Name: plant growth and agrobacterium-mediated floral-dip transformation of the extremophyte schrenkiella parvula
Uploaded: 2019-01-07T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Plant Growth and Agrobacterium-mediated Floral-dip Transformation of the Extremophyte Schrenkiella parvula at JoVE.com

This work was supported by a National Science Foundation award MCB 1616827.

1. Plant Growth
<ol>
	<li>Seed sterilization (optional)
	<ol>
		<li>Prepare 50% bleach in double-distilled water (ddH2O) with 1 or 2 drops of a non-ionic detergent (see Table of Materials) in a 50 mL tube. Invert the tube several times to mix the solution. 
		NOTE: It is preferable to conduct seed sterilization in a laminar flow cabinet with a UV sterilized surface for 15 min.</li>
		<li>Add the bleach solution to ~100&#8211;200 S. parvula seed...

<ol>
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The physiological state of the plant significantly influences the efficiency of transformation25. The use of healthy and vigorous plants for transformation is a key requirement for successful transformation in S. parvula. Water or light stressed plants will have fewer flowers compared to the healthy plants ideal for transformation (Figure 1, center panel). S. parvula can grow at a light intensity less than 130 &#181;mol m-2 s-1,...

In this protocol, we describe the growth and establishment of stable transgenic lines for the extremophyte model Schrenkiella parvula. The availability of an efficient transformation system is a hallmark of any versatile genetic model. Plants that thrive in extreme environments, referred to as extremophytes, provide a critical resource for understanding plant adaptations to environmental stresses. Schrenkiella parvula (formerly Thellungiella parvula and Eutrema parvulum) is one such extremophyte model, with expanding genomic resources1,2,3,4,5. However, transformation protocols have not yet been reported for S. parvula in published studies.
The genome of S. parvula is the first published extremophyte genome in Brassicaceae (mustard-cabbage family) and shows an extensive overall genome synteny with the non-extremophyte model, Arabidopsis thaliana1. Thus, comparative studies between A. thaliana and S. parvula could benefit from the wealth of genetic studies performed on A. thaliana to make informative hypotheses on how the S. parvula genome has evolved and regulated differently to cope with extreme environmental stresses5,6,7. S. parvula is one of the most salt-tolerant species (based on soil NaCl LD50) among known wild relatives of A. thaliana8. In addition to the NaCl tolerance, S. parvula survives and completes its life cycle in the presence of multiple salt ions at high concentrations toxic to most plants7. In response to the abiotic stresses prevalent in its natural habitat, it has evolved various traits, among which several have been studied at the biochemical or physiological level 8,9,10,11.
Since 2010, there have been over 400 peer-reveiwed publications that used S. parvula as a target species or used it in a comparison with other plant genomes. However, a clear bottleneck could be identified with a closer look of what type of studies have been conducted. The majority of these reports discuss the potential use of S. parvula in future studies or use it in comparative genomic or phylogenomic studies. Due to the lack of a proof-of-concept transformation protocol established for S. parvula, it has not been used in functional genomic studies, despite having one of the highest quality plant genomes available to date (&#62;5 Mb contig N50) assembled and annotated into chromosome-level pseudomolecules1.
The Agrobacterium-mediated floral-dip transformation method has become the most broadly used method to create trasngenic lines in A. thaliana, and the development of a reproducible system of transformation was a critical factor in its success as a genetic model12,13. However, not all Brassicaceae species have been shown to be successfully transformed using the floral-dip method developed for A. thaliana. Specially, the Brassicaceae Lineage II species that include S. parvula has been recalcitrant to floral-dip based transformation methods14,15.
The indeterminate flowering growth habit of S. parvula, combined with its narrow leaf morphology has made it challenging to adopt the standard Agrobacterium-mediated floral-dip transformation method. In this study, we report the modified protocol we have developed for reproducible transformation of S. parvula.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:1303px;" width="1302">
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		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:341px;">Agar</td>
			<td style="width:293px;">VWR International, Radnor, PA</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">90000-762</td>
			<td style="width:541px;">Bacto Agar Soldifying Agent, BD Diagnostics</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">B5 vitamins</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO</td>
			<td>G1019</td>
			<td>Gamborg&#8217;s Vitamin Solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:341px;">Desiccant</td>
			<td>W A Hammond Drierite, Xenia, OH</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">22005</td>
			<td>Indicating DRIERITE 6 mesh</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:341px;">Destination vector for plant transformation</td>
			<td>TAIR</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Vector:6531113857</td>
			<td>pKGWFS7</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Electroporation cuvette</td>
			<td>USA Scientific</td>
			<td>9104-5050</td>
			<td>Electroporation cuvette, round cap, 0.2 cm gap</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Electroporator</td>
			<td>BIO-RAD Laboratories, Hercules, CA</td>
			<td>1652100</td>
			<td>MicroPulser Electroporator</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Fertilizer beads</td>
			<td>Osmocote Garden, Marysville, OH</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Osmocote Smart-Release Plant Food&#160;Flower &#38; Vegetable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Gel extraction kit</td>
			<td>iNtRON Biotechnology, Boston, MA</td>
			<td>17289</td>
			<td>MEGAquick-spin Total fragment DNA purification kit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Gentamicin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO</td>
			<td>G1914-5G</td>
			<td>Gentamicin sulfate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:341px;">Glufosinate-ammonium (11.3%) herbicide (BASTA)</td>
			<td>Bayer environmental science, Montvale, NJ</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>FINALE herbicide</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Kanamycin</td>
			<td>VWR International, Radnor, PA</td>
			<td>200004-444</td>
			<td>Kanamycin monosulfate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">MES</td>
			<td>Bioworld, Dublin, OH</td>
			<td>41320024-2</td>
			<td>MES, Free Acid</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">MS salt</td>
			<td>MP Biomedicals, Santa Anna, CA</td>
			<td>092621822</td>
			<td>Hoagland&#39;s modified basal salt mixture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">N6-benzylaminopurine (BA)&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO</td>
			<td>B3274</td>
			<td>6-Benzylaminopurine solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">NaCl</td>
			<td>Sigma-Alrich</td>
			<td>S7653</td>
			<td>Sodium chloride</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Non-ionic detergent</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO</td>
			<td>9005-64-5</td>
			<td>TWEEN 20&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:341px;">Plasmid isolation kit</td>
			<td>Zymo Research, Irvine, CA</td>
			<td>D4036</td>
			<td>Zyppy Plasmid Kits</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Recombinase enzyme mix kit</td>
			<td>Life Technology</td>
			<td>11791-020</td>
			<td>Gateway LR Clonase II Enzyme mix</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Rifampicin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO</td>
			<td>R3501-1G</td>
			<td>Rifampicin, powder, &#62;= 97% (HPLC)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Shaking incubator</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific, Waltham, MA</td>
			<td>SHKE4450</td>
			<td>MaxQ 4450 Benchtop Orbital Shakers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Soil mix</td>
			<td>Sun Gro</td>
			<td>SUN239223328CFLP</td>
			<td>Sun Gro Metro-Mix 360 Grower Mix</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Spectinomycin</td>
			<td>VWR International, Radnor, PA</td>
			<td>IC15206705</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sterile 50ml conical tubes</td>
			<td>USA Scientific, Ocala, FL</td>
			<td>1500-1811</td>
			<td>50 ml conical screw cap tubes, copolymer, racks, sterile</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sucrose</td>
			<td>VWR International, Radnor, PA</td>
			<td>57-50-1</td>
			<td>Sucrose, ACS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Surfactant solution</td>
			<td>Lehle seeds, Round Rock, TX</td>
			<td>VIS-02</td>
			<td>Silwet L-77</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Topoisomerase-based cloning kit</td>
			<td>Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA</td>
			<td>K240020</td>
			<td>pENTR/D-TOPO Cloning Kit, with One Shot TOP10 Chemically Competent E. coli</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Tryptone</td>
			<td>VWR International, Radnor, PA</td>
			<td>90000-282</td>
			<td>BD Bacto Tryptone, BD Biosciences</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Yeast Extract</td>
			<td>VWR International, Radnor, PA</td>
			<td>90000-722&#160;</td>
			<td>BD Bacto Yeast Extract, BD Biosciences</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
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plant growth and agrobacterium-mediated floral-dip transformation of the extremophyte schrenkiella parvula

Schrenkiella parvula is an extremophyte adapted to various abiotic stresses, including multiple ion toxicity stresses. Despite high-quality genomic resources available to study how plants adapt to environmental stresses, its value as a functional genomics model and tool has been limited by the lack of a feasible transformation system. In this protocol, we report how to generate stable transgenic S. parvula lines using an Agrobacterium-mediated floral-dip method. We modified the transformation protocol used for A. thaliana to account for unique traits of S. parvula, such as an indeterminate flowering habit and a high epicuticular wax content on leaves. Briefly, S. parvula seeds were stratified at 4 &#176;C for five days before planting. Plants were grown at a photoperiod of a 14 h light and 10 h dark and a 130 &#181;mol m-2s-1 light intensity, at 22 &#176;C to 24 &#176;C. Eight to nine week-old plants with multiple inflorescences were selected for transformation. These inflorescences were dipped in an infiltration solution of Agrobacterium tumefaciens GV3101 carrying the pMP90RK plasmid. We performed two rounds of flower dipping with an interval of three to four weeks to increase the transformation efficiency. The T1 seeds were collected and dried for four weeks in a container with desiccants before germination to screen for candidate transformed lines. Resistance to BASTA was used to screen T1 plants. We sprayed the BASTA solution three times with an interval of three days starting at two week-old plants to reduce false positives. A BASTA drop test was performed on surviving individual plants to identify true positive transformants. The transformation efficiency was 0.033%, yielding 3&#8211;4 transgenic plants per 10,000 T1 seeds propagated.

We developed a transformation protocol that enables harvesting of T0 seeds within 150 days, using a floral-dip method modified from that for A. thaliana. Figure 1 shows a summary of the timeline and S. parvula plants that represent the optimal stage for executing the transformation through floral-dip. We selected S. parvula plants with 70 &#8211;80 flowers in multiple inflorescences at 60&#8211;80 days after germination a...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Plant Growth and Agrobacterium-mediated Floral-dip Transformation of the Extremophyte Schrenkiella parvula at JoVE.com

Plant Growth and Agrobacterium-mediated Floral-dip Transformation of the Extremophyte Schrenkiella parvula

Agrobacterium-mediated transformation using a floral-dip method can be successfully employed to create stable transgenic lines of the extremophyte model Schrenkiella parvula. We present a protocol modified from that for Arabidopsis thaliana, considering different growth habits and physiological characteristics of the extremophyte.

Plant Growth and Agrobacterium-mediated Floral-dip Transformation of the Extremophyte Schrenkiella parvula

Schrenkiella parvula is an extremophyte adapted to various abiotic stresses, including multiple ion toxicity stresses. Despite high-quality genomic ...

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