Name: chronic, acute, and reactivated hiv infection in humanized immunodeficient mouse models
Uploaded: 2019-12-03T12:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Chronic, Acute, and Reactivated HIV Infection in Humanized Immunodeficient Mouse Models at JoVE.com

This work was supported by IHV clinical division internal funds to JCZ.

In this work, all animal care and procedures were performed according to protocols reviewed and approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) at the University of Maryland School of Medicine (protocol numbers 1018017, 1018018, and 0318009).
1. Human CD34+ HSC engraftment of newborn mice
<ol>
	<li>Always use disposable personal protection equipment (PPE), including sterile scrubs, gloves, dedicated shoes, shoe covers, mask, goggles, hair/beard bonnet, and ster...

<ol>
	<li>Shultz, L. D., Ishikawa, F., Greiner, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Humanized+mice+in+translational+biomedical+research.">Humanized mice in translational biomedical research.</a> Nature Reviews Immunology. 7, 118-130 (2007).</li><li>Koboziev, I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+humanized+mice+to+study+the+pathogenesis+of+autoimmune+and+inflammatory+diseases.">Use of humanized mice to study the pathogenesis of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.</a> Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. 21 (7), 1652-1673 (2015).</li><li>Ito, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=NOD/SCID/&#947;cnull+mouse:+An+excellent+recipient+mouse+model+for+engraftment+of+human+cells.">NOD/SCID/&#947;cnull mouse: An excellent recipient mouse model for engraftment of human cells.</a> Blood. 100 (9), 3175-3182 (2002).</li><li>Ishikawa, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+functional+human+blood+and+immune+systems+in+NOD/SCID/IL2+receptor+{gamma}+chain(null)+mice.">Development of functional human blood and immune systems in NOD/SCID/IL2 receptor {gamma} chain(null) mice.</a> Blood. 106 (5), 1565-1573 (2005).</li><li>Kim, K. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Simple+Mouse+Model+for+the+Study+of+Human+Immunodeficiency+Virus.">A Simple Mouse Model for the Study of Human Immunodeficiency Virus.</a> AIDS research and human retroviruses. 32 (2), 194-202 (2016).</li><li>Wunderlich, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=AML+xenograft+efficiency+is+significantly+improved+in+NOD/SCID-IL2RG+mice+constitutively+expressing+human+SCF,+GM-CSF+and+IL-3.">AML xenograft efficiency is significantly improved in NOD/SCID-IL2RG mice constitutively expressing human SCF, GM-CSF and IL-3.</a> Leukemia. 24 (10), 1785-1788 (2010).</li><li>Billerbeck, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+human+CD4+FoxP3++regulatory+T+cells+in+human+stem+cell+factor-,+granulocyte-macrophage+colony-stimulating+factor-,+and+interleukin-3-expressing+NOD-SCID+IL2R&#947;null+humanized+mice.">Development of human CD4+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells in human stem cell factor-, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor-, and interleukin-3-expressing NOD-SCID IL2R&#947;null humanized mice.</a> Blood. 117 (11), 3076-3086 (2011).</li><li>Coughlan, A. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Myeloid+Engraftment+in+Humanized+Mice:+Impact+of+Granulocyte-Colony+Stimulating+Factor+Treatment+and+Transgenic+Mouse+Strain.">Myeloid Engraftment in Humanized Mice: Impact of Granulocyte-Colony Stimulating Factor Treatment and Transgenic Mouse Strain.</a> Stem cells and development. 25 (7), 530-541 (2016).</li><li>Kumar, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=T+Cell-Specific+siRNA+Delivery+Suppresses+HIV-1+Infection+in+Humanized+Mice.">T Cell-Specific siRNA Delivery Suppresses HIV-1 Infection in Humanized Mice.</a> Cell. 134 (4), 577-586 (2008).</li><li>Victor Garcia, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Humanized+mice+for+HIV+and+AIDS+research.">Humanized mice for HIV and AIDS research.</a> Current Opinion in Virology. 19, 56-64 (2016).</li><li>Ara&#237;nga, M., Su, H., Poluektova, L. Y., Gorantla, S., Gendelman, H. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=HIV-1+cellular+and+tissue+replication+patterns+in+infected+humanized+mice.">HIV-1 cellular and tissue replication patterns in infected humanized mice.</a> Scientific Reports. 6, 1-12 (2016).</li><li>Satheesan, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=HIV+replication+and+latency+in+a+humanized+NSG+mouse+model+during+suppressive+oral+combinational+ART.">HIV replication and latency in a humanized NSG mouse model during suppressive oral combinational ART.</a> Journal of Virology. 92 (7), 2118 (2018).</li><li>Medina-Moreno, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Targeting+of+CDK9+with+indirubin+3&#8217;-monoxime+safely+and+durably+reduces+HIV+viremia+in+chronically+infected+humanized+mice.">Targeting of CDK9 with indirubin 3&#8217;-monoxime safely and durably reduces HIV viremia in chronically infected humanized mice.</a> PLoS ONE. 12 (8), 1-13 (2017).</li><li>Honeycutt, J. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Macrophages+sustain+HIV+replication+in+vivo+independently+of+T+cells.">Macrophages sustain HIV replication in vivo independently of T cells.</a> The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 126 (4), 1353-1366 (2016).</li><li>Perdomo-Celis, F., Medina-Moreno, S., Davis, H., Bryant, J., Zapata, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=HIV+Replication+in+Humanized+IL-3/GM-CSF-Transgenic+NOG+Mice.">HIV Replication in Humanized IL-3/GM-CSF-Transgenic NOG Mice.</a> Pathogens. 8 (33), 1-16 (2019).</li><li>Akkina, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improvements+and+Limitations+of+Humanized+Mouse+Models+for+HIV+Research:+NIH/NIAID+"Meet+the+Experts"+2015+Workshop+Summary.">Improvements and Limitations of Humanized Mouse Models for HIV Research: NIH/NIAID "Meet the Experts" 2015 Workshop Summary.</a> AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses. 32 (2), 109-119 (2015).</li><li>Dudek, T. E., Allen, T. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=HIV-Specific+CD8++T-Cell+Immunity+in+Humanized+Bone+Marrow-Liver-Thymus+Mice.">HIV-Specific CD8+ T-Cell Immunity in Humanized Bone Marrow-Liver-Thymus Mice.</a> The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 208, 150-154 (2013).</li><li>Skelton, J. K., Ortega-Prieto, A. M., Dorner, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Hitchhiker's+guide+to+humanized+mice:+new+pathways+to+studying+viral+infections.">A Hitchhiker's guide to humanized mice: new pathways to studying viral infections.</a> Immunology. 154, 50-61 (2018).</li><li>Pearson, T., Greiner, D. L., Shultz, L. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Creation+of+"humanized"+mice+to+study+human+immunity.">Creation of "humanized" mice to study human immunity.</a> Current Protocols in Immunology. , (2008).</li><li>Hasgur, S., Aryee, K. E., Shultz, L. D., Greiner, D. L., Brehm, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Generation+of+Immunodeficient+Mice+Bearing+Human+Immune+Systems+by+the+Engraftment+of+Hematopoietic+Stem+Cells.">Generation of Immunodeficient Mice Bearing Human Immune Systems by the Engraftment of Hematopoietic Stem Cells.</a> Methods in molecular biology. 1438, 67-78 (2016).</li><li>Shultz, L. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+lymphoid+and+myeloid+cell+development+in+NOD/LtSz-scid+IL2R+gamma+null+mice+engrafted+with+mobilized+human+hemopoietic+stem+cells.">Human lymphoid and myeloid cell development in NOD/LtSz-scid IL2R gamma null mice engrafted with mobilized human hemopoietic stem cells.</a> Journal of Immunology. 174 (10), 6477-6489 (2005).</li><li>King, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+Hu-PBL+model+for+the+study+of+human+islet+alloreactivity+based+on+NOD-scid+mice+bearing+a+targeted+mutation+in+the+IL-2+receptor+gamma+chain+gene.">A new Hu-PBL model for the study of human islet alloreactivity based on NOD-scid mice bearing a targeted mutation in the IL-2 receptor gamma chain gene.</a> Clinical Immunology. 126 (3), 303-314 (2008).</li><li>King, M. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+peripheral+blood+leucocyte+non-obese+diabetic-severe+combined+immunodeficiency+interleukin-2+receptor+gamma+chain+gene+mouse+model+of+xenogeneic+graft-versus-host-like+disease+and+the+role+of+host+major+histocompatibility+complex.">Human peripheral blood leucocyte non-obese diabetic-severe combined immunodeficiency interleukin-2 receptor gamma chain gene mouse model of xenogeneic graft-versus-host-like disease and the role of host major histocompatibility complex.</a> Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 157 (1), 104-118 (2009).</li><li>Covassin, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+peripheral+blood+CD4+T+cell-engrafted+non-obese+diabetic-scid+IL2rgamma(null)+H2-Ab1+(tm1Gru)+Tg+(human+leucocyte+antigen+D-related+4)+mice:+a+mouse+model+of+human+allogeneic+graft-versus-host+disease.">Human peripheral blood CD4 T cell-engrafted non-obese diabetic-scid IL2rgamma(null) H2-Ab1 (tm1Gru) Tg (human leucocyte antigen D-related 4) mice: a mouse model of human allogeneic graft-versus-host disease.</a> Clinical and experimental immunology. 166 (2), 269-280 (2011).</li><li>Heredia, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Targeting+of+mTOR+catalytic+site+inhibits+multiple+steps+of+the+HIV-1+lifecycle+and+suppresses+HIV-1+viremia+in+humanized+mice.">Targeting of mTOR catalytic site inhibits multiple steps of the HIV-1 lifecycle and suppresses HIV-1 viremia in humanized mice.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 112 (30), 9412-9417 (2015).</li><li>Nair, A., Jacob, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+simple+practice+guide+for+dose+conversion+between+animals+and+human.">A simple practice guide for dose conversion between animals and human.</a> Journal of Basic and Clinical Pharmacy. 7 (2), 27-31 (2016).</li><li>Miller, P. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+parameters+that+affect+human+hematopoietic+cell+outputs+in+mutant+c-kit-immunodeficient+mice.">Analysis of parameters that affect human hematopoietic cell outputs in mutant c-kit-immunodeficient mice.</a> Experimental Hematology. 48, 41-49 (2017).</li><li>Murphy, W. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Induction+of+T+cell+differentiation+and+lymphomagenesis+in+the+thymus+of+mice+with+severe+combined+immune+deficiency+(SCID).">Induction of T cell differentiation and lymphomagenesis in the thymus of mice with severe combined immune deficiency (SCID).</a> Journal of Immunology. 153 (3), 1004-1014 (1994).</li><li>Poluektova, L. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Humanized+Mice+as+Models+for+Human+Disease.">Humanized Mice as Models for Human Disease.</a> Humanized Mice for HIV Research. , 15-24 (2015).</li><li>Nakata, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Potent+anti-R5+human+immunodeficiency+virus+type+1+effects+of+a+CCR5+antagonist,+AK602/ONO4128/GW873140,+in+a+novel+human+peripheral+blood+mononuclear+cell+nonobese+diabetic-SCID,+interleukin-2+receptor+gamma-chain-knocked-out+AIDS+mouse+model.">Potent anti-R5 human immunodeficiency virus type 1 effects of a CCR5 antagonist, AK602/ONO4128/GW873140, in a novel human peripheral blood mononuclear cell nonobese diabetic-SCID, interleukin-2 receptor gamma-chain-knocked-out AIDS mouse model.</a> Journal of Virology. 79 (4), 2087-2096 (2005).</li><li>Terahara, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fluorescent+Reporter+Signals,+EGFP,+and+DsRed,+Encoded+in+HIV-1+Facilitate+the+Detection+of+Productively+Infected+Cells+and+Cell-Associated+Viral+Replication+Levels.">Fluorescent Reporter Signals, EGFP, and DsRed, Encoded in HIV-1 Facilitate the Detection of Productively Infected Cells and Cell-Associated Viral Replication Levels.</a> Frontiers in Microbiology. 2, 280 (2012).</li><li>Nicolini, F. E., Cashman, J. D., Hogge, D. E., Humphries, R. K., Eaves, C. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=NOD/SCID+mice+engineered+to+express+human+IL-3,+GM-CSF+and+Steel+factor+constitutively+mobilize+engrafted+human+progenitors+and+compromise+human+stem+cell+regeneration.">NOD/SCID mice engineered to express human IL-3, GM-CSF and Steel factor constitutively mobilize engrafted human progenitors and compromise human stem cell regeneration.</a> Leukemia. 18 (2), 341-347 (2004).</li><li>Cyster, J. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Follicular+stromal+cells+and+lymphocyte+homing+to+follicles.">Follicular stromal cells and lymphocyte homing to follicles.</a> Immunological Reviews. 176, 181-193 (2000).</li><li>Seung, E., Tager, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Humoral+Immunity+in+Humanized+Mice:+A+Work+in+Progress.">Humoral Immunity in Humanized Mice: A Work in Progress.</a> Journal of Infectious Diseases. 208, 155-159 (2013).</li><li>Wahl, A., Victor Garcia, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+use+of+BLT+humanized+mice+to+investigate+the+immune+reconstitution+of+the+gastrointestinal+tract.">The use of BLT humanized mice to investigate the immune reconstitution of the gastrointestinal tract.</a> Journal of Immunological Methods. 410, 28-33 (2014).</li><li>Suzuki, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Induction+of+human+humoral+immune+responses+in+a+novel+HLA-DR-expressing+transgenic+NOD/Shi-scid/&#947;c+null+mouse.">Induction of human humoral immune responses in a novel HLA-DR-expressing transgenic NOD/Shi-scid/&#947;c null mouse.</a> International Immunology. 24 (4), 243-252 (2012).</li><li>Ali, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Xenogeneic+Graft-versus-Host-Disease+in+NOD-scid+IL-2R&#947;null+Mice+Display+a+T-Effector+Memory+Phenotype.">Xenogeneic Graft-versus-Host-Disease in NOD-scid IL-2R&#947;null Mice Display a T-Effector Memory Phenotype.</a> PLoS ONE. 7 (8), 1-10 (2012).</li><li>Brehm, M. A., Wiles, M. V., Greiner, D. L., Shultz, L. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Generation+of+improved+humanized+mouse+models+for+human+infectious+diseases.">Generation of improved humanized mouse models for human infectious diseases.</a> Journal of Immunological Methods. 410, 3-17 (2014).</li><li>Hakre, S., Chavez, L., Shirakawa, K., Verdin, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=HIV+latency:+experimental+systems+and+molecular+models.">HIV latency: experimental systems and molecular models.</a> FEMS Microbiology Reviews. 36 (3), 706-716 (2012).</li><li>Wu, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=TRIM5&#945;+Restriction+Affects+Clinical+Outcome+and+Disease+Progression+in+Simian+Immunodeficiency+Virus-Infected+Rhesus+Macaques.">TRIM5&#945; Restriction Affects Clinical Outcome and Disease Progression in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Rhesus Macaques.</a> Journal of Virology. 89 (4), 2233 (2015).</li></ol>

Important advances have been achieved in the development of immunodeficient mouse strains for humanization, with a number of different options that can be used according to the research interest1. Provided here is a general protocol for the humanization of NS &#947;-chainnull mice and genetically similar strains to be employed in three different models for studying HIV infection. In the first experimental approach, irradiated newborn mice are injected with human CD34+ HSCs, w...

The humanized NOD/SCID/interleukin (IL)-2 receptor &#947;-chainnull (hereafter referred to as huNS &#947;-chainnull) mouse model has been widely used for studying the pathogenesis of infections, autoimmunity, and cancer, as well as for pre-clinical studies of drugs and human cell-based therapies1,2. These mice are based on a non-obese diabetic (NOD) background, with the scid mutation and targeted mutation at the IL-2 receptor &#947;-chain locus (common &#947;-chain for IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-15, and IL-21), which induce a severe impairment in the development of mouse T-, B-, and natural killer (NK) cells1. Thus, they support the engraftment of human tissue, human CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs)3,4,5. In addition, transgenic expression of human hematopoietic factors, such as stem cell factor (SCF), granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and IL-3 promotes the engraftment of human myeloid populations6,7,8.
For HIV studies, several huNS &#947;-chainnull mouse models have been described, which differ in the mouse strain, type of human cells used, type of tissues for the engraftment, and origin of cells (i.e., healthy vs. HIV-infected donor)9,10. The original strain, however, is widely used due to the high levels of human cells engraftment and viral replication following infection with a reference HIV strain11,12,13. Similar immunodeficient mouse strains with transgenic expression of human hematopoietic factors (e.g., NOG-EXL or NSG-SGM3) or with implants of human liver and thymus tissues (bone marrow-liver-thymus [BLT] mice) are useful for evaluating the role of myeloid populations in the anti-HIV immune response, effects of HIV on these tissues, and their participation as viral reservoirs14,15. Furthermore, some strains with transgenic expression of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules, as well as BLT mice, can be used for studying the T-cell response to HIV infection16,17.
In general, in these mice, humanization depends on the cellular origin, delivery route (intraperitoneal, intrahepatic, intravenous, intracardiac) and mouse age at the time of engraftment18,19,20. Regarding the cell origin, human CD34+ HSC derived from cord blood, fetal liver, or mobilized peripheral blood can be injected in newborn or young mice3,21. In addition, adult &#947;-chainnull mice can be humanized by the injection of PBMC (here, referred to as hu-PBL-NS &#947;-chainnull mice), allowing the temporal circulation of these cells in the blood, secondary lymphoid organs, and inflamed tissues22,23,24.
Described here is a detailed protocol for the establishment of huNS &#947;-chainnull mouse models for the study of HIV infection. The first is the chronic model, in which human CD34+ HSCs derived from cord blood from a healthy donor are injected in newborn mice, followed by infection with a reference HIV strain after 14 weeks of human immune system reconstitution. This model allows monitoring of mice for up to ~36 weeks after infection. The second model is an acute model, in which PBMCs derived from a healthy donor are injected in adult NS &#947;-chainnull mice, followed by infection with a reference HIV strain after 3 weeks of human T-cell expansion in the mouse. Finally, the third model is the reactivation model, in which PBMCs derived from an HIV-infected donor under suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART) are injected in adult NS &#947;-chainnull mice. In this case, a drug-free environment allows for viral reactivation and increase in the viral load. The two latter models allow monitoring for up to ~9 weeks after engraftment.
Overall, these three models are useful for virological studies, pre-clinical studies of novel drugs, and evaluation of HIV infection effects on the global immune response. It is also important to consider that use of HIV-infected humanized mice requires review and approval by the Institutional Biosafety Committee (IBC) as well as by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) before any experiment. This ensures that the study follows all internal and external institutional regulations for the use of hazardous biological material and humane handling of experimental animals.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>0. 5 ml Microcentrifuge tubes</td>
			<td>Neptune</td>
			<td>3735.S.X</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1. 5 ml Microcentrifuge tubes</td>
			<td>Neptune</td>
			<td>3745.S.X</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10 ml Serologial pipetes</td>
			<td>stellar sceintific</td>
			<td>VL-4090-0010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>15 ml conical tubes</td>
			<td>Stellar scientific</td>
			<td>T15-600</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>25 ml Serologial pipetes</td>
			<td>stellar sceintific</td>
			<td>VL-4090-0025</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5 ml Serologial pipetes</td>
			<td>stellar sceintific</td>
			<td>VL-4090-0005</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50 ml conical tubes</td>
			<td>Stellar scientific</td>
			<td>T50-600</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ACK lysis buffer</td>
			<td>Quality biological</td>
			<td>118-156-101</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alcohol prep pads</td>
			<td>Fisher scientific</td>
			<td>06-669-62</td>
			<td>Sterile</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Human CD3 clone UCHT1</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>300439</td>
			<td>APC conjugated</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Human CD4 clone OKT4</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>317420</td>
			<td>AF488 conjugated</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Human CD45 clone 2D1</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>368522</td>
			<td>BV421 conjugated</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Human CD8 clone SK1</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>344710</td>
			<td>PerCP-Cy5.5 conjugated</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Biosafaty cabinet level 2</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>If posible connected to an exauste chimeny when handling Isoflurane</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bonnet</td>
			<td>Fisher scientific</td>
			<td>17-100-900</td>
			<td>Single use cap for basic protection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cavicide</td>
			<td>Metrex</td>
			<td>13-1000</td>
			<td>Surface desinfectant</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD34+ cells</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>2C-101</td>
			<td>As many vials available from a single donor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge</td>
			<td>Beckman</td>
			<td>65-6KR</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Clear jar</td>
			<td>Amazon</td>
			<td>77977</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cotton gauze pad</td>
			<td>Fisher scientific</td>
			<td>22-415-468</td>
			<td>Sterile</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Disposable lab coats</td>
			<td>Fisher scientific</td>
			<td>19-472-422</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EDTA micro tubes</td>
			<td>Greiner bio-one</td>
			<td>450480</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Face Mask</td>
			<td>Fisher scientific</td>
			<td>17-100-897</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FACS lysing solution</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>340202</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FBS premium HI</td>
			<td>Atlanta biologicals</td>
			<td>S1115OH</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ficoll</td>
			<td>GE health one</td>
			<td>17-1440-02</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Flow cytometer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>We used FACS Aria II</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Flow cytometry tubes</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>352054</td>
			<td>5 ml polystyrene and round bottom</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HIV BaL</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Prepared in our uQUANT core facility</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Human PBMCs</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>HIV positive and negative volunteers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Infrared warming pad</td>
			<td>Venet scientific</td>
			<td>DCT-25</td>
			<td>Temporary therapeutic warming pad for small animals</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isentress (Raltegravir)</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>NSC 0006-0227061</td>
			<td>Antiretroviral medication to treat human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-Integrase inhibitor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflurane</td>
			<td>Henry Schein</td>
			<td>NDC 11695-6776-2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mark I irradiator</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Equipment belonging to university of Maryland</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro pipettes</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microcentrifuge</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse ear tags</td>
			<td>National Band &#38; Tag company</td>
			<td>1005-1L1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Natelson blood collection tubes</td>
			<td>Fisher scientific</td>
			<td>02-668-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NOG-EXL</td>
			<td>Taconic</td>
			<td>HSCFTL-13395-F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NSG mice</td>
			<td>Jackson</td>
			<td>5557</td>
			<td>Time pregnant females for CD34 engraftment and Juveniles for PBMCs engraftment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NSG-SGM3</td>
			<td>Jackson</td>
			<td>13062</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraformaldehyde 16%</td>
			<td>Electron microscopy sciences</td>
			<td>15710</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS 1X pH 7.4</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>100-10-023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Petri dishes</td>
			<td>Fisher scientific</td>
			<td>08-757-28</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Quantistudio qPCR machine</td>
			<td>Thermo</td>
			<td>QS3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Reagent reservoirs</td>
			<td>Costar</td>
			<td>4870</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RPMI media 1640 1X</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>11875-093</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Shoe covers</td>
			<td>Fisher scientific</td>
			<td>17-100-911</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterile disposable Gloves</td>
			<td>Microflex</td>
			<td>SUF-524</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SuperScript II First-Strand Synthesis SuperMix</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>10080-400</td>
			<td>cDNA synthesis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringes 28-G x 1/2</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>329-461</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringes 29-G x 1/2</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>324-702</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Truvada (Emtricitabine and Tenofovir</td>
			<td>Gilead</td>
			<td>NDC 61958-0701-1</td>
			<td>Antiretroviral medication to treat human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-Nicleoside analog-transcriptase inhibitor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypan blue</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>T8154</td>
			<td>Cell count and viability</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vick Vaporub</td>
			<td>School health</td>
			<td>43214</td>
			<td>Ointment based on menthol and eucalyptus</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Water molecular biology grade</td>
			<td>Quality biological</td>
			<td>351-029-131</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

chronic, acute, and reactivated hiv infection in humanized immunodeficient mouse models

Humanized NOD/SCID/IL-2 receptor &#947;-chainnull mice recapitulate some features of human immunity, which can be exploited in basic and pre-clinical research on infectious diseases. Described here are three models of humanized immunodeficient mice for studying the dynamics of HIV infection. The first is based on the intrahepatic injection of CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells in newborn mice, which allows for the reconstitution of several blood and lymphoid tissue-confined cells, followed by infection with a reference HIV strain. This model allows monitoring for up to 36 weeks post-infection and is hence called the chronic model. The second and third models are referred to as the acute and reactivation models, in which peripheral blood mononuclear cells are intraperitoneally injected in adult mice. In the acute model, cells from a healthy donor are engrafted through the intraperitoneal route, followed by infection with a reference HIV strain. Finally, in the reactivation model, cells from an HIV-infected donor under antiretroviral therapy are engrafted via the intraperitoneal route. In this case, a drug-free environment in the mouse allows for virus reactivation and an increase in viral load. The protocols provided here describe the conventional experimental approach for humanized, immunodeficient mouse models of HIV infection.

As described above, at 14 weeks post-HSC injection (chronic model) or at 3 weeks post-PBMC injection (acute and reactivation models), the mice are bled for screening the level of human cells engraftment by flow cytometry. A representative gating strategy for the evaluation of 1) human CD45+ cells reconstitution and 2) percentage of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells is shown in Figure 1A. Typically, the level of engraftment (percentage of human CD45+...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Chronic, Acute, and Reactivated HIV Infection in Humanized Immunodeficient Mouse Models at JoVE.com

Chronic, Acute, and Reactivated HIV Infection in Humanized Immunodeficient Mouse Models

Described here are three experimental approaches for studying the dynamics of HIV infection in humanized mice. The first permits the study of chronic infection events, whereas the two latter allows for the study of acute events after primary infection or viral reactivation.

Humanized NOD/SCID/IL-2 receptor &#947;-chainnull mice recapitulate some features of human immunity, which can be exploited in basic and pre-clinical ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Genotypic Inference of HIV-1 Tropism Using Population-based Sequencing of V3

Background: Prior to receiving a drug from CCR5-antagonist class in HIV therapy, a patient must undergo an HIV tropism test to confirm that his or her ...

In vitro Uncoating of HIV-1 Cores

In vitro Uncoating of HIV-1 Cores

The genome of the retroviruses is encased in a capsid surrounded by a lipid envelope. For lentiviruses, such as HIV-1, the conical capsid shell is ...

In vivo Imaging Method to Distinguish Acute and Chronic Inflammation

In vivo Imaging Method to Distinguish Acute and Chronic Inflammation

Inflammation is a fundamental aspect of many human diseases. In this video report, we demonstrate non-invasive bioluminescence imaging techniques that ...

Long Term Chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa Airway Infection in Mice

Long Term Chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa Airway Infection in Mice

A mouse model of chronic airway infection is a key asset in cystic fibrosis (CF) research, although there are a number of concerns regarding the model ...

Humanized Mouse Model to Study Bacterial Infections Targeting the Microvasculature

Neisseria meningitidis causes a severe, frequently fatal sepsis when it enters the human blood stream. Infection leads to extensive damage of the blood ...

Rapid Screening of HIV Reverse Transcriptase and Integrase Inhibitors

Although a number of anti HIV drugs have been approved, there are still problems with toxicity and drug resistance. This demonstrates a need to identify ...

Mouse Models Of Helicobacter Infection And Gastric Pathologies

Mouse Models Of Helicobacter Infection And Gastric Pathologies

Helicobacter pylori is a gastric pathogen that is present in half of the global population and is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in ...

Humanized NOD/SCID/IL2r&#947;null (hu-NSG) Mouse Model for HIV Replication and Latency Studies

Humanized NOD/SCID/IL2rÃƒÆ’Ã…Â½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚Â³null hu-NSG Mouse Model for HIV Replication and Latency Studies

Ethical regulations and technical challenges for research in human pathology, immunology, and therapeutic development have placed small animal models in ...

CRISPR-Cas9-based Genome Engineering to Generate Jurkat Reporter Models for HIV-1 Infection with Selected Proviral Integration Sites

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) integrates its proviral DNA non-randomly into the host cell genome at recurrent sites and genomic hotspots. Here we ...

Establishment of the Dual Humanized TK-NOG Mouse Model for HIV-associated Liver Pathogenesis

Despite the increased life expectancy of patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1), liver disease has emerged as a common cause of ...