other behaviors during development, such as embryo rolling and hatching.

Live Imaging and Analysis of Muscle Contractions in Drosophila Embryo

Here, we present a method to record embryonic muscle contractions in Drosophila embryos in a non-invasive and detail-oriented manner.

Canlı görüntüleme ve Drosophila embryo kas kasılmaları Analizi

Coordinated muscle contractions are a form of rhythmic behavior seen early during development in Drosophila embryos. Neuronal sensory feedback circuits ...

Thawing, Culturing, and Cryopreserving Drosophila Cell Lines

There are currently over 160 distinct Drosophila cell lines distributed by the Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC). With genome engineering, the number of novel cell lines is expected to increase. The DGRC aims to familiarize researchers with using Drosophila cell lines as an experimental tool to complement and drive their research agenda. Procedures for working with a variety of Drosophila cell lines with distinct characteristics are provided, including protocols for thawing, culturing, and cryopreserving cell lines. Importantly, this publication demonstrates the best practices required to work with Drosophila cell lines to minimize the risk of contaminations from adventitious microorganisms or from other cell lines. Researchers who become familiar with these procedures will be able to delve into the many applications that use Drosophila cultured cells including biochemistry, cell biology and functional genomics.

Thawing, Culturing, and Cryopreserving Drosophila Cell Lines

Drosophila cell lines are important reagents for both fundamental and biomedical research. This article provides protocols for thawing, subculturing, and the cryopreservation of commonly used Drosophila cell lines to assist researchers in incorporating the use of these reagents in their research.

Çözdürme, kültür ve Drosophila hücre hatları Cryopreserving

There are currently over 160 distinct Drosophila cell lines distributed by the Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC). With genome engineering, the ...

Human Egg Maturity Assessment and Its Clinical Application

The optimal timing of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is of a serious concern for fertility programs because untimely sperm entry diminishes the egg&#39;s developmental competence. Presence of the first polar body (PB) together with the meiotic spindle indicates completion of the oocyte maturation and the egg&#39;s readiness for fertilization. In clinical practice, it is customary to assume that all oocytes displaying a PB are mature metaphase (MII) oocytes. However, PB extrusion precedes the formation of the bipolar MII spindle. This asynchrony makes the mere presence of PB an unreliable marker of oocyte maturity. Noninvasive spindle imaging using polarized light microscopy (PLM) allows quick and easy inspection of whether the PB-displaying oocyte actually reassembled a meiotic spindle prior to ICSI. Here, we present a standard protocol to perform human egg maturity assessment in the clinical laboratory. We also show how to optimize the time of ICSI with respect to the oocyte&#39;s developmental stage in order to prevent premature sperm injection of late-maturing oocytes. Using this approach, even immature oocytes extruding PB in vitro can be clinically utilized. Affirmation that MII spindle is present prior to sperm injection and individual adjustment of the time of ICSI is particularly important in poor prognosis in-vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles with a low number of oocytes available for fertilization.

We provide an outline of the clinical protocol for non-invasive assessment of human egg maturity using polarized light microscopy.

İnsan Yumurtası Olgunluk Değerlendirmesi ve Klinik Uygulaması

The optimal timing of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is of a serious concern for fertility programs because untimely sperm entry diminishes the ...

Imaging Dpp Release from a Drosophila Wing Disc

The transforming Growth Factor-beta (TGF-&#946;) superfamily is essential for early embryonic patterning and development of adult structures in multicellular organisms. The TGF-&#946; superfamily includes TGF-&#946;, bone morphogenetic protein (BMPs), Activins, Growth and Differentiation Factors, and Nodals. It has long been known that the amount of ligand exposed to cells is important for its effects. It was thought that long-range concentration gradients set up embryonic pattern. However, recently it has become clear that the timing of exposure to these ligands is also important for their downstream transcriptional consequences. A TGF-&#946; superfamily ligand cannot have a developmental consequence until it is released from the cell in which it was produced. Until recently, it was difficult to determine when these ligands were released from cells. Here we show how to measure the release of a Drosophila BMP called Decapentaplegic (Dpp) from the cells of the wing primordium or wing disc. This method could be modified for other systems or signaling ligands.

Imaging Dpp Release from a Drosophila Wing Disc

The timing of exposure to ligands may impact their developmental consequences. Here we show how to image release of a Drosophila bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) called Dpp from cells of the wing disc.