Social Defeat Stress Model for Adolescent C57BL/6 Male and Female Mice

Summary

We developed an accelerated social defeat stress model for adolescent C57BL/6 mice, which works in both males and females and allows exposure during discrete adolescent periods. Exposure to this model induces social avoidance, but only in a subset of defeated male and female mice.

Abstract

Social adversity in adolescence is prevalent and can negatively impact mental health trajectories. Modeling social stress in adolescent male and female rodents is needed to understand its effects on ongoing brain development and behavioral outcomes. The chronic social defeat stress paradigm (CSDS) has been widely used to model social stress in adult C57BL/6 male mice by leveraging on the aggressive behavior displayed by an adult male rodent to an intruder invading its territory. An advantage of this paradigm is that it allows to categorize defeated mice into resilient and susceptible groups based on their individual differences in social behavior 24 h after the last defeat session. Implementing this model in adolescent C57BL/6 mice has been challenging because adult or adolescent mice do not typically attack early adolescent male or female mice and because adolescence is a short period of life, encompassing discreet temporal windows of vulnerability. This limitation was overcome by adapting an accelerated version of the CSDS to be used for adolescent male and female mice. This 4-day stress paradigm with 2 physical attack sessions per day uses a C57BL/6 male adult to prime the CD-1 mouse for aggressiveness such that it readily attacks the male or female adolescent mouse. This model was termed accelerated social defeat stress (AcSD) for adolescent mice. Adolescent exposure to AcSD induces social avoidance 24 h later in both males and females, but only in a subset of defeated mice. This vulnerability occurs despite the number of attacks being consistent across sessions between resilient and susceptible groups. The AcSD model is short enough to allow exposure during discrete periods within adolescence, allows the segregation of mice according to the presence or absence of social avoidance behavior, and is the first model available to study social defeat stress in adolescent C57BL/6 female mice.

Introduction

The chronic social defeat stress paradigm is widely used to model social stress in adult postnatal day (PND) >65 male rodents. This paradigm is based on the natural aggressive behavior of an adult male rodent when an intruder invades its territory. This model is used in a variety of rodent species, including rats, hamsters, and mice^{1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9}, and consists of....

Protocol

Experimental procedures were performed in accordance with the guidelines of the Canadian Council of Animal Care and approved by the McGill University and Douglas Hospital Animal Care Committee (animal experiment approval number: 2005-5084). All mice were housed in a temperature- and humidity-controlled (21-22 °C; 60%) colony room and on a 12 h light-dark cycle (light on at 8:00 h) at the Neurophenotyping Centre of the Douglas Mental Health University Institute. The mice had ad libitum access to food and water throughout the experiments. Mice were assigned randomly to each experimental condition. Experimental animals were obtained from a commercial source....

Results

A total of four different experiments were performed using the chronic social defeat stress model in adolescent C57BL/6 male mice (PND 21). However, this model presented important limitations for its use in early adolescent C57BL/6 mice.

Equipment required modifications for adolescent C57BL/6 mice
The first limitation was that the equipment used for the social defeat apparatus was designed for adult mice. Because of their size, adolescent C57BL/6 mice at PND 21 were able.......

Discussion

Consistent, aggressive behavior in CD-1 mice
During the screening phase, it is very important to take note of all the behaviors displayed by the CD-1 (chasing, mounting behaviors, sniffing, grooming, or biting) and to closely follow these records when selecting the CD-1 mice for the AcSD. It is likely that a CD-1 mouse which interacts with the adolescent mouse without attacking it will develop aggressiveness towards adolescent mice during priming. In contrast, a CD-1 mouse which attacks an adu.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
C57BL/6 adolescent mice	In house breeding		Mice were breeded at the Neurophenotyping Centre of the Douglas Mental Health University Institute.
C57BL/6 adult mice	Charles River Laboratories	Strain Code: 027	Mice are ordered so as to arrive at PND>65 and are group housed (four mice per cage) in standard mice cages.
C57BL/6J adolescent mice	Jackson Labs	Strain Code: 000664; RRID:IMSR_JAX:000664	Mice are ordered so as to arrive at PND 24 and are group housed (four mice per cage) in standard mice cages.
CD-1 mice	Charles River Laboratories	Strain Code: 022	Mice retired breeders more than three months of age and singled housed throughout.
Cleaning solution	Virox Animal Health	DIN 02537222	Prevail: Accelerated Hydrogen Peroxide. Desinfectant cleaner and deodorizer.
Clear perforated acrylic glass divider	Manufactured by Douglas Hospital, custom order		0.6 cm (w) × 45.7 cm (d) × 22.23 cm (h); perforations of 0.6 cm diameter. The dividers are perforated allowing sensory but no physical contact between the pair of mice.
Clear rectangular rat cages	Allentown		24 cm (w) × 48.3 cm (d) × 22.23 (h).
Cotton squares for bedding	Inotiv Envigo	T.6060 iso-BLOX	2.5 cm x 2.5 cm. Added to the social defeat apparatus.
Hard woodchip bedding	Inotiv Envigo	Teklad 7090, 7115	Sani-chip bedding.
Large binder clips to secure the steel-wire tops	STAPLES	Item #: 132429, Model #: 24178-CA	51 mm
Medium binder clips to secure the steel-wire tops		Item #: 132367, Model #: 24172-CA	32 mm, in case the cover lids of the rat cages do not close with the large clips
Pain relief cream	Polysporin		Plus Pain Relief Cream (red format, NOT ointment), 2 Antibiotics plus lidocaine hydrochloride
Paired Steel-wire tops			24 cm (w) × 48 cm (d) with 0.6 cm (w) of separation between the grill
Removable wire-mesh enclosure	Johnston industrial plastics		11 cm (w) × 6.8 cm (d) × 42 cm (h) custom order; two per social interaction test arena secured in precut clear polycarbonate
Social interaction open-field arena	PEXIGLAS		45 cm (w) × 45 cm (d) × 49 cm (h), custom-crafted from opaque acrylic glass (Plexiglas)
Stopwatch			For timing defeat sessions
Video camera with infrared lights	Swann	SRDVR-44580V	Swann Camera - 4 Channel 1080p Digital Video Recorder & 2 x PRO-T853
Video tracking software	Topscan		2.0 Clever Systems Inc.