The authors express their extreme appreciation to the Regional&#160;Coordinating&#160;Office for Education of Rio&#160;Grande&#160;do&#160;Sul, for authorizing and granting us access to the school population. We also thank the help we received from the schools&#8217; principals and from all of the faculty members who accompanied and facilitated access to the pupils, as well as their contribution to explaining the study to the parents. Finally, we appreciate the feedback and support received from the Ethical&#160;Committees of the University&#160;of&#160;Unipampa.

The research obtained authorization from the Research&#160;Ethics&#160;Committee of the University&#160;of&#160;Unipampa. During the whole process of data collection, children&#8217;s anonymity was guaranteed and the ethical principles for medical research in human beings described in the latest revision of the Declaration&#160;of&#160;Helsinki were applied23.
1. Design of the research instrument
<ol>
	<li>Design a first draft of the ...

<ol>
	<li>Ogden, C. L., Carroll, M. D., Kit, B. K., Flegal, K. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prevalence+of+obesity+and+trends+in+body+mass+index+among+US+children+and+adolescents,+1999-2010.">Prevalence of obesity and trends in body mass index among US children and adolescents, 1999-2010.</a> Journal of the American Medical Association. 307 (5), 483-490 (2012).</li><li>Cecchini, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tackling+of+unhealthy+diets,+physical+inactivity,+and+obesity:+health+effects+and+cost-effectiveness.">Tackling of unhealthy diets, physical inactivity, and obesity: health effects and cost-effectiveness.</a> The Lancet. 376 (9754), 1775-1784 (2010).</li><li>Woynarowska, B., Malkowska-szkutnik, A., Mazur, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=School+meals+and+policy+on+promoting+healthy+eating+in+schools+in+Poland.">School meals and policy on promoting healthy eating in schools in Poland.</a> Medycyna Wieku Rozwojowego. 15 (3), 232-239 (2011).</li><li>Gonz&#225;lez-Rodr&#237;guez, A., Garc&#237;a-Padilla, F. M., Martos-Cerezuela, I., Silvano-Arranz, A., Fern&#225;ndez-Lao, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Proyecto+ANDALIES:+consumo,+oferta+y+promoci&#243;n+de+la+alimentaci&#243;n+saludable+en+los+centros+de+educaci&#243;n+secundaria+de+Andaluc&#237;a.">Proyecto ANDALIES: consumo, oferta y promoci&#243;n de la alimentaci&#243;n saludable en los centros de educaci&#243;n secundaria de Andaluc&#237;a.</a> Nutrici&#243;n Hospitalaria. 31 (4), 1853-1862 (2015).</li><li>Mar&#237;n-Rives, F., Morales-Mar&#237;n, F., Mar&#237;n-Rives, L. V., Gastelurrutia-Garralda, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Atenci&#243;n+farmac&#233;utica+en+el+fomento+del+desayuno+saludable+desde+la+oficina+de+farmacia.">Atenci&#243;n farmac&#233;utica en el fomento del desayuno saludable desde la oficina de farmacia.</a> Nutrici&#243;n Hospitalaria. 32 (3), 1267-1272 (2015).</li><li>Ritchie, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=School+Breakfast+Policy+is+associated+with+dietary+intake+of+Fourth-and+Fifth-Grade+Students.">School Breakfast Policy is associated with dietary intake of Fourth-and Fifth-Grade Students.</a> Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. 16 (3), 449-457 (2016).</li><li>Manios, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Family+sociodemographic+characteristics+as+correlates+of+children's+breakfast+habits+and+weight+status+in+eight+European+countries.+The+ENERGY+(EuropeaN+Energy+balance+Research+to+prevent+excessive+weight+Gain+among+Youth)+project.">Family sociodemographic characteristics as correlates of children's breakfast habits and weight status in eight European countries. The ENERGY (EuropeaN Energy balance Research to prevent excessive weight Gain among Youth) project.</a> Public Health Nutrition. 18 (5), 774-783 (2014).</li><li>Affenito, S. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Breakfast:+a+missed+opportunity.">Breakfast: a missed opportunity.</a> Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 107 (4), 565-569 (2007).</li><li>Haug, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Overweight+in+school-aged+children+and+its+relationship+with+demographic+and+lifestyle+factors:+results+from+the+WHO-Collaborative.+Health+Behaviour+in+School-aged+Children+(HBSC)+study.">Overweight in school-aged children and its relationship with demographic and lifestyle factors: results from the WHO-Collaborative. 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D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Racial/ethnic+and+socioeconomic+status+differences+in+overweight+and+health-related+behaviors+among+American+students:+national+trends+1986-2003.">Racial/ethnic and socioeconomic status differences in overweight and health-related behaviors among American students: national trends 1986-2003.</a> Journal of Adolescent Health. 39 (4), 536-545 (2006).</li><li>Van Lippevelde, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Associations+between+family+related+factors+breakfast+consumption+and+BMI+among+10-12-year-old+European+children:+the+cross-sectional+ENERGY+study.">Associations between family related factors breakfast consumption and BMI among 10-12-year-old European children: the cross-sectional ENERGY study.</a> PLoS One. 8 (11), 79550 (2013).</li><li>Brug, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differences+in+weight+status+and+energy-balance+related+behaviors+among+schoolchildren+across+Europe:+the+ENERGY-project.">Differences in weight status and energy-balance related behaviors among schoolchildren across Europe: the ENERGY-project.</a> PLoS One. 7 (4), 34742 (2012).</li><li>Fugas, V., Berta, E., Walz, F., Fortino, M. 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The authors have nothing to disclose.

This study describes the profiles of schoolchildren with regards their breakfast eating habits. It allows us to approach the possible factors that are involved in omitting breakfast. These data provide knowledge of the population to conduct a future health educational program in this collective group.
One of the limitations of the study was the fact that the questionnaire is not validated in the Portuguese language, but in Spanish. For this reason, a transcultural adaptation was conducted into...

Obesity, as a consequence of unhealthy nutrition and of a sedentary lifestyle, represents a priority in global public health1,2. There are yet other factors which indirectly affect obesity, like economic, social and educational determinants3. For this reason, the need arises for health promotion interventions in the field of healthy nutrition, the school age being the most propitious stage, since the habits adopted in childhood usually perpetuate into adulthood4.
Breakfast is the first and most important meal of the day; according to its content, it must guarantee an average of 25% of the total energy consumed during the day to cover the nutritional needs of the organism. A healthy breakfast is considered to contain a balanced serving of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, and minerals. The triad made up by dairy products, cereals and fruits are preferably advisable, which can be supplemented with protein-rich foods5. Breakfast is directly linked to positive short- and long- term results, because it is associated with the improvement in the cognitive function and in the academic performance, school attendance, and healthy growth of children and adolescents, as long as it is eaten correctly6. Despite its importance, omitting breakfast is a common practice among children and adolescents7. Diverse studies show that omitting breakfast is linked to a higher increased probability of suffering from overweight and obesity8,9,10,11. In view of that, identifying those factors linked to overweight and obesity in children by analyzing their breakfast habits is important to design more effective and personalized interventions7.
Changing the eating habits is a strategy for health promotion and disease prevention12. The eating habits constituted early in life depend on factors which include the family, the school setting, and the influence of the mass media13,14. Previous studies that explored the association between the socioeconomic condition and the breakfast habits signal that a child who lives with a monoparental family or in a low-income family is more prone to presenting breakfast irregularities15,16. In this context, the first results of the ENERGY&#160;project showed that the mean frequency of the weekly breakfast consumption in European children was 5.9&#160;days/week, from 5.1&#160;in Slovenia to 6.7&#160;in Spain17, with no significant differences between boys and girls18.
In Latin&#160;America, some studies have been conducted on the eating habits of schoolchildren, specifically addressing breakfast. In a study conducted in Santa&#160;Fe,&#160;Argentina, in which 75% of the schoolchildren stated they had breakfast daily, it was concluded that the weekly frequency of having breakfast depended on the fact that a family member prepared it for them, and one of the main factors associated to omitting breakfast was lack of time19. In another study conducted in Montevideo,&#160;Uruguay, 30% of the schoolchildren admitted that having a good breakfast was important to stay healthy20.
In Brazil, malnutrition is relevant especially in children who live with low-income families21. The children and adolescents consumed a diet high in fat and sugar and low in polyunsaturated fatty acids, fiber, iron, and calcium22. At present, the studies on food consumption habits in Brazilian children are scarce. The objective of this study is to know the diet pattern of the school population of Uruguaiana&#160;(RS,&#160;Brazil) by studying breakfast as a reference meal, and to identify the sociodemographic and family factors which can be associated with a deficient breakfast. The hypotheses of the study are that some factors such as having breakfast with parents and work situation of the parents influence the breakfast habits of children.

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breakfast habits among schoolchildren in the city of uruguaiana, brazil

Breakfast is the first and most important meal of the day, and omitting it is associated with a greater probability of overweight and school absenteeism. The eating habits constituted in children depend on social, educational and economic factors, and they usually perpetuate into adulthood. For this reason, the most propitious stage for health promotion interventions on healthy nutrition is childhood. Specifically, in Brazil, malnutrition is relevant in children from low-income families although, currently, there are few studies that relate nutrition with the social factors. In this study, a reliability analysis of the Eating&#160;Habits of the School&#160;Population questionnaire was conducted, and the items referring to the breakfast habits and to some sociodemographic variables were selected. Subsequently, a total of 470&#160;fourth&#160;grade pupils self-completed the questionnaire in 12&#160;schools in Uruguaiana&#160;(Brazil). More than 50% of the mothers and more than 70% of the fathers worked in diverse areas of services and sales in stores or supermarkets. With regards to the hypothesis contrast, a significant relation was observed between the frequency of having breakfast with the father or the mother and having had breakfast&#160;(p&#160;&#60;&#160;0.001). This type of study favors a population analysis for the subsequent design and execution of health promotion activities.

The results related to the consistency and reliability of the questionnaire items, culturally adapted, and were obtained in a total of 55&#160;questionnaires coming from the selected school. Thus, in the first measurement, the mean score obtained by the participants on the item referring to the weekly frequency of having breakfast with the parents was&#160;1.36&#160;(SD = 1.09), whereas in the second measurement, this mean value was&#160;1.38&#160;(SD = 1.46). Note that in the first measurement, 50.9%&#160;[95%&#160;CI =...

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Breakfast Habits among Schoolchildren in the City of Uruguaiana, Brazil

This article describes the breakfast habits and the factors related to schoolchildren in a city of Brazil&#160;(Uruguaiana). To this end, a transcultural adaptation was performed of a questionnaire validated in Spain, and 470&#160;boys and girls from twelve&#160;schools were interviewed.

Breakfast is the first and most important meal of the day, and omitting it is associated with a greater probability of overweight and school absenteeism. ...

This study describes the profiles of school children with regards to their breakfast eating habits. It allows us to approach the possible factors that are involved in omitting breakfast. A reliable adaptation of the questionnaire on eating habits of the school population was conducted.The questionnaires were applied in a representative sample of the city of Uruguaiana, Brazil. Identifying risk factors of school children will make it possible to develop health educational programs in order to attain better eating behaviors and prevent nutritional disorders. This methodology could also be used to know sedentary practices and some life habit related to health among children from the school population.The two most important difficulties are achieving a high level of response from the shy population through the questionnaires and obtaining the necessary permits for research in minors. The visualization of the method will allow all the researchers to reproduce the technique in other centers and obtain important data on the eating habits of school children. Begin by creating a draft of the questionnaire using word editing software.Include different study variables, such as gender, age, family situation or parents'occupation. Variables on breakfast habits include foods in the daily breakfast or classification of breakfast. Send a draft to external experts and ask them to review the translated questionnaire keeping in mind aspects such as item comprehension.Design a final version of the questionnaire and submit it to a scientific and ethical committee along with a research report of the project. Conduct a cross-sectional descriptive study to characterize the breakfast habits of the school children. Contact the leaderships of all the participating schools to set the date and time for completing the questionnaires.Inform parents and obtain their informed consent. Children complete questionnaires individually but the consent of their parents is essential because they are minors. When the students are ready to complete the questionnaire, have the teacher ask for silence in the classroom.Ask the students to be honest with their answers and select only one option for each question. Each student should complete their questionnaire individually. Allow them 15 minutes to complete it approximately one minute per question.Analyze the data with a statistical analysis program. Manually convert all written data to a database in a spreadsheet format. Open the database in this statistical program and analyze all parameters completed by the students.Perform the Descriptive Analysis by calculating the frequency distributions of the main qualitative variables, as well as the measurements of central tendency and dispersion of the quantitative variables. Perform hypothesis contrast by using the Chi Square Test then perform the student's T test if necessary. The questionnaire was administered in 12 school centers.A total of 470 children participated in the study. The mean age of the children was 9.8 years old. 54%were girls and 46%were boys.The main socio-demographic results of the sample are summarized here. Variables linked to breakfast are summarized in this table. Out of all participants, 24%had not eaten breakfast on the day they completed the questionnaire.When the children were asked, how often they have breakfast with either parent 49.3%said every day, 6.4%said four to six days a week, 14.7%said one to three days a week, 11.1%said less than once per week and 14.2%never had breakfast with either parent. When asked how many days per week they have breakfast, 18%of the school children reported having breakfast every day. Another 18%said five to six days a week, 6.9%said one to four days a week and 51.8%stated that they did not have breakfast on any days of the week.No statistically significant difference was observed between having had breakfast and gender or with co-living situation. No correlations were observed with whether or not the father or mother worked or with the type of work they did. However, a significant relationship was found between the frequency of having breakfast with their father or mother and having had breakfast on the day of testing.The most important parts of this protocol are designed in the final version of questionnaire and conducting our reliability analysis to analyze it's consistency and reproducibility at two different moments. There are diverse socio-demographic parameters which haven't shown statistical significance with the breakfast habit. This motivate us to conduct new studies including variables to explore the reason for omitting breakfast.Analyzing children's breakfast habits allow us to research their diet and eating patterns. This study expands the variables related to quality of the diet.

breakfast-habits-among-schoolchildren-in-the-city-of-uruguaiana-brazil

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

4.3K Views.  Federal University of Pampa. This study describes the profiles of school children with regards to their breakfast eating habits. It allows us to approach the possible factors that are involved in omitting breakfast. A reliable adaptation of the questionnaire on eating habits of the school population was conducted.The questionnaires were applied in a representative sample of the city of Uruguaiana, Brazil. Identifying risk factors of school children will make it possible to develop health educational programs in or...