Streamlined Intravital Imaging Approach for Long-Term Monitoring of Epithelial Tissue Dynamics on an Inverted Confocal Microscope

Summary

The protocol presents a new tool to simplify intravital imaging using inverted confocal microscopy.

Abstract

Understanding normal and aberrant in vivo cell behaviors is necessary to develop clinical interventions to thwart disease initiation and progression. It is therefore critical to optimize imaging approaches that facilitate the observation of cell dynamics in situ, where tissue structure and composition remain unperturbed. The epidermis is the body's outermost barrier, as well as the source of the most prevalent human cancers, namely cutaneous skin carcinomas. The accessibility of skin tissue presents a unique opportunity to monitor epithelial and dermal cell behaviors in intact animals using noninvasive intravital microscopy. Nevertheless, this sophisticated imaging approach has primarily been achieved using upright multiphoton microscopes, which represent a significant barrier for entry for most investigators. This study presents a custom-designed, 3D-printed microscope stage insert suitable for use with inverted confocal microscopes, streamlining the long-term intravital imaging of ear skin in live transgenic mice. We believe this versatile invention, which may be customized to fit the inverted microscope brand and model of choice and adapted to image additional organ systems, will prove invaluable to the greater scientific research community by significantly enhancing the accessibility of intravital microscopy. This technological advancement is critical for bolstering our understanding of live cell dynamics in normal and disease contexts.

Introduction

Intravital microscopy is a powerful tool that allows the monitoring of cell behaviors in their unperturbed in vivo environments. This unique method has provided key insights into the inner workings of complex mammalian organ systems, including the lung¹, brain², liver³, mammary gland⁴, intestine⁵, and skin⁶. Furthermore, this approach has revealed cell behavioral alterations during tumor development⁷, wound healing^8,9, inflammation

Protocol

This research was performed in compliance with Emory University and Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center animal care and use guidelines and has been approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC).

1. Installing the live imaging insert on the inverted microscope stage

1. Construct the insert using .stl files (Supplementary File 1, Supplementary File 2, and Supplementary File 3) specifying the 3D dimensions and design (see Figure 1 and Figure 2A), a 3D printer, and polylactic acid (PLA).

Results

Proper assembly of the live imaging insert on an inverted confocal microscope and appropriate orientation of a transgenic mouse atop the insert is validated by acquiring z-stacks of fluorescently-labeled, live ear tissue over a time course ≥1 h with minimal evidence of drift in the x-, y-, and z-axes. Images should be captured at consistent intervals (interval time will depend on the biological question, strength of fluorescence signal, etc.) so that cell dynamics and image drift can be tracked over time. Thro.......

Discussion

In this study, we present a new tool that facilitates stable, long-term intravital imaging of intact mouse skin epithelia on inverted confocal microscopes. This invention is made of PLA, which is the most common and inexpensive 3D-printable material; all in-house 3D-printing costs for this insert amount to <$5. The two separate insert pieces (Figure 1, Supplementary File 1, and Supplementary File 2) can be easily assembled using set screws (see

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
3D Printer	Qudi Tech	i-Fast	3D prints using PLA material
40x 1.25NA silicone objective lens	Nikon
AxR Laser Scanning Confocal Microscope	Nikon
Cotton Tipped Swab	VWR	76337-046	Cream/ointment application
Doxycycline hyclate	Sigma-Aldrich	D9891	Induces GFP labeling of fibroblast nuclei in Pdgfra-rtTA; pTRE-H2B-GFP mice
Flathead Screwdriver (2.5 mm)			Affiix insert to microscope stage
Flathead Screws x 4 (#6-32)	Nikon		Screw insert into microscope stage
Glass Bottom Culture Dish	chemglass Life Sciences	CLS-1811-002	Modified by removing walls of dish for use as coverslip disk compatible with live insert; 35 mm wide disk contains 20 mm wide glass coverslip; dish walls were removed by machine shop
Heat Plate controller	Physitemp	TCAT-2LV	Animal Temperature Controller - Low Voltage; anal prob attachment for mouse body temperature monitoring
Hex Wrench (1.5 mm)			For M3 setscrew adjustments
Hex Wrench (2.5 mm)			Adjust tension on metal ear clip
Intravital Imaging Insert
Isoflurane	Med-Vet International	HPA030782-100uL	Mouse anesthesia
Labeling Tape (or Scotch Tape)	VWR	10127-458	Alternative to metal ear clip to immobilize ear to coverslip
Metal fastener			used as ear clip
Mouse: C57BL/6-Pdgfraem1(rtTA)Xsun/J	The Jackson Laboratory	RRID: IMSR_JAX:034459	Fibrroblast-specific promoter driving doxycycline-inducible rtTA expression
Mouse: K14-H2BPAmCherry	Courtesy of Dr. Valentina Greco at Yale University		Labels epidermal epithelial cell nuclei with mCherry; referred to in text as "K14-H2B-mCherry"
Mouse: pTRE-H2B-GFP: STOCK Tg(tetO-HIST1H2BJ/GFP)47Efu/J	The Jackson Laboratory	RRID: IMSR_JAX:005104	Labels fibroblast nuclei with GFP when combined with Pdgfra-rtTA and induced with doxycycline
Multipurpose Sealing Wrap	Glad		Enhance mouse warmth
Optixcare	VWR	MSPP-078932779	Eye lubricant
Set screws x 3 (M3; 6 mm)	Thorlabs	SS3M6	Attachment for heatplate module
Silicone Immersion Oil			Applied to 40x silicone objective
Small Animal Heating Plate	Physitemp	HP-4M	Provides heat to animal
Somnoflow Low-Flow Electronic Vaporizer	Kent Scientific	SF-01	Mouse anesthesia
Vacuum Grease	Flinn Scientific	AP1095	Seals coverslip disk to insert
Veet			hair removal
Water circulating heat pad	Stryker Medical	TP700	for mouse revival post-imaging