Name: Video: Designing Streptavidin Affinity Grids for Cryo-Electron Microscopy
Uploaded: 2023-12-29T14:20:00
Duration: 3 min 37 s
Description: 278 Views. Designing Streptavidin Affinity Grids for Cryo-Electron Microscopy

designing streptavidin affinity grids for cryo-electron microscopy

Fabrication of Streptavidin Affinity Grids for Cryo-EM Structural Studies

Electron cryo-microscopy (cryo-EM) has revolutionized the field of structural biology by enabling macromolecular structure determination of large, flexible, and heterogeneous samples that were previously inaccessible by X-ray crystallography or nuclear magnetic resonance1. This method works by flash-freezing macromolecules in solution to create a thin layer of vitreous ice that can be subsequently imaged using an electron microscope. In recent years, significant advances in both microscope hardware and image processing software have further expanded the types of samples suitable for high-resolution structure determination by cryo-EM.
Nevertheless, the preparation of thin, vitrified samples remains one of the most critical steps in macromolecular structure determination by cryo-EM. Biological samples are often dynamic, fragile, prone to denaturation, and sometimes are only available in small quantities for cryo-EM studies. During the blotting process, these particles interact with the hydrophobic air-water interface, which can result in particle-preferred orientations, disassembly of fragile complexes, partial or complete sample denaturation, and aggregation2,3,4. The use of detergents or other surfactants, chemical cross-linking, and adsorption of samples to support layers are common strategies to preserve biological samples during the freezing process. Support layers such as graphene oxide5,6,7 or amorphous carbon8 also function to concentrate particles on the grid by adsorption when the sample is available in limited quantities. However, these methods are not general or reliable, and optimization of grid preparation can be extremely time-consuming or fail altogether.
Streptavidin affinity grids9,10 were developed to overcome these shortcomings and to provide a mild and generally applicable method to sequester the complex of interest and protect it from the air-water interface. These grids utilize a two-dimensional (2D) streptavidin crystal lattice grown on a monolayer of biotinylated lipids on the grid. After samples are themselves biotinylated (often sparsely and randomly, meaning one biotin per complex on average), they can be applied to the streptavidin-coated grid. Because sample adsorption relies on the extremely high affinity between streptavidin and biotin, sample concentrations as low as 10 nM can be used with these grids. Commercially available biotinylation kits for proteins and biotinylated primers for DNA-containing complexes make it relatively easy to attach the necessary biotin moieties to most samples of interest. In addition to concentrating the sample and keeping it away from the damaging air-water interface during blotting, the random biotinylation of one or just a few lysine residues can significantly improve the range of orientations of the molecule of interest on the cryo-EM grid, as demonstrated in a number of studies11. While the signal from the underlying streptavidin crystal is present in the raw images, data processing schemes involving Fourier filtration of the sharp Bragg reflections from the crystal can be easily removed during early data processing, ultimately enabling high-resolution reconstructions of the sample of interest11,12,13. Here, an optimized, step-by-step protocol is provided for robust production of streptavidin affinity grids and subsequent use in cryo-EM experiments. The protocol provided is expected to be completed over a 2-week period (Figure 1A). The first parts of the protocol describe the preparation of reagents, the pretreatment of grids, and the first carbon evaporation steps. Next, instructions are described for the preparation of the lipid monolayer and the growth of streptavidin crystals on EM grids. Additionally, instructions are provided for the use of streptavidin affinity grids in negative stain EM and cryo-EM experiments. Finally, procedures are provided for removing streptavidin-signal from micrographs once cryo-EM data has been acquired.

Author Spotlight: Enhancing Cryo-EM Sample Preparation with Streptavidin-Biotin Approach

Streptavidin-Affinity Grid Fabrication for Cryo-Electron Microscopy Sample Preparation

Designing Streptavidin Affinity Grids for Cryo-Electron Microscopy

designing-streptavidin-affinity-grids-for-cryo-electron-microscopy

Research

JoVE Journal

Biochemistry

278 Views. Designing Streptavidin Affinity Grids for Cryo-Electron Microscopy

Video: Designing Streptavidin Affinity Grids for Cryo-Electron Microscopy

Streptavidin affinity grids provide strategies to overcome many commonly encountered cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) sample preparation challenges, including sample denaturation and preferential orientations that can occur due to the air-water interface. Streptavidin affinity grids, however, are currently utilized by few cryo-EM labs because they are not commercially available and require a careful fabrication process. Two-dimensional streptavidin crystals are grown onto a biotinylated lipid monolayer that is applied directly to standard holey-carbon cryo-EM grids. The high-affinity interaction between streptavidin and biotin allows for the subsequent binding of biotinylated samples that are protected from the air-water interface during cryo-EM sample preparation. Additionally, these grids provide a strategy for concentrating samples available in limited quantities and purifying protein complexes of interest directly on the grids. Here, a step-by-step, optimized protocol is provided for the robust fabrication of streptavidin affinity grids for use in cryo-EM and negative-stain experiments. Additionally, a trouble-shooting guide is included for commonly experienced challenges to make the use of streptavidin affinity grids more accessible to the larger cryo-EM community.

A step-by-step protocol for fabricating streptavidin affinity grids is provided for use in structural studies of challenging macromolecular samples by cryo-electron microscopy.

Streptavidin affinity grids provide strategies to overcome many commonly encountered cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) sample preparation challenges, ...