Name: in situ hybridization for sipunculus nudus coelomic fluid
Uploaded: 2020-05-01T14:45:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In situ Hybridization for Sipunculus nudus Coelomic Fluid at JoVE.com

This work was supported by the Young Scientists Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 31801034), the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province, China (2016J01161), the Scientific Research Funds of Huaqiao University (15BS306) and Postgraduates&#8217; Innovative Fund in Scientific Research of Huaqiao University.

The animal procedure was approved by the Animal Care and Welfare Committee of Huaqiao University.
1. Riboprobe preparation
<ol>
	<li>Primer design
	<ol>
		<li>Open the program Primer 3 (http://bioinfo.ut.ee/primer3-0.4.0/primer3/). Copy the dmrt1 sequence (GenBank: MK182259) into the sequence window.</li>
		<li>Set primer length (23-25 bp), melting temperature (55-60 &#176;C), and G/C content (40-60%). Click Pick Primers. 
		NOTE: The minimal size required for ...

<ol>
	<li>Tsai, C. J., Harding, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+situ+hybridization.">In situ hybridization.</a> Methods in Cell Biology. 113, 339-359 (2013).</li><li>Koshiba-Takeuchi, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Whole-mount+and+section+in+situ+hybridization+in+mouse+embryos+for+detecting+mRNA+expression+and+localization.">Whole-mount and section in situ hybridization in mouse embryos for detecting mRNA expression and localization.</a> Methods in Cell Biology. 1752, 123-131 (2018).</li><li>Wu, J., Feng, J. Q., Wang, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+situ+hybridization+on+mouse+paraffin+sections+using+DIG-labeled+RNA+probes.">In situ hybridization on mouse paraffin sections using DIG-labeled RNA probes.</a> Methods in Molecular Biology. 1922, 163-171 (2019).</li><li>Thisse, C., Thisse, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High+resolution+in+situ+hybridization+on+whole-mount+zebrafish+embryo.">High resolution in situ hybridization on whole-mount zebrafish embryo.</a> Nature Protocols. 3, 59-69 (2008).</li><li>Luc, H., Sears, C., Raczka, A., Gross, J. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Wholemount+in+situ+hybridization+for+Astyanax+embryos.">Wholemount in situ hybridization for Astyanax embryos.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (145), (2019).</li><li>Abler, L. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+high+throughput+in+situ+hybridization+method+to+characterize+mRNA+expression+patterns+in+the+fetal+mouse+lower+urogenital+tract.">A high throughput in situ hybridization method to characterize mRNA expression patterns in the fetal mouse lower urogenital tract.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (54), (2011).</li><li>Du, X., Chen, Z., Deng, Y., Wang, Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparative+analysis+of+genetic+diversity+and+population+structure+of+Sipunculus+nudus+as+revealed+by+mitochondrial+COI+sequences.">Comparative analysis of genetic diversity and population structure of Sipunculus nudus as revealed by mitochondrial COI sequences.</a> Biochemical Genetics. 47, 884 (2009).</li><li>Lemer, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Re-evaluating+the+phylogeny+of+Sipuncula+through+transcriptomics.">Re-evaluating the phylogeny of Sipuncula through transcriptomics.</a> Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 83, 174-183 (2015).</li><li>Jiang, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Radioprotective+effects+of+Sipunculus+nudus+L.+polysaccharide+combined+with+WR-2721,+rhIL-11+and+rhG-CSF+on+radiation-injured+mice.">Radioprotective effects of Sipunculus nudus L. polysaccharide combined with WR-2721, rhIL-11 and rhG-CSF on radiation-injured mice.</a> Journal of Radiation Research. 56, 515-522 (2015).</li><li>Zhang, C. X., Dai, Z. R., Cai, Q. X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Anti-inflammatory+and+anti-nociceptive+activities+of+Sipunculus+nudus+L.+extract.">Anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive activities of Sipunculus nudus L. extract.</a> Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 137, 1177-1182 (2011).</li><li>Ying, X. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+fine+structure+of+coelomocytes+in+the+sipunculid+Phascolosoma+esculenta.">The fine structure of coelomocytes in the sipunculid Phascolosoma esculenta.</a> Micron. 41, 71-78 (2010).</li><li>Raymond, C. S., Murphy, M. W., O'Sullivan, M. G., Bardwell, V. J., Zarkower, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dmrt1,+a+gene+related+to+worm+and+fly+sexual+regulators,+is+required+for+mammalian+testis+differentiation.">Dmrt1, a gene related to worm and fly sexual regulators, is required for mammalian testis differentiation.</a> Genes &amp; Development. 14, 2587-2595 (2000).</li><li>Kopp, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dmrt+genes+in+the+development+and+evolution+of+sexual+dimorphism.">Dmrt genes in the development and evolution of sexual dimorphism.</a> Trends in Genetics. 28, 175-184 (2012).</li><li>Wu, G. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Testicular+dmrt1+is+involved+in+the+sexual+fate+of+the+ovotestis+in+the+protandrous+black+porgy.">Testicular dmrt1 is involved in the sexual fate of the ovotestis in the protandrous black porgy.</a> Biology of Reproduction. 86, 41 (2012).</li><li>Li, W. H., Wu, Y. Q., Ma, G. X., Yuan, M. R., Xu, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cloning+and+expression+analysis+of+peanut+worms+transcription+factor+dmrt1.">Cloning and expression analysis of peanut worms transcription factor dmrt1.</a> Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica. 43, 1210-1215 (2019).</li><li>Wang, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=RNAscope:+a+novel+in+situ+RNA+analysis+platform+for+formalin-fixed,+paraffin-embedded+tissues.">RNAscope: a novel in situ RNA analysis platform for formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues.</a> Journal of Molecular Diagnostics. 14, 22-29 (2012).</li><li>Baleriola, J., Jean, Y., Troy, C., Hengst, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Detection+of+axonally+localized+mRNAs+in+brain+sections+using+high-resolution+in+situ+hybridization.">Detection of axonally localized mRNAs in brain sections using high-resolution in situ hybridization.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (100), e52799 (2015).</li><li>Wilkinson, D. G., Nieto, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Detection+of+messenger+RNA+by+in+situ+hybridization+to+tissue+sections+and+whole+mounts.">Detection of messenger RNA by in situ hybridization to tissue sections and whole mounts.</a> Methods in Enzymology. 225, 361 (1993).</li></ol>

Previous studies showed that ISH is suitable for detecting multiple target RNAs16,17,18. In this protocol, we described a high-resolution ISH method to detect the mRNA in coelomic fluid and emphasize the optimized hybridization conditions in Sipunculus nudus. The obvious signals of dmrt1 we observed demonstrated the successful application of this protocol in the detection of gene expression (<strong class="xfig...

ISH, using a labeled nucleic acid probe to detect the specific DNA or RNA sequence of interest, is a useful method to describe the spatial expression pattern of target genes in morphologically preserved tissues1,2,3. Normally, the target sequence is generated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and then used as the template to synthesize the antisense/sense RNA probe labeled with digoxigenin uridine-5&#8217;-triphosphate. Samples are fixed and permeabilized before incubation with riboprobe. After washing off the excess probe, hybridization is visualized by immunohistochemistry using an anti-digoxygenin antibody, which is alkaline phosphatase-conjugated3,4,5,6.
Sipunculus nudus (Phylum Sipuncula; order Sipunculida: Sipunculidae) is an unsegmented, coelomate and bilaterally symmetrical marine worm7,8. Sipunculus nudus is a cosmopolitan species widely distributed in tropical and temperate coastal waters. It is also an important marine fishery resource in southern China because of its high nutritional and medicinal values9,10. However, Sipunculus nudus in molecular biology is still in its infancy. To fully understand the biological role of genes, the investigation of genes expression patterns at a cellular resolution is of great interest. In the non-model organism Sipunculus nudus, the ISH method, which is an ideal method to detect the genes expression patterns, has not yet been established. Its coelomic fluid contains several cell types, including granulocytes, urn cells, vesicular cells, germ cells, erythrocytes, etc11. The double sex/mab-3 related transcription factor-1 (dmrt1), used as a representative gene in this method, is a highly conserved transcriptional regulator of sex determination and differentiation in most species ranging from invertebrates to mammals12,13. In a range of species (i.e., black porgy, etc.)14, dmrt1 was expressed in the Sertoli cells, surrounding the germinal cells, whose function is similar to trophoblast cells of Sipunculus nudus. Therefore, we hypothesized that dmrt1 of Sipunculus nudus is expressed in trophoblast cells of spermatozeugmata, and the result of the ISH method clearly confirmed the hypothesis.
This protocol for the first time describes ISH, with digoxigenin-labeled antisense/sense mRNA probes, to determine mRNA expression patterns in its coelomic fluid smear. The optimal reaction conditions are supplied, which allow very sensitive visualization of mRNA expression at high resolution. The developed ISH method could be potentially applied in more Sipunculida species other than Sipunculus nudus.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:704px;" width="703">
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	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Agarose</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Biowest</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">111860</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Anti-digoxigenin-AP Fab fragments</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>11093274910</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">BCIP/NBT alkaline phosphatase color development kit</td>
			<td>Beyotime</td>
			<td>C3206</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Bovine Serum Albumin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>B2064</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Centrifuge</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>5415R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Citric acid</td>
			<td>Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co.</td>
			<td>5949-29-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Citric acid trisodium</td>
			<td>Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co.</td>
			<td>4/3/6132</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Coverslips</td>
			<td>Beyotime</td>
			<td>FCGF60</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Deionized formamide</td>
			<td>Amresco</td>
			<td>12/7/1975</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Diethyl pyrocarbonate, DEPC</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>D5758</td>
			<td>Noxious substance</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Digoxigenin (DIG) RNA Labeling Mix</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>11277073910</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">DNase I, RNase-free</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>18047019</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">EDTA</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>431788</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Electrophoresis gel imaging</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>Universal Hood III</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Ethanol</td>
			<td>Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co.</td>
			<td>64-17-5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Gel extraction kits</td>
			<td>Omega</td>
			<td>D2500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Gel-electrophoresis apparatus</td>
			<td>Beijing Liuyi Instrument Factory</td>
			<td>DYY-6C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Glycerol</td>
			<td>Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co.</td>
			<td>56-81-5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Glycine</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>G5417</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Heparin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>8/1/9041</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">KCl</td>
			<td>Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co.</td>
			<td>7447-40-7</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">KH2PO4</td>
			<td>Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co.</td>
			<td>7778-77-0</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">LiCl</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>203637</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Maleic acid</td>
			<td>Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co.</td>
			<td>110-16-7</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Methanol</td>
			<td>Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co.</td>
			<td>67-56-1</td>
			<td>Noxious substance</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">MgCl2</td>
			<td>Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co.</td>
			<td>7786-30-3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">Na2HPO4</td>
			<td>Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co.</td>
			<td>7558-79-4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">NaCl</td>
			<td>Biofount</td>
			<td>JT0001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">NaOH</td>
			<td>Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co.</td>
			<td>1310-73-2</td>
			<td>Corrosive</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Paraffin film</td>
			<td>Bemis Company, Inc.</td>
			<td>PM-996</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Paraformaldehyde, PFA</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>158127</td>
			<td>Noxious substance</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">PCR Instrument</td>
			<td>Life Technology</td>
			<td>Proflex</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Pins</td>
			<td>Deli</td>
			<td>16</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Pipette</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>plus G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Poly-D-lysine treated microscope slides</td>
			<td>Liusheng</td>
			<td>VER_A01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Proteinase K</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>SRE0005</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">RNase free water</td>
			<td>HyClone</td>
			<td>SH30538. 02</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">RNase inhibitor</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>3335399001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">S. nudus</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sheep serum</td>
			<td>Beyotime</td>
			<td>C0265</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Slide staining jar</td>
			<td>Beyotime</td>
			<td>FG010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Slide storage box</td>
			<td>Beyotime</td>
			<td>FBX011</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Small autoclaved scissors</td>
			<td>Shuanglu</td>
			<td>sku_8330</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Spectrophotometers</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>NanoDrop 2000/2000c</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">T7 RNA polymerases</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>10881767001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Taq DNA polymerase mix (2X)</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>K1081</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Tris HCl</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>RES3098T</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">tRNA</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>10109517001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Tween-20</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P1379</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Water bath</td>
			<td>Zhengzhou Great Wall Scientific Industrial</td>
			<td>HH-S2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

in situ hybridization for sipunculus nudus coelomic fluid

In situ hybridization (ISH) is a very informative technique to present cellular distribution patterns of specific genes (e.g., mRNA and ncRNA) in tissues. The sipunculid worm Sipunculus nudus is a crucial fishery resource as it has high nutritional and medicinal values. Currently, the research on the molecular biology of Sipunculus nudus is still in its infancy. The purpose of this article is to develop a sensitive method for localizing specific mRNA in Sipunculus nudus coelomic fluid. The protocol includes detailed steps of ISH, including digoxigenin-labeled antisense and sense riboprobe preparation, coelomic fluid collection and section preparation, specific riboprobe hybridization, antibody incubation, coloration and post-coloration treatments. The representative results obtained from a successful experiment using this method are demonstrated. The protocol should be applicable to other Sipuncula species as well.

A summary of the steps involved in ISH is illustrated in Figure 1. Antisense and corresponding sense riboprobes for dmrt1 were synthesized from PCR products amplified from the coelomic fluid cDNAs. The authenticity of the PCR products was verified by direct sequencing. Riboprobes were synthesized using T7 RNA polymerases according to the manufacturer&#39;s protocols and a previous report4 with some minor modifications. The representative signals of ISH are sh...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In situ Hybridization for Sipunculus nudus Coelomic Fluid at JoVE.com

In situ Hybridization for Sipunculus nudus Coelomic Fluid

This protocol describes an effective in situ hybridization approach to detect the mRNA expression levels and spatial patterns of target genes in Sipunculus nudus coelomic fluid.

In situ Hybridization for Sipunculus nudus Coelomic Fluid

In situ hybridization (ISH) is a very informative technique to present cellular distribution patterns of specific genes (e.g., mRNA and ncRNA) in tissues. ...

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In Situ Hybridization for the Precise Localization of Transcripts in Plants

In Situ Hybridization for the Precise Localization of Transcripts in Plants

With the advances in genomics research of the past decade, plant biology has seen numerous studies presenting large-scale quantitative analyses of gene ...

Radioactive in situ Hybridization for Detecting Diverse Gene Expression Patterns in Tissue

Radioactive in situ Hybridization for Detecting Diverse Gene Expression Patterns in Tissue

Knowing the timing, level, cellular localization, and cell type that a gene is expressed in contributes to our understanding of the function of the gene. ...

Detection of Viral RNA by Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH)

Detection of Viral RNA by Fluorescence in situ Hybridization FISH

Viruses  that infect cells elicit specific changes to normal cell functions which serve  to divert energy and resources for viral replication. Many ...

High-throughput Physical Mapping of Chromosomes using Automated in situ Hybridization

High-throughput Physical Mapping of Chromosomes using Automated in situ Hybridization

Projects to obtain whole-genome sequences for 10,000 vertebrate species1 and for 5,000 insect and related arthropod species2 are expected to take place ...

Analysis of Single-cell Gene Transcription by RNA Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (FISH)

Analysis of Single-cell Gene Transcription by RNA Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization FISH

Adhesion of Plasmodium falciparum infected erythrocytes (IE) to human endothelial receptors during malaria infections is mediated by expression of PfEMP1 ...

Chromosome Replicating Timing Combined with Fluorescent In situ Hybridization

Chromosome Replicating Timing Combined with Fluorescent In situ Hybridization

Mammalian DNA replication initiates at multiple sites along chromosomes at different times during S phase, following a temporal replication program. The ...