Two Flow Cytometric Approaches of NKG2D Ligand Surface Detection to Distinguish Stem Cells from Bulk Subpopulations in Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Summary

We present two different staining protocols for NKG2D ligand (NKG2DL) detection in human primary acute myeloid leukemia (AML) samples. The first approach is based on a fusion protein, able to recognize all known and potentially yet unknown ligands, while the second protocol relies on the addition of multiple anti-NKG2DL antibodies.

Abstract

Within the same patient, absence of NKG2D ligands (NKG2DL) surface expression was shown to distinguish leukemic subpopulations with stem cell properties (so called leukemic stem cells, LSCs) from more differentiated counterpart leukemic cells that lack disease initiation potential although they carry similar leukemia specific genetic mutations. NKG2DL are biochemically highly diverse MHC class I-like self-molecules. Healthy cells in homeostatic conditions generally do not express NKG2DL on the cell surface. Instead, expression of these ligands is induced upon exposure to cellular stress (e.g., oncogenic transformation or infectious stimuli) to trigger elimination of damaged cells via lysis through NKG2D-receptor-expressing immune cells such as natural killer (NK) cells. Interestingly, NKG2DL surface expression is selectively suppressed in LSC subpopulations, allowing these cells to evade NKG2D-mediated immune surveillance. Here, we present a side-by-side analysis of two different flow cytometry methods that allow the investigation of NKG2DL surface expression on cancer cells i.e., a method involving pan-ligand recognition and a method involving staining with multiple antibodies against single ligands. These methods can be used to separate viable NKG2DL negative cellular subpopulations with putative cancer stem cell properties from NKG2DL positive non-LSC.

Introduction

NK cells are important effectors of the innate immune system that can recognize and eliminate malignant cells or stressed healthy cells (e.g., by a viral infection) without prior antigen stimulation¹. This process is tightly regulated via a complex repertoire of activating receptors —such as natural cytotoxicity receptors (NCRs), NKG2D and CD16— and inhibitory receptors that are largely represented by killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs)². Binding of KIRs to human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I molecules on somatic cells ensures self-recognition and conveys NK cell tolerance. On the other hand, absenc....

Protocol

Patient samples were collected following approval from the Ethics Review Board of the University Hospitals of Basel and Tuebingen.

1. Biotinylation of the NKG2D fusion protein

NOTE: This step is performed with a biotinylation kit (see Table of Materials) according to the manufacturer’s instruction. This step of the protocol must be performed at least 24 h prior to the staining. The biotinylated NKG2D fusion protein should be stored at -20 °.......

Discussion

Here we present two flow cytometric methods that can detect NKG2DL surface expression on human primary AML cells. We show that both detection methods can be used in conjunction with other antibody stainings (e.g., detecting CD34 expression). Similar stainings may also be performed on other primary cell types and cell lines.

We recently showed that the absence of NKG2DL on the surface of AML patient blasts can enrich LSC¹⁴. In AML, NKG2DL negative but not NKG2DL positive.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
7-amminoactinomycin D (7-AAD)	Invitrogen	A1310	Viability dye
96 well plate U bottom	Sarstedt	833925500	96 Well plate for our Flow cytometer
APC Mouse Anti-Human cd34	BD	555824	Antibody detecting CD34 RRID: AB_398614
Bovine Serum Albumin	PanReac AppliChem	A1391,0050	Component of the staining buffer
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid	Roth	8043.1	Component of the staining buffer
Fetal Calf Serum (FCS)	BioConcept	2-01F10-I	Component of the supplemented RPMI medium
FlowJo 10.2	BD	/	Software enabling data analysis for flow cytometry experiment
Goat- anti-Rabbit IgG (H+L) Alexa Fluor 488	Thermo Scientific	A21222	Secondary antibody detecting the primary antibodies for MICA and MICB RRID: AB_1037853
Human NKG2D Fc Chimera Protein, CF	R&D	1299-NK-050	Fusion Protein detecting all NKG2DLs RRID:
Human ULBP-1 Antibody	R&D	AF1380	Antibody detecting ULBP1 RRID: AB_354765
Human ULBP-2/5/6 Antibody	R&D	AF1298	Antibody detecting ULBP2/5/6 RRID: AB_354725
Human ULBP-3 Antibody	R&D	AF1517	Antibody detecting ULBP3 RRID: AB_354835
MICA Polyclonal Antibody	Thermo Scientific	PA5-35346	Antibody detecting MICA RRID: AB_2552656
MICB Polyclonal Antibody	Thermo Scientific	PA5-66698	Antibody detecting MICB RRID: AB_2663413
One-step Antibody Biotinylation Kit 1 strip, for 8 reactions	Miltenyibiotec	130-093-385	Biotinylation kit for the NKG2DL fusion protein
Phosphate Buffered Saline	Sigma Aldrich	D8537-500ML	Component of the staining buffer
Rabbit anti-Goat IgG (H+L) Alexa Fluor 488	Thermo Scientific	A11034	Secondary antibody detecting the primary antibodies for the ULBPs RRID: AB_2576217
Rainbow Calibration Particles (8-peaks) 3.0 um	Spherotech Inc.	RCP-30-20A	Beads used for flow cytometry device maintainance
RPMI medium	Sigma Aldrich	R8758-500ML	Cell culture medium
RayBright Universal Compensation Beads	Raybiotech	137-00013-100	Beads used to create the compensation matrix
Streptavidin, R-Phycoerythrin Conjugate (SAPE) - 1 mg/mL	Invitrogen	S866	Seondary step for the biotinylated NKG2DL fusion protein detection