This study was supported by grants for scientific research (P01 HL116264, RO1 HL137748). The authors would like to thank Theresa Kurth for her advice and help in maintaining the experimental environment as the lab manager.

The protocol is approved by the Medical College of Wisconsin Institutional Animal Care and Use. Dahl salt-sensitive rats (males and females), ~8 weeks of age, 200-350 g, were used for the experiments.
1. Animal preparation
<ol>
	<li>Install a movement response caging system for the rat, a perivascular flow module, syringe pump, recording device, and software (see Table of Materials) in the animal room.</li>
	<li>Place the rats in the cage to become familiar ...

<ol>
	<li>Chonchol, M., Smogorzewski, M., Stubbs, J., Yu, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Brenner &amp; Rector's The Kidney. 11, (2019).</li><li>Chen, J. -. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phosphatidylinositol+3-kinase+signaling+determines+kidney+size.">Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling determines kidney size.</a> Journal of Clinical Investigation. 125 (6), 2429-2444 (2015).</li><li>Sigmon, D. H., Gonzalez-Feldman, E., Cavasin, M. A., Potter, D. L., Beierwaltes, W. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+of+nitric+oxide+in+the+renal+hemodynamic+response+to+unilateral+nephrectomy.">Role of nitric oxide in the renal hemodynamic response to unilateral nephrectomy.</a> Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 15 (6), 1413-1420 (2004).</li><li>Romero, C. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Noninvasive+measurement+of+renal+blood+flow+by+magnetic+resonance+imaging+in+rats.">Noninvasive measurement of renal blood flow by magnetic resonance imaging in rats.</a> American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology. 314 (1), 99-106 (2018).</li><li>Basile, D. P., Anderson, M. D., Sutton, T. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pathophysiology+of+acute+kidney+injury.">Pathophysiology of acute kidney injury.</a> Comprehensive Physiology. 2 (2), 1303-1353 (2012).</li><li>Regan, M. C., Young, L. S., Geraghty, J., Fitzpatrick, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regional+renal+blood+flow+in+normal+and+disease+states.">Regional renal blood flow in normal and disease states.</a> Urological Research. 23 (1), 1-10 (1995).</li><li>Ter Wee, P. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+calcium+antagonists+on+renal+hemodynamics+and+progression+of+nondiabetic+chronic+renal+disease.">Effects of calcium antagonists on renal hemodynamics and progression of nondiabetic chronic renal disease.</a> Archives of Internal Medicine. 154 (11), 1185 (1994).</li><li>Mazze, R. I., Cousins, M. J., Barr, G. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Renal+effects+and+metabolism+of+isoflurane+in+man.">Renal effects and metabolism of isoflurane in man.</a> Anesthesiology. 40 (6), 536-542 (1974).</li><li>Corrigan, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=PAH+extraction+and+estimation+of+plasma+flow+in+human+postischemic+acute+renal+failure.">PAH extraction and estimation of plasma flow in human postischemic acute renal failure.</a> American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology. 277 (2), 312-318 (1999).</li><li>Laroute, V., Lefebvre, H. P., Costes, G., Toutain, P. -. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measurement+of+glomerular+filtration+rate+and+effective+renal+plasma+flow+in+the+conscious+beagle+dog+by+single+intravenous+bolus+of+iohexol+and+p-aminohippuric+acid.">Measurement of glomerular filtration rate and effective renal plasma flow in the conscious beagle dog by single intravenous bolus of iohexol and p-aminohippuric acid.</a> Journal of Pharmacological and Toxicological Methods. 41 (1), 17-25 (1999).</li><li>Wei, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantification+of+renal+blood+flow+with+contrast-enhanced+ultrasound.">Quantification of renal blood flow with contrast-enhanced ultrasound.</a> Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 37 (4), 1135-1140 (2001).</li><li>Cao, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Contrast-enhanced+ultrasound+for+assessing+renal+perfusion+impairment+and+predicting+acute+kidney+injury+to+chronic+kidney+disease+progression.">Contrast-enhanced ultrasound for assessing renal perfusion impairment and predicting acute kidney injury to chronic kidney disease progression.</a> Antioxidants &amp; Redox Signaling. 27 (17), 1397-1411 (2017).</li><li>Markl, M., Frydrychowicz, A., Kozerke, S., Hope, M., Wieben, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=4D+flow+MRI.">4D flow MRI.</a> Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging. 36 (5), 1015-1036 (2012).</li><li>Juillard, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamic+renal+blood+flow+measurement+by+positron+emission+tomography+in+patients+with+CRF.">Dynamic renal blood flow measurement by positron emission tomography in patients with CRF.</a> American Journal of Kidney Diseases. 40 (5), 947-954 (2002).</li><li>Ju&#225;rez-Orozco, L. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Imaging+of+cardiac+and+renal+perfusion+in+a+rat+model+with+13N-NH3+micro-PET.">Imaging of cardiac and renal perfusion in a rat model with 13N-NH3 micro-PET.</a> The International Journal of Cardiovascular Imaging. 31 (1), 213-219 (2015).</li><li>Mori, T., Cowley, A. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+of+pressure+in+angiotensin+II-induced+renal+injury.">Role of pressure in angiotensin II-induced renal injury.</a> Hypertension. 43 (4), 752-759 (2004).</li><li>Mori, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High+perfusion+pressure+accelerates+renal+injury+in+salt-sensitive+hypertension.">High perfusion pressure accelerates renal injury in salt-sensitive hypertension.</a> Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 19 (8), 1472-1482 (2008).</li><li>Polichnowski, A. J., Cowley, A. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pressure-induced+renal+injury+in+angiotensin+II+versus+norepinephrine-induced+hypertensive+rats.">Pressure-induced renal injury in angiotensin II versus norepinephrine-induced hypertensive rats.</a> Hypertension. 54 (6), 1269-1277 (2009).</li><li>Polichnowski, A. J., Jin, C., Yang, C., Cowley, A. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+of+renal+perfusion+pressure+versus+angiotensin+II+renal+oxidative+stress+in+angiotensin+II-induced+hypertensive+rats.">Role of renal perfusion pressure versus angiotensin II renal oxidative stress in angiotensin II-induced hypertensive rats.</a> Hypertension. 55 (6), 1425-1430 (2010).</li><li>Evans, L. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Increased+perfusion+pressure+drives+renal+T-cell+infiltration+in+the+dahl+salt-sensitive+rat.">Increased perfusion pressure drives renal T-cell infiltration in the dahl salt-sensitive rat.</a> Hypertension. 70 (3), 543-551 (2017).</li><li>Shimada, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Renal+perfusion+pressure+determines+infiltration+of+leukocytes+in+the+kidney+of+rats+with+angiotensin+II-induced+hypertension.">Renal perfusion pressure determines infiltration of leukocytes in the kidney of rats with angiotensin II-induced hypertension.</a> Hypertension. 76 (3), 849-858 (2020).</li><li>Cousins, M. J., Mazze, R. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Anaesthesia,+surgery+and+renal+function:+Immediate+and+delayed+effects.">Anaesthesia, surgery and renal function: Immediate and delayed effects.</a> Anaesthesia and Intensive Care. 1 (5), 355-373 (1973).</li><li>Cousins, M. J., Skowronski, G., Plummer, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Anaesthesia+and+the+kidney.">Anaesthesia and the kidney.</a> Anaesthesia and Intensive Care. 11 (4), 292-320 (1983).</li><li>Schiffer, T. A., Christensen, M., Gustafsson, H., Palm, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effect+of+inactin+on+kidney+mitochondrial+function+and+production+of+reactive+oxygen+species.">The effect of inactin on kidney mitochondrial function and production of reactive oxygen species.</a> PLOS ONE. 13 (11), 0207728 (2018).</li><li>Evans, R. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chronic+renal+blood+flow+measurement+in+dogs+by+transit-time+ultrasound+flowmetry.">Chronic renal blood flow measurement in dogs by transit-time ultrasound flowmetry.</a> Journal of Pharmacological and Toxicological Methods. 38 (1), 33-39 (1997).</li><li>Bell, T. D., DiBona, G. F., Biemiller, R., Brands, M. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Continuously+measured+renal+blood+flow+does+not+increase+in+diabetes+if+nitric+oxide+synthesis+is+blocked.">Continuously measured renal blood flow does not increase in diabetes if nitric oxide synthesis is blocked.</a> American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology. 295 (5), 1449-1456 (2008).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

The present protocol describes a technique that utilizes commercially available instrumentation to record RBF and arterial pressure continuously over many weeks. In addition, urine can be collected using the device described in step 1.1. It can also be used to evaluate metabolites in the urine and, when an arterial catheter is implanted, blood sampling for analysis.
Traditionally, RBF measurements have been obtained acutely in surgically prepared anesthetized animals or estimated by PAH cleara...

The kidneys are only 0.5% of the bodyweight but rich in blood flow, receiving 20%-25% of the total cardiac output1. The regulation of renal blood flow (RBF) is central to kidney function, body fluid, and electrolyte homeostasis. The importance of blood flow regulation to the kidney is nicely illustrated by the substantial increase of RBF in the remaining kidney after unilateral nephrectomy2,3,4 and by the reductions of RBF that occur in kidney failure5,6,7. Whether such changes in RBF occur in response to alterations in kidney function or a decrease in function due to reduction of RBF has been challenging to ascertain in anesthetized surgically prepared animals or human subjects. Temporal studies are required in which the events can be determined before and following a defined change and observed in the same animal during the progression of events. In the animal and human studies, RBF has been estimated indirectly by the clearance of para-amino hippuric acid (PAH)8,9,10 and in more recent time by imaging techniques such as ultrasound9,11,12, MRI4,13, and PET-CT14,15 which give helpful snapshot images of each kidney and which can follow the progression of the disease. It is challenging to evaluate RBF in small animals by ultrasound or MRI scans without anesthesia. It has been impossible to continuously measure RBF under conscious conditions in the same rat over prolonged periods.
The present protocol, therefore, developed techniques that enable simultaneous continuous 24 h/day measurements of RBF, which has been combined with continuous blood pressure measurement methods for freely moving rats as described previously16,17,18,19,20,21. This technology allows for the temporal evaluation of RBF in various models of rats to study cause-effect relationships in various renal disorders in the future.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>1RB probe</td>
			<td>Transonic</td>
			<td>1RB</td>
			<td>ultrasonic flow probe</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Betadine</td>
			<td>Avrio Health</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>povidone-iodine</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Buprenorphine SR-LAB</td>
			<td>ZooPharm</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Buprenorphine</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cefazolin</td>
			<td>APOTEX</td>
			<td>NDC 60505</td>
			<td>Cefazolin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Crile Hemostats</td>
			<td>Fine Surgical Instruments</td>
			<td>13004-14</td>
			<td>Hemostats for blunt dissection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflurane</td>
			<td>Piramal</td>
			<td>NDC 66794</td>
			<td>Isoflurane</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Medium Clear PVC cement</td>
			<td>Oatey</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>PVC cement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mersilene polyester fiber mesh</td>
			<td>Ethicon</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>polyester fiber mesh</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MetriCide28</td>
			<td>Metrex</td>
			<td>SKU 10-2805</td>
			<td>2.5% glutaraldehyde</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro-Renathane 0.025 x 0.012</td>
			<td>Braintree Scientific</td>
			<td>MRE 025</td>
			<td>use for catheter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MINI HYPE-WIPE</td>
			<td>Current Technologies</td>
			<td>#9803</td>
			<td>1% sodium hypochlorite</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oatey Medium Clear PVC Cement</td>
			<td>Oatey</td>
			<td>#31018</td>
			<td>PVC cement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PHD2000 syringe pump</td>
			<td>Harvard apparatus</td>
			<td>71-2000</td>
			<td>syringe pump</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ponemah software</td>
			<td>DSI</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>recording software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Precision 3630 Tower</td>
			<td>Dell</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Computer for recording</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Raturn Stand-Alone System</td>
			<td>BASi</td>
			<td>MD-1407</td>
			<td>a movement response caging system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RenaPulse High Fidelity Pressure Tubing 0.040 x 0.025</td>
			<td>Braintree Scientific</td>
			<td>RPT 040</td>
			<td>use for catheter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silicone cuff</td>
			<td>Transonic</td>
			<td>AAPC102</td>
			<td>skin button</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgical lubricant sterile bacteriostatic</td>
			<td>Fougera</td>
			<td>0168-0205-36</td>
			<td>gell for flow probe</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tergazyme</td>
			<td>Alconox</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>protease contained anionic detergent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TS420 Perivascular Flow Module</td>
			<td>Transonic</td>
			<td>TS420</td>
			<td>perivascular flow module</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vetbond</td>
			<td>3M</td>
			<td>1469SB</td>
			<td>tissue adhesive</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>WinDaq software</td>
			<td>DATAQ</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>recording software</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

long-term continuous measurement of renal blood flow in conscious rats

The kidneys play a crucial role in maintaining the homeostasis of body fluids. The regulation of renal blood flow (RBF) is essential to the vital functions of filtration and metabolism in kidney function. Many acute studies have been carried out in anesthetized animals to measure RBF under various conditions to determine mechanisms responsible for the regulation of kidney perfusion. However, for technical reasons, it has not been possible to measure RBF continuously (24 h/day) in unrestrained unanesthetized rats over prolonged periods. These methods allow the continuous determination of RBF over many weeks while also simultaneously recording blood pressure (BP) with implanted catheters (fluid-filled or by telemetry). RBF monitoring is carried out with rats placed in a circular servo-controlled rat cage that enables the unrestrained movement of the rat throughout the study. At the same time, the tangling of cables from the flow probe and arterial catheters is prevented. Rats are first instrumented with an ultrasonic flow probe placement on the left renal artery and an arterial catheter implanted in the right femoral artery. These are routed subcutaneously to the nape of the neck, and connected to the flowmeter and pressure transducer, respectively, to measure RBF and BP. Following surgical implantation, rats are immediately placed in the cage to recover for at least one week and stabilize the ultrasonic probe recordings. Urine collection is also feasible in this system. The surgical and post-surgical procedures for continuous monitoring are demonstrated in this protocol.

The mean arterial pressure data (Figure 1A) and blood flow data (Figure 1B) from a representative male Dahl salt-sensitive rat are shown. The Dahl salt-sensitive rats are maintained in a colony and bred at the Medical College of Wisconsin. The surgery was done at the age of 8 weeks, and the bodyweight was 249 g at the time of surgery. Rats were fed with a 0.4% NaCl diet, and the diet was changed to a 4% NaCl diet at the age of 10 weeks. Measurements were continu...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Long-Term Continuous Measurement of Renal Blood Flow in Conscious Rats at JoVE.com

Long-Term Continuous Measurement of Renal Blood Flow in Conscious Rats

The present protocol describes a long-term continuous measurement of renal blood flow in conscious rats and simultaneously recording blood pressure with implanted catheters (fluid-filled or by telemetry).

The kidneys play a crucial role in maintaining the homeostasis of body fluids. The regulation of renal blood flow (RBF) is essential to the vital ...

The continuous recording of renal blood flow in instrumented rats allows us to temporarily determine the sequence of events which lead up to the disease process that we're studying. In our case, it's hypertension and we're trying to determine whether a reduction of renal blood flow, which occurs in hypertension, precedes or is a consequence of the high blood pressure. The system that we'll be demonstrating today and the preparation of the animal is really designed to enable a continuous 24-hour determination of renal blood flow for many weeks at a time to study chronic events and to study the rat in their home environment, cages.As with all surgical techniques, practice, patience and attention to detail, we will required to master these procedures until the implement can be carried out on time. To begin shave the entire abdomen in a region on the nap around the seventh cervical vertebrae of an anesthetized rat with an electric clipper. After shaving, wipe the area three times alternating with 10%povidone iodine, and 70%ethanol.Place the rat in the prone position. Make a one centimeter cut with the scalpel on the nap and the left flank. Then perform a blunt dissection with hemostatic forceps in clear subcutaneous space from the flank incision to the back of the neck.Attach the skin button to the flow probe and pass the flow probe through this subcutaneous tunnel from the neck to the flank incision with hemostatic forceps. Then place the rat in the supine position and make a four to five centimeter midline abdominal incision. Dissect the area around the left renal artery with curved microdissecting forceps exposing the space sufficient to place the flow probe.Then bluntly, pierce the left quadratus lumbar muscle with the hemostatic forceps and pull the head of the flow probe through the renal artery under the fatty tissue into the abdominal cavity. Place the polyester fiber mesh on the abdominal wall. Hook the tip of the flow probe to the left renal artery and connect it to the flow meter.Add some gel around the probe tip and value of the flow rate will appear on the flow meter. Glue the polyester fiber mesh attached to the probe to the abdominal wall using tissue adhesive and hold until dry and bonded. Once the probe is in place, disconnect the flow probe from the flow meter and cover the abdomen with saline soaked gauze.To suture the probe, turn the rat to the prone position. Attach the skin button to the flow probe and make a circular loop of the flow probe subcutaneously at the flank. Suture the incision at the neck and the button to the skin.Then suture the flank with four ott surgical sutures. Connect the flow probe to the flow meter again, and turn the rat back to the dorsal position to check renal blood flow. Make final flow probe adjustments to optimize its position on the renal artery.Finally, suture the muscle with three ott silk in the skin with four ott surgical suture. When the rat is fully recovered from anesthesia return the rat to a movement response caging system connect the flow probe to the blood flow meter and allow a recovery period of about a week to stabilize the probe and flow measurement. The mean arterial pressure and blood flow were continuously measured in dull salt sensitive rats while switching from a low to high salt diet.This representative data from a male rat was recorded over a period of four weeks and is shown with a minute average. A clear diurnal difference was observed in mean arterial pressure and blood flow. While blood pressure increases with a high salt diet blood flow tends to decrease rather than increase suggesting increased renal vascular resistance.The great advantage of this technique is that it can study renal blood flow over long periods of time, and most importantly in unanesthetized conditions. This is of great importance when studying response to various stimuli where you can use the same animal under controlled unanesthetized conditions and follow that same animal over short periods or very long periods to see what the response is to some particular stimulus or pathological disease is.

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2.4K visualizações.  Medical College of Wisconsin. O registro contínuo do fluxo sanguíneo renal em ratos instrumentados nos permite determinar temporariamente a sequência de eventos que levam ao processo de doença que estamos estudando. No nosso caso, é hipertensão e estamos tentando determinar se uma redução do fluxo sanguíneo renal, que ocorre na hipertensão, precede ou é uma consequência da pressão alta. O sistema que demonstraremos hoje e a preparação do animal é realmente projetado para permitir uma determinação contín...