Financial support for the above research was provided by Manipal Academy of Higher Education. Characterization of the line was conducted partially in the laboratory of M. M. Panicker at NCBS. We thank Anand Diagnostic Laboratory for assistance with karyotyping.

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Generation of stable cellular models of cytogenetically abnormal fetal tissue is necessary for perpetuating defective phenotype. The iPSC route is the most effective method of cell preparation for perpetual conservation of defective properties20.
Pluripotent stem cells (PSC) display properties of self-renewal and differentiation into specialized cells reminiscent of early cleavage embryos21. Hence, PSCs can serve as excellent models to study earl...

Aneuploidies lead to birth defects/congenital malformations and pregnancy loss in humans. ~50%-70% of specimens from pregnancy losses show cytogenetic abnormalities. Aneuploid embryos lost early in pregnancy cannot be easily obtained for experimental analysis raising the need to develop other models closely representing human embryogenesis. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from cells diagnosed with genetic disorders have been used to model the representative genetic irregularities and their consequence on fetal development1,2,3,4. These iPSCs resemble epiblast cells of the developing embryo and can recapitulate the early events of embryo formation. They allow understanding and characterization of the developmental program of cell lineages and patterning in early mammalian embryos. iPSCs derived previously from skin fibroblasts and amniocytes from prenatal diagnostic tests of aneuploidy syndromes like monosomy X (Turner syndrome), trisomy 8 (Warkany syndrome 2), trisomy 13 (Patau syndrome) and partial trisomy 11; 22 (Emanuel syndrome) have provided valuable insights regarding failed development4.
Turner syndrome (TS) is a rare condition characterized by female infertility, short stature, endocrine and metabolic disorders, an increased risk of autoimmune disease, and a predisposition to cardiovascular disease5. Though it is the only survivable monosomy syndrome it is also lethal to the developing embryo causing spontaneous abortions6. Surviving individuals with TS present with degrees of alteration of X-chromosomal material in their cells. Karyotypes range from complete loss of one X chromosome (45,XO) to mosaics like 45,XO/46,XX; 45,XO/47,XXX, the presence of ring chromosomes, the presence of Y-chromosomal material, etc5.
Diagnosis of the syndrome is generally done by karyotyping blood of symptomatic individuals and chorionic villi sampling (CVS) to detect early aneuploidy syndromes. Since aneuploidy syndromes account for ~30% of spontaneous abortions, it is routine to karyotype the product of conception (POC) upon a spontaneous abortion. These fetal cells including the chorionic villi possessing the cytogenetic abnormality and iPSCs derived from them provide a valuable source of biological material to study aneuploidy syndromes4,6. TS iPSCs have been previously established from amniocytes via retroviral reprogramming4, fibroblasts of chorionic villi (obtained through prenatal diagnosis)&#160;via retroviral reprogramming6, from blood mononuclear cells7 via Sendai virus reprogramming and from skin fibroblasts of TS individuals via lentiviral reprogramming4. Since the primary focus of our lab is to understand developmental failure, we have generated TS iPSCs from POC, specifically the chorionic villi component of a spontaneous abortion8. All the cells isolated from this fetal tissue had a 45XO karyotype and yielded iPSCs with the same karyotype. These iPSCs are unique as they are the first to be generated from an aborted fetus and provide a valuable resource to study aneuploidy related pregnancy failures. This article provides a detailed methodology of the generation of iPSCs from this unique cell source via episomal reprogramming.
The early methods of iPSC generation used viral transduction and transposons to deliver the reprogramming factors. Methods of inducing cells to pluripotency have evolved from using integrating retroviral vectors9, excisable lentiviral vectors10,11 and transposon-based methods12 to non-integrating adenoviral vectors13 and Sendai virus based vectors14. Retroviral and lentiviral based reprogramming, although efficient, involve integration of the reprogramming factors into the host chromosomes, causing insertion mutations which have unforeseen effects in the iPSCs. Furthermore, viral-based reprogramming prevents translational application of iPSCs. RNA-based systems15 and direct protein delivery16 have been explored to completely eliminate the potential risks associated with the use of viruses and DNA transfections. However, these methods have proven inefficient.
In 2011, Okita et al. reported improved efficiency of reprogramming by episomal plasmids augmented with TP53 suppression via shRNA. They also replaced cMYC with non-transforming LMYC (small cell lung carcinoma associated MYC) to enhance safety of the hiPSCs. These episomal plasmids express 5 reprogramming factors: OCT4, LIN28, SOX2, KLF4, LMYC and shRNA for TP5317,18. These vectors are maintained extra-chromosomally and lost from the reprogrammed cells upon continuous culture, thus making the lines transgene-free within 10-15 passages. Nucleofection is a specialized form of electroporation that delivers nucleic acids directly into the nucleus of host cells. It is an efficient method for delivery of the reprogramming plasmids into various cell types. Episomal plasmids are cost effective and compensate the high costs of nucleofection. This method is efficient and reproducible under optimized conditions yielding stable iPSCs from a variety of somatic cells. In this protocol, we describe the method for generation of iPSCs from fibroblasts isolated from fetal tissue by nucleofection of episomal reprogramming plasmids. Here are the detailed protocols for fibroblast isolation from fetal chorionic villi, plasmid purification, nucleofection, picking of colonies from the reprogramming plate and establishment of stable iPSCs.
It is essential to confirm the presence of pluripotency traits in the newly generated iPSCs. This includes demonstration of pluripotency related factors (e.g., alkaline phosphatase expression, NANOG, SSEA4, Tra 1-80, Tra 1-81, E-cadherin; usually shown with immunofluorescence or gene expression assays), identification of the three germ layers by in vitro differentiation assays to validate their differentiation potentials, karyotyping to determine chromosomal content, STR typing to establish identity with parent cells, verify loss of exogenous genes, and more stringent in vivo assays such as teratoma formation and tetraploid complementation. Here we describe characterization protocols of karyotyping, live cells alkaline phosphatase staining, detection of pluripotency related biomarkers by immunofluorescence, in vitro differentiation assays and method to demonstrate loss of exogenous genes19.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>0.15% trypsin</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>27250018</td>
			<td>G Banding</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2-mercaptoethanol</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>21985023</td>
			<td>Pluripotency and Embryoid body medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4&#39;, 6 diamidino-2-phenylindole</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>D8417</td>
			<td>Immunocytochemistry</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Activin A</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>SRP3003</td>
			<td>Differentiation assays</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alkaline Phosphatase Live Stain</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A14353</td>
			<td>AP staining</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AMAXA Nucleofector II</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>Nucleofection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AmnioMAX II complete media</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific, Gibco</td>
			<td>11269016</td>
			<td>Medium specific for foetal chorionic villi cell cultures</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ampicillin</td>
			<td>HiMedia</td>
			<td>TC021</td>
			<td>Plasmid purification</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti Mouse IgG (H+L) Alexa Fluor 488</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>A11059</td>
			<td>Immunocytochemistry</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti Rabbit IgG (H+L) Alexa Fluor 488</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>A11034</td>
			<td>Immunocytochemistry</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti Rabbit IgG (H+L) Alexa Fluor 546</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>A11035</td>
			<td>Immunocytochemistry</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Antibiotic-Antimycotic</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific, Gibco</td>
			<td>15240096</td>
			<td>Contamination control</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-E-Cadherin</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>610181</td>
			<td>Immunocytochemistry</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Nanog</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>560109</td>
			<td>Immunocytochemistry</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-OCT3/4</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>611202</td>
			<td>Immunocytochemistry</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-SOX17</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>561590</td>
			<td>Immunocytochemistry</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-SOX2</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>561469</td>
			<td>Immunocytochemistry</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-SSEA4</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>560073</td>
			<td>Immunocytochemistry</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-TRA 1-81</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>MAB4381</td>
			<td>Immunocytochemistry</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>basic Fibroblast Growth Factor[FGF2]</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>F0291</td>
			<td>Pluripotency medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bone Morphogenetic Factor 4</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>SRP3016</td>
			<td>Differentiation assays</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine Serum Albumin</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>A3059</td>
			<td>Blocking</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagen Human Type IV</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>354245</td>
			<td>Differentiation assays</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagenase blend</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>C8051</td>
			<td>Digestion of foetal chorionic villi</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dexamethasone</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>D4902</td>
			<td>Differentiation assays</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM F12</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>11320033</td>
			<td>Differentiation assays</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FastDigest EcoR1</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>FD0274</td>
			<td>Restriction digestion</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fibronectin</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>F2518</td>
			<td>Differentiation assays</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Giemsa Stain</td>
			<td>HiMedia</td>
			<td>S011</td>
			<td>G Banding</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glacial Acetic Acid</td>
			<td>HiMedia</td>
			<td>AS001</td>
			<td>Fixative for karyotyping</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glucose</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>G7528</td>
			<td>Differentiation assays</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GlutaMAX</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>35050061</td>
			<td>Pluripotency and Embryoid body medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heparin sodium</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>H3149</td>
			<td>Differentiation assays</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Insulin solution human</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>I9278</td>
			<td>Differentiation assays</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Insulin Transferrin Selenite</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>I1884</td>
			<td>Differentiation assays</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KAPA HiFi PCR kit</td>
			<td>Kapa Biosystems</td>
			<td>KR0368</td>
			<td>OriP, EBNA1 PCR</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KaryoMAX Colcemid</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>15210040</td>
			<td>Mitotic arrest for karyotyping</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KnockOut DMEM</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>10829018</td>
			<td>Pluripotency and Embryoid body medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KnockOut Serum Replacement</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>10828028</td>
			<td>Pluripotency and Embryoid body medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luria Bertani agar</td>
			<td>HiMedia</td>
			<td>M1151F</td>
			<td>Plasmid purification</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Matrigel</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>356234</td>
			<td>Differentiation assays</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MEM Non-essential amino acids</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>11140035</td>
			<td>Pluripotency and Embryoid body medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Methanol</td>
			<td>HiMedia</td>
			<td>MB113</td>
			<td>Fixative for karyotyping</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Myosin ventricular heavy chain &#945;/&#946;</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>MAB1552</td>
			<td>Immunocytochemistry</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NHDF Nucleofector Kit</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>VAPD-1001</td>
			<td>Nucleofection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraformaldehyde (PFA)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>P6148</td>
			<td>Fixing cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pCXLE-hOCT3/ 4-shp53-F</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td>27077</td>
			<td>Episomal reprogramming Plasmid</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pCXLE-hSK</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td>27078</td>
			<td>Episomal reprogramming Plasmid</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pCXLE-hUL</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td>27080</td>
			<td>Episomal reprogramming Plasmid</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin Streptomycin</td>
			<td>&#160; Thermo Fisher Scientific,</td>
			<td>&#160;15070063</td>
			<td>Pluripotency and Embryoid body medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phalloidin- Tetramethylrhodamine B isothiocyanate</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>P1951</td>
			<td>Immunocytochemistry</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate buffered saline</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>P4417</td>
			<td>1 X PBS 1 tablet of PBS dissolved in 200mL of deionized water and sterilized by autoclaving 
			Storage: Room temperature. 
			PBST- 0.05% Tween 20 in 1X PBS. 
			Storage: Room temperature.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plasmid purification Kit- Midi prep</td>
			<td>QIAGEN</td>
			<td>12143</td>
			<td>Plasmid purification</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium Chloride Solution</td>
			<td>HiMedia</td>
			<td>MB043</td>
			<td>Hypotonic solution for karyotyping</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>QIAamp DNA Blood Kit</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>51104</td>
			<td>Genomic DNA isolation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RPMI 1640</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>11875093</td>
			<td>Hepatocyte differentiation medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Citrate</td>
			<td>HiMedia</td>
			<td>RM255</td>
			<td>Hypotonic solution for karyotyping</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>HiMedia</td>
			<td>MB031</td>
			<td>Permeabilisation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin-EDTA (0.05%)</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific, Gibco</td>
			<td>25300054</td>
			<td>Subculture of &#160;foetal chorionic villi fibroblasts</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tween 20</td>
			<td>HiMedia</td>
			<td>MB067</td>
			<td>Preparation of PBST</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#946; III tubulin</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>T8578</td>
			<td>Immunocytochemistry</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Y-27632 dihydrochloride</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>Y0503</td>
			<td>Differentiation assays</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

generation of induced pluripotent stem cells from turner syndrome (45xo) fetal cells for downstream modelling of neurological deficits associated with the syndrome

Chromosomal aneuploidies cause severe congenital malformations including central nervous system malformations and fetal death. Prenatal genetic screening is purely diagnostic and does not elucidate disease mechanism. Although cells from aneuploid fetuses are valuable biological material bearing the chromosomal aneuploidy, these cells are short lived, limiting their use for downstream research experiments. Generation of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) models is an effective method of cell preparation for perpetual conservation of aneuploid traits. They are self-renewing and differentiate into specialized cells reminiscent of embryonic development. Thus, iPSCs serve as excellent tools to study early developmental events. Turner syndrome (TS) is a rare condition associated with a completely or partially missing X chromosome. The syndrome is characterized by infertility, short stature, endocrine, metabolic, autoimmune and cardiovascular disorders and neurocognitive defects. The following protocol describes isolation and culturing of fibroblasts from TS (45XO) fetal tissue, generation of integration free TSiPSCs through delivery of episomal reprogramming plasmids by nucleofection followed by characterization. The reprogramming TSiPSCs were initially screened by live cell alkaline phosphatase staining followed by extensive probing for pluripotency biomarkers. Selected colonies were mechanically dissected, passaged several times and stable self-renewing cells were used for further experiments. The cells expressed pluripotency transcription factors OCT4, NANOG, SOX2, cell surface markers SSEA 4 and TRA1-81 typical of pluripotent stem cells. The original 45XO karyotype was retained post reprogramming. The TSiPSCs were able to form embryoid bodies and differentiate into cells of endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm expressing lineage specific biomarkers ((SRY BOX17), (MYOSIN VENTRICULAR HEAVY CHAIN&#945;/&#946;), (&#946;III TUBULIN)). The exogenous episomal plasmids were lost spontaneously and not detected after passage 15 in cells. These TSiPSCs are a valuable cellular resource for modelling defective molecular and cellular neurodevelopment causing neurocognitive deficits associated with Turner syndrome.

Generation of integration-free iPSCs from a spontaneously aborted fetus with 45XO karyotype 
We isolated fibroblasts from FCV with a Turner syndrome (TS) specific 45XO karyotype and nucleofected them with episomal reprogramming plasmids to generate TSiPSCs which can be used for downstream modelling of the syndrome, specifically the associated neurological deficits (Figure 1a&#38;b). We used nonintegrating episomal vectors and nucleofection for the trans...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Turner Syndrome 45XO Fetal Cells for Downstream Modelling of Neurological Deficits Associated with the Syndr

Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Turner Syndrome 45XO Fetal Cells for Downstream Modelling of Neurological Deficits Associated with the Syndrome

This protocol describes the generation of integration free iPSCs from fetal tissue fibroblasts through delivery of episomal plasmids by nucleofection followed by description of methods used for iPSC characterization and neuronal differentiation.

Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Turner Syndrome (45XO) Fetal Cells for Downstream Modelling of Neurological Deficits Associated with the Syndrome

Chromosomal aneuploidies cause severe congenital malformations including central nervous system malformations and fetal death. Prenatal genetic screening ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

3.0K Views.  Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India-576104. This protocol describes the generation of integration free iPSCs from fetal tissue fibroblasts through delivery of episomal plasmids by nucleofection followed by description of methods used for iPSC characterization and neuronal differentiation.

Video: Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Turner Syndrome 45XO Fetal Cells for Downstream Modelling of Neurological Deficits Associated with the Syndrome

Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Frozen Buffy Coats using Non-integrating Episomal Plasmids

Somatic cells can be reprogrammed into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) by forcing the expression of four transcription factors (Oct-4, Sox-2, Klf-4, and c-Myc), typically expressed by human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). Due to their similarity with hESCs, iPSCs have become an important tool for potential patient-specific regenerative medicine, avoiding ethical issues associated with hESCs. In order to obtain cells suitable for clinical application, transgene-free iPSCs need to be generated to avoid transgene reactivation, altered gene expression and misguided differentiation. Moreover, a highly efficient and inexpensive reprogramming method is necessary to derive sufficient iPSCs for therapeutic purposes. Given this need, an efficient non-integrating episomal plasmid approach is the preferable choice for iPSC derivation. Currently the most common cell type used for reprogramming purposes are fibroblasts, the isolation of which requires tissue biopsy, an invasive surgical procedure for the patient. Therefore, human peripheral blood represents the most accessible and least invasive tissue for iPSC generation.
In this study, a cost-effective and viral-free protocol using non-integrating episomal plasmids is reported for the generation of iPSCs from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNCs) obtained from frozen buffy coats after whole blood centrifugation and without density gradient separation.

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) represent a source of patient-specific tissues for clinical applications and basic research. Here, we present a detailed protocol to reprogram human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNCs) obtained from frozen buffy coats into viral-free iPSCs using non-integrating episomal plasmids.

Somatic cells can be reprogrammed into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) by forcing the expression of four transcription factors (Oct-4, Sox-2, ...

Generation of Induced-pluripotent Stem Cells Using Fibroblast-like Synoviocytes Isolated from Joints of Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients

Mature somatic cells can be reversed into a pluripotent stem cell-like state using a defined set of reprogramming factors. Numerous studies have generated induced-Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) from various somatic cell types by transducing four Yamanaka transcription factors: Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-Myc. The study of iPSCs remains at the cutting edge of biological and clinical research. In particular, patient-specific iPSCs can be used as a pioneering tool for the study of disease pathobiology, since iPSCs can be induced from the tissue of any individual. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease, classified by the destruction of cartilage and bone structure in the joint. Synovial hyperplasia is one of the major reasons or symptoms that lead to these results in RA. Fibroblast-like Synoviocytes (FLSs) are the main component cells in the hyperplastic synovium. FLSs in the joint limitlessly proliferate, eventually invading the adjacent cartilage and bone. Currently, the hyperplastic synovium can be removed only by a surgical procedure. The removed synovium is used for RA research as a material that reflects the inflammatory condition of the joint. As a major player in the pathogenesis of RA, FLSs can be used as a material to generate and investigate the iPSCs of RA patients. In this study, we used the FLSs of a RA patient to generate iPSCs. Using a lentiviral system, we discovered that FLSs can generate RA patient-specific iPSC. The iPSCs generated from FLSs can be further used as a tool to study the pathophysiology of RA in the future.

Here we describe a protocol for generating human induced-pluripotent stem cells from patient-derived fibroblast-like synoviocytes, using a lentiviral system without feeder cells.

Mature somatic cells can be reversed into a pluripotent stem cell-like state using a defined set of reprogramming factors. Numerous studies have generated ...

Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Human Melanoma Tumor-infiltrating Lymphocytes

Adoptive transfer of ex vivo expanded autologous tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) can mediate durable and complete responses in significant subsets of patients with metastatic melanoma. Major obstacles of this approach are the reduced viability of transferred T cells, caused by telomere shortening, and the limited number of TILs obtained from patients. Less-differentiated T cells with long telomeres would be an ideal T cell subset for adoptive T cell therapy;however, generating large numbers of these less-differentiated T cells is problematic. This limitation of adoptive T cell therapy can be theoretically overcome by using induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) that self-renew, maintain pluripotency, have elongated telomeres, and provide an unlimited source of autologous T cells for immunotherapy. Here, we present a protocol to generate iPSCs using Sendai virus vectors for the transduction of reprogramming factors into TILs. This protocol generates fully reprogrammed, vector-free clones. These TIL-derived iPSCs might be able to generate less-differentiated patient- and tumor-specific T cells for adoptive T cell therapy.

The goal of this protocol is to show the protocol for reprogramming melanoma tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes into induced pluripotent stem cells.

Adoptive transfer of ex vivo expanded autologous tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) can mediate durable and complete responses in significant subsets ...

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Generation from Blood Cells Using Sendai Virus and Centrifugation

The recent development of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) proved that mature somatic cells can return to an undifferentiated, pluripotent state. Now, reprogramming is done with various types of adult somatic cells: keratinocytes, urine cells, fibroblasts, etc. Early experiments were usually done with dermal fibroblasts. However, this required an invasive surgical procedure to obtain fibroblasts from the patients. Therefore, suspension cells, such as blood and urine cells, were considered ideal for reprogramming because of the convenience of obtaining the primary cells. Here, we report an efficient protocol for iPSC generation from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). By plating the transduced PBMCs serially to a new, matrix-coated plate using centrifugation, this protocol can easily provide iPSC colonies. This method is also applicable to umbilical cord blood mononuclear cells (CBMCs). This study presents a simple and efficient protocol for the reprogramming of PBMCs and CBMCs.

We propose a protocol for reprogramming peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). By plating the transduced blood cells onto matrix-coated plates with centrifugation, iPSCs are successfully induced from floating cells. This technique suggests a simple and effective reprogramming protocol for cells such as PBMCs and CBMCs.

The recent development of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) proved that mature somatic cells can return to an undifferentiated, pluripotent ...

Generation of Integration-free Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Using Episomal Vectors

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) hold great promise for disease modeling and regenerative therapies. We previously reported the use of Episomal Vectors (EV) to generate integration-free iPSCs from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PB MNCs). The episomal vectors used are DNA plasmids incorporated with oriP and EBNA1 elements from the Epstein-Barr (EB) virus, which&#160;allow for replication and long-term retainment of plasmids in mammalian cells, respectively. With further optimization, thousands of iPSC colonies can be obtained from 1 mL of peripheral blood. Two critical factors for achieving high reprogramming efficiencies&#160;are: 1) the use of a 2A &#34;self-cleavage&#34; peptide to link OCT4 and SOX2, thus achieving equimolar expression of the two factors; 2) the use of two vectors to express MYC and KLF4 individually. Here we describe a step-by-step protocol for generating integration-free iPSCs from adult peripheral blood samples. The generated iPSCs are integration-free as residual episomal plasmids are undetectable after five passages. Although the reprogramming efficiency is comparable to that of Sendai Virus (SV) vectors, EV plasmids are considerably more economical than the commercially available SV vectors. This affordable EV reprogramming system holds potential for clinical applications in regenerative medicine and provides an approach for the direct reprogramming of PB MNCs to integration-free mesenchymal stem cells, neural stem cells, etc.

This protocol describes a detailed method for efficient generation of integration-free iPSCs from human adult peripheral blood cells. With the use of four oriP/EBNA-based episomal vectors to express the reprogramming factors, KLF4, MYC, BCL-XL, or OCT4 and SOX2, thousands of iPSC colonies can be obtained from 1 mL of peripheral blood.

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) hold great promise for disease modeling and regenerative therapies. We previously reported the use of Episomal ...

Defined and Scalable Generation of Hepatocyte-like Cells from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) possess great value for biomedical research. hPSCs can be scaled and differentiated to all cell types found in the human body. The differentiation of hPSCs to human hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) has been extensively studied, and efficient differentiation protocols have been established. The combination of extracellular matrix and biological stimuli, including growth factors, cytokines, and small molecules, have made it possible to generate HLCs that resemble primary human hepatocytes. However, the majority of procedures still employ undefined components, giving rise to batch-to-batch variation. This serves as a significant barrier to the application of the technology. To tackle this issue, we developed a defined system for hepatocyte differentiation using human recombinant laminins as extracellular matrices in combination with a serum-free differentiation process. Highly efficient hepatocyte specification was achieved, with demonstrated improvements in both HLC function and phenotype. Importantly, this system is easy to scale up using research and GMP-grade hPSC lines&#160;promising advances in cell-based modelling and therapies.

The method presented here describes a scalable and good manufacturing practice (GMP)-ready differentiation system to generate human hepatocyte-like cells from pluripotent stem cells. It serves as a cost-effective and standardized system to generate human hepatocyte-like cells for basic and applied human liver research.

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) possess great value for biomedical research. hPSCs can be scaled and differentiated to all cell types found in the ...

Chondrogenic Pellet Formation from Cord Blood-derived Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Human articular cartilage lacks the ability to repair itself. Cartilage degeneration is thus treated not by curative but by conservative treatments. Currently, efforts are being made to regenerate damaged cartilage with ex vivo expanded chondrocytes or bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). However, the restricted viability and instability of these cells limit their application in cartilage reconstruction. Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) have received scientific attention as a new alternative for regenerative applications. With unlimited self-renewal ability and multipotency, hiPSCs have been highlighted as a new replacement cell source for cartilage repair. However, obtaining a high quantity of high-quality chondrogenic pellets is a major challenge to their clinical application. In this study, we used embryoid body (EB)-derived outgrowth cells for chondrogenic differentiation. Successful chondrogenesis was confirmed by PCR and staining with alcian blue, toluidine blue, and antibodies against collagen types I and II (COL1A1 and COL2A1, respectively). We provide a detailed method for the differentiation of cord blood mononuclear cell-derived iPSCs (CBMC-hiPSCs) into chondrogenic pellets.

Here, we propose a protocol for chondrogenic differentiation from cord blood mononuclear cell-derived human induced pluripotent stem cells.

Human articular cartilage lacks the ability to repair itself. Cartilage degeneration is thus treated not by curative but by conservative treatments. ...

Computational Analysis of the Caenorhabditis elegans Germline to Study the Distribution of Nuclei, Proteins, and the Cytoskeleton

The Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) germline is used to study several biologically important processes including stem cell development, apoptosis, and chromosome dynamics. While the germline is an excellent model, the analysis is often two dimensional due to the time and labor required for three-dimensional analysis. Major readouts in such studies are the number/position of nuclei and protein distribution within the germline. Here, we present a method to perform automated analysis of the germline using confocal microscopy and computational approaches to determine the number and position of nuclei in each region of the germline. Our method also analyzes germline protein distribution that enables the three-dimensional examination of protein expression in different genetic backgrounds. Further, our study shows variations in cytoskeletal architecture in distinct regions of the germline that may accommodate specific spatial developmental requirements. Finally, our method enables automated counting of the sperm in the spermatheca of each germline. Taken together, our method enables rapid and reproducible phenotypic analysis of the C. elegans germline.

Computational Analysis of the Caenorhabditis elegans Germline to Study the Distribution of Nuclei, Proteins, and the Cytoskeleton

We present an automated method for three-dimensional reconstruction of the Caenorhabditis elegans germline. Our method determines the number and position of each nucleus within the germline and analyses germline protein distribution and cytoskeletal structure.

The Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) germline is used to study several biologically important processes including stem cell development, apoptosis, and ...

Generation of Human Primordial Germ Cell-like Cells at the Surface of Embryoid Bodies from Primed-pluripotency Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Primordial germ cells (PGCs) are common precursors of all germline cells. In mouse embryos, a founding population of ~40 PGCs are induced from pluripotent epiblast cells by orchestrated exposures to cytokines, including bone morphogenetic protein 4 (Bmp4). In human embryos, the earliest PGCs have been identified on the endodermal wall of yolk sac around the end of the 3rd week of gestation, but little is known about the process of human PGC specification and their early development. To circumvent the technical and ethical barriers of studying human embryonic PGCs, surrogate cell culture models have been recently generated from pluripotent stem cells. Here, we describe a 13-day protocol for robust production of human PGC-Like Cells (hPGCLCs). Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) maintained in the primed pluripotency state are incubated in the 4i na&#239;ve reprogramming medium for 48 hours, dissociated to single cells, and packed into microwells. Prolonged maintenance of hiPSCs in the na&#239;ve pluripotency state causes significant chromosomal aberrations and should be avoided. hiPSCs in the microwells are maintained for an additional 24 hours in the 4i medium to form embryoid bodies (EBs), which are then cultured in low-adherence plasticware under a rocking condition in the hPGCLC induction medium containing a high concentration of recombinant human BMP4. EBs are further cultured for up to 8 days in the rocking, non-adherent condition to obtain maximum yields of hPGCLCs. By immunohistochemistry, hPGCLCs are readily detected as cells strongly expressing OCT4 in almost all EBs exclusively on their surface. When EBs are enzymatically dissociated and subjected to FACS enrichment, hPGCLCs can be collected as CD38+ cells with up to 40-45% yield.

Primordial germ cells (PGCs) are common precursors of both sperm and eggs. Human embryonic PGCs are specified from pluripotent epiblast cells through interactions of cytokines. Here, we describe a 13-day protocol of inducing human cells transcriptomally resembling PGCs at the surface of embryoid bodies from primed-pluripotency induced pluripotent stem cells.

Primordial germ cells (PGCs) are common precursors of all germline cells. In mouse embryos, a founding population of ~40 PGCs are induced from pluripotent ...

Generation of 3D Skin Organoid from Cord Blood-derived Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

The skin is the body&#8217;s largest organ and has many functions. The skin acts as a physical barrier and protector of the body and regulates bodily functions. Biomimetics is the imitation of the models, systems, and elements of nature for the purpose of solving complex human problems1. Skin biomimetics is a useful tool for in vitro disease research and in vivo regenerative medicine. Human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have the characteristic of unlimited proliferation and the ability of differentiation to three germ layers. Human iPSCs are generated from various primary cells, such as blood cells, keratinocytes, fibroblasts, and more. Among them, cord blood mononuclear cells (CBMCs) have emerged as an alternative cell source from the perspective of allogeneic regenerative medicine. CBMCs are useful in regenerative medicine because human leukocyte antigen (HLA) typing is essential to the cell banking system. We provide a method for the differentiation of CBMC-iPSCs into keratinocytes and fibroblasts and for generation of a 3D skin organoid. CBMC-iPSC-derived keratinocytes and fibroblasts have characteristics similar to a primary cell line. The 3D skin organoids are generated by overlaying an epidermal layer onto a dermal layer. By transplanting this 3D skin organoid, a humanized mice model is generated. This study shows that a 3D human iPSC-derived skin organoid may be a novel, alternative tool for dermatologic research in vitro and in vivo.

We propose a protocol that shows how to differentiate induced pluripotent stem cell-derived keratinocytes and fibroblasts and generate a 3D skin organoid, using these keratinocytes and fibroblasts. This protocol contains an additional step of generating a humanized mice model. The technique presented here will improve dermatologic research.

The skin is the body&#8217;s largest organ and has many functions. The skin acts as a physical barrier and protector of the body and regulates bodily ...