Serial Block-Face Scanning Electron Microscopy (SBEM) for the Study of Dendritic Spines

Summary

Serial Block-Face Scanning Electron Microscopy (SBEM) is applied to image and analyze dendritic spines in the murine hippocampus.

Abstract

Three-dimensional electron microscopy (3D EM) gives a possibility to analyze morphological parameters of dendritic spines with nanoscale resolution. In addition, some features of dendritic spines, such as volume of the spine and post-synaptic density (PSD) (representing post-synaptic part of the synapse), presence of presynaptic terminal, and smooth endoplasmic reticulum or atypical form of PSD (e.g., multi-innervated spines), can be observed only with 3D EM. By employing serial block-face scanning electron microscopy (SBEM) it is possible to obtain 3D EM data easier and in a more reproducible manner than when performing traditional serial sectioning. Here we show how to prepare mouse hippocampal samples for SBEM analysis and how this protocol can be combined with immunofluorescence study of dendritic spines. Mild fixation perfusion allows us to perform immunofluorescence studies with light microscopy on one half of the brain, while the other half was prepared for SBEM. This approach reduces the number of animals to be used for the study.

Introduction

Most of the excitatory synapses in the central nervous system are located on dendritic spines - small protrusions of a neuronal membrane. These protrusions form confined biochemical compartments that control intracellular signal transduction. Structural plasticity of dendritic spines and synapses is closely related to the functional changes in synaptic efficacy that underlie such important processes as learning and memory^1,2. It is important to note that electron microscopy (EM) is the only technique that allows to determine if a dendritic spine has a presynaptic input. EM resolution is also needed to study ul....

Protocol

The research was performed in compliance with Nencki Institute guidelines and permission of the Local Ethical Committee. The studies were carried out in accordance with the European Communities Council Directive of 24 November 1986 (86/609/EEC), Animal Protection Act of Poland and approved by the first Local Ethics Committee in Warsaw. All efforts were made to minimize the number of animals used and their suffering.

CAUTION: All procedures described below must be carried out in a laboratory fu.......

Discussion

There are many variations of the primary NCMIR method described by Deerinck in 2010¹⁰. The basic principles remain the same but, depending on the type of material studied, slight changes are implemented. It was described previously that different resins can be used to embed specimens for SBEM and for example in the case of plants, Spurr's is the resin of choice due to its low viscosity that allows better infiltration through the cell walls^22,

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Anesthetic:
Ketamine/xylazine mixture (Ketamina/Sedazin)	Biowet Pulawy, Pulawy, Poland
Sodium pentobarbital (Morbital)	Biowet Pulawy, Pulawy, Poland
Fixatives:
Glutaraldehyde (GA)	Sigma-Aldrich,St. Louis, MI, USA	G5882	Grade I, 25% in H2O, specially purified for use as an electron microscopy fixative
Hydrochloric acid (HCl)	POCH, Gliwice, Poland	575283115	pure p.a.
Paraformaldehyde (PFA)	Sigma-Aldrich,St. Louis, MI, USA	441244	prilled, 95%
Phosphate buffered saline (PBS), pH 7.4	Sigma-Aldrich,St. Louis, MI, USA	P4417-50TAB	tablets
Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)	Sigma-Aldrich,St. Louis, MI, USA	S5881	reagent grade, 98%, pellets (anhydrous)
Sodium phosphate dibasic (Na2HPO4)	Sigma-Aldrich,St. Louis, MI, USA	S3264
Sodium phosphate monobasic (NaH2PO4)	Sigma-Aldrich,St. Louis, MI, USA	S3139
Perfusion:
Large blunt/blunt curved scissors (~14.5 cm)	Fine Science Tools, Foster City, CA, USA	14519-14
Micro-spatula (double 2" flat ends, one rounded, one tapered to 1/8")	Fine Science Tools, Foster City, CA, USA	10091-12
Needle tip, 15 GA, blunt (perfusion needle)	KD Medical GmbH Hospital Products, Berlin, Germany	KD-FINE 900413	1.80 x 40 mm
Pair of fine (Graefe) tweezers	Fine Science Tools, Foster City, CA, USA	11050-10
Perfusion pump	Lead Fluid	BQ80S
Plastic vials	Profilab, Warsaw, Poland	534.02	plastic vials with blue cap for tissue storage, 20 ml, 31 x 48 mm
Straight iris scissors (~9 cm)	Fine Science Tools, Foster City, CA, USA	14058-11
Brain slices preparation for EM:
12-well plate	NEST, Rahway, NJ, USA	712001
Cyanoacrylic glue	Fenedur, Montevideo, Uruguay
Glass vials	Electron Microscopy Sciences, Hatfield, PA, USA	72632	20 ml Scintillation Vial, a pack of 100
Pasteur pipette	VWR, Radnor, PA, USA	612-4545	LDPE, disposable, 7.5 ml
Razor blade	Wilkinson Sword, London, UK		Classic double edge safety razor blades
Scalpel blade	Swann-Morton, Sheffield, UK	No. 20
Vibratome	Leica Microsystems, Vienna, Austria	Leica VT1000 S
Brain slices preparation for IF:
96-well plate	NEST, Rahway, NJ, USA	701101
Criostat	Leica Microsystems, Vienna, Austria	Leica CM 1950
Ethylene glycol	Bioshop, Burlington, Canada	ETH001
Low-profile disposable blade 819	Leica Biosystems Inc., USA	14035838925
Scalpel blade	Swann-Morton, Sheffield, UK	No. 20
Sodium azide (NaN3)	POCH, Gliwice, Poland	792770426
Sucrose	POCH, Gliwice, Poland	772090110
Tissue freezing medium for cryosectioning, OCT-Compound	Leica Biosystems, Switzerland	14020108926
Immunostaining:
24-well plate	NEST, Rahway, NJ, USA	702001
Anti-Post Synaptic Density Protein 95 Antibody	Merck-Millipore, Burlington, MA, USA	MAB1598
Confocal microscope	Zeiss, Göttingen, Germany		Zeiss Spinning Disc microscope (63 × oil objective, NA 1.4, pixel size 0.13 µm × 0.13 µm)
Cover slide	Menzel Glaser, Braunschweig, Germany	B-1231	24 x 60 mm
Donkey anti-Mouse IgG (H+L) Highly Cross-Adsorbed Secondary Antibody, Alexa Fluor 555	Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA	A31570
Fluoromount-G Mounting Medium, with DAPI	Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA	00-4959-52
Microscope slide	Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA	AGAA00008	SuperFrost
Normal donkey serum (NDS)	Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories, West Grove, PA, USA	017-000-121
Shaker	JWElectronic, Warsaw, Poland	KL-942
TritonT X-100 Reagent Grade	Bioshop, Burlington, Canada	TRX506
Electron microsocpy sample preparation
Potassium hexacyanoferrate(II) trihydrate	POCH, Gliwice, Poland	746980113
Aclar 33C Film	Electron Microscopy Sciences, Hatfield, PA, USA	50425	Fluoropolymer Film embedding sheet
DMP-30, 2,4,6-Tris(dimethylaminomethyl)phenol	Sigma-Aldrich,St. Louis, MI, USA	T58203	Epoxy embedding medium accelerator
Durcupan ACM single component A, M	Sigma-Aldrich,St. Louis, MI, USA	44611	Durcupan ACM single component A, M epoxy resin
Durcupan ACM single component B	Sigma-Aldrich,St. Louis, MI, USA	44612	Durcupan ACM single component B, hardener 964
Durcupan ACM single component D	Sigma-Aldrich,St. Louis, MI, USA	44614	Durcupan ACM single component D , plasticizer
Ethyl alcohol absolute	POCH, Gliwice, Poland	64-17-5	Ethyl alcohol absolute 99.8 % pure P.A.-BASIC
Genlab laboratory oven	Wolflabs, York, UK	Mino/18/SS	Oven Genlab MINO/18/SS 18l volume, no fan circulation, no digital display, standard temperature gradient, standard recovery rate, no timer, 250°C maximum temperature, 240V electrical supply
L-Aspartic acid	Sigma-Aldrich,St. Louis, MI, USA	A-9256	reagent grade, 98% (HPLC)
Lead (II) nitrate	Sigma-Aldrich,St. Louis, MI, USA	467790	99.95% trace metals basis
Osmium tetroxide	Sigma-Aldrich,St. Louis, MI, USA	75632	for electron microscopy, 4% in H2O
pH meter	Elmetron, Zabrze, Poland	CP-5-5
Rotator	BioSan, Józefów, Poland	Multi Bio RS-24	rotator Multi Bio RS-24
Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)	Sigma-Aldrich,St. Louis, MI, USA	S5881	reagent grade, 98%, pellets (anhydrous)
Sunflower mini shaker	Grant bio, Shepreth,UK	PD-3D
Syringe filter	Millipore, Burlington, MA, USA	SLGP033NB	0,22 µm pore size
Thiocarbohydrazide	Sigma-Aldrich,St. Louis, MI, USA	88535	purum p.a., for electron microscopy, 99.0% (N)
Uranyl acetate	Serva, Heidelberg, Germany	77870	Uranyl acetate·2H2O, research grade
Water bath	WSL, Swietochlowice, Poland	LWT
Specimen mounting for SBEM
96-well culture plate	VWR, Radnor, PA, USA	734-2782	96-well plates, round bottom, non treated
AM Gatan 3View stub handling tweezers	Micro to Nano, Haarlem, Netherlands Netherlands	50-001521
Binocular	OPTA-TECH, Warsaw, Poland	X2000
Conductive glue	Chemtronics, Georgia, USA	CW2400	conductive eopxy
Gatan 3View sample pin stubs	Micro to Nano, Haarlem, Netherlands Netherlands	10-006003
Parafilm	Sigma-Aldrich,St. Louis, MI, USA	P7793	roll size 20 in. × 50 ft
Pelco conductive silver paint	Ted Pella, Redding, CA, USA	16062-15	PELCO® Conductive Silver Paint, 15g
Razor blades double edge	Electron Microscopy Sciences, Hatfield, PA, USA	72000	Stainless Steel "PTFE" coated. PERSONNA brand .004" thick, wrapped individually, 250 blades in a box.
Scanning Electron Microscope	Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany		Sigma VP with Gatan 3View2 chamber, acceleration voltage 2.5 kV, variable pressure 5 Pa, aperture 20 µm, dwell time 6 µs, slice thickness 60 nm, magnification 15 000 x, image resolution 2048 x 2048 pixels, pixel size 7.3 nm
trim 90° diamond knife	Diatome Ltd., Nidau, Switzerland	DTB90
Ultramicrotome	Leica Microsystems, Vienna, Austria	Leica ultracutR
Software	webpage		tutorials
FijiJ	https://fiji.sc/
Microscopy Image Browser	http://mib.helsinki.fi/		http://mib.helsinki.fi/tutorials.html
Reconstruct	https://synapseweb.clm.utexas.edu/software-0		https://synapseweb.clm.utexas.edu/software-0)
Animals
Mice	Adult 3-month old and 20±1 month old female Thy1-GFP(M) mice (Thy1-GFP +/-) (Feng et al.,2000) which express GFP in a sparsely distributed population of glutamatergic neurons. Animals were bred as heterozygotes with the C57BL/6J background in the Animal House of the Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology.