The authors like to acknowledge the contributions of Dr. Cesar Ramirez during initial method developments. This research was funded by the NIAID grants R21AI167849 to FGN, project 22-21244S from the Czech Science Foundation, Czech Republic to MN.

1. Sample preparation
<ol>
	<li>Insect dissection
	<ol>
		<li>Dissect Aedes aegypti mosquito ovaries when they are 7-days old in a phosphate buffered saline solution using microneedles.</li>
		<li>Collect eight ovaries from phosphate buffered saline solution using microneedles and store in 1.5 mL microcentrifuge tubes at -80 &#730;C.</li>
		<li>Collect ovaries in biological replicates.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Lipid extraction
	<ol>
		<li>Add 10 &#181;L of internal standard (ISTD) into the eigh...

Screening Lipid Structures Using Stable Isotope Labeling

<ol>
	<li>Stokvis, E., Rosing, H., Beijnen, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stable+isotopically+labeled+internal+standards+in+quantitative+bioanalysis+using+liquid+chromatography/mass+spectrometry:+Necessity+or+not.">Stable isotopically labeled internal standards in quantitative bioanalysis using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry: Necessity or not.</a> Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 19 (3), 401-407 (2005).</li><li>Tose, L. V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Coupling+stable+isotope+labeling+and+liquid+chromatography-trapped+ion+mobility+spectrometry-time-of-flight-tandem+mass+spectrometry+for+de+novo+mosquito+ovarian+lipid+studies.">Coupling stable isotope labeling and liquid chromatography-trapped ion mobility spectrometry-time-of-flight-tandem mass spectrometry for de novo mosquito ovarian lipid studies.</a> Anal Chem. 94 (16), 6139-6145 (2022).</li><li>Meier, F., Park, M. A., Mann, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Trapped+ion+mobility+spectrometry+and+parallel+accumulation-serial+fragmentation+in+proteomics.">Trapped ion mobility spectrometry and parallel accumulation-serial fragmentation in proteomics.</a> Mol Cell Proteomics. 20, 100138 (2021).</li><li>Basit, A., Pontis, S., Piomelli, D., Armirotti, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ion+mobility+mass+spectrometry+enhances+low-abundance+species+detection+in+untargeted+lipidomics.">Ion mobility mass spectrometry enhances low-abundance species detection in untargeted lipidomics.</a> Metabolomics. 12 (3), 50 (2016).</li><li>Meier, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Online+parallel+accumulation-serial+fragmentation+(PASEF)+with+a+novel+trapped+ion+mobility+mass+spectrometer.">Online parallel accumulation-serial fragmentation (PASEF) with a novel trapped ion mobility mass spectrometer.</a> Mol Cell Proteomics. 17 (12), 2534-2545 (2018).</li><li>Koopmans, F., Ho, J. T. C., Smit, A. B., Li, K. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparative+analyses+of+data+independent+acquisition+mass+spectrometric+approaches:+DIA,+WiSIM-DIA,+and+untargeted+DIA.">Comparative analyses of data independent acquisition mass spectrometric approaches: DIA, WiSIM-DIA, and untargeted DIA.</a> Proteomics. 18 (1), 1700304 (2018).</li><li>Fern&#225;ndez-Costa, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impact+of+the+identification+strategy+on+the+reproducibility+of+the+DDA+and+DIA+results.">Impact of the identification strategy on the reproducibility of the DDA and DIA results.</a> J Proteome Res. 19 (8), 3153-3161 (2020).</li><li>Prakash, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hybrid+data+acquisition+and+processing+strategies+with+increased+throughput+and+selectivity:+PSMART+analysis+for+global+qualitative+and+quantitative+analysis.">Hybrid data acquisition and processing strategies with increased throughput and selectivity: PSMART analysis for global qualitative and quantitative analysis.</a> J Proteome Res. 13 (12), 5415-5430 (2014).</li><li>Tsou, C. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=DIA-umpire:+Comprehensive+computational+framework+for+data-independent+acquisition+proteomics.">DIA-umpire: Comprehensive computational framework for data-independent acquisition proteomics.</a> Nat Methods. 12 (3), 258-264 (2015).</li><li>Triebl, A., Wenk, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analytical+considerations+of+stable+isotope+labelling+in+lipidomics.">Analytical considerations of stable isotope labelling in lipidomics.</a> Biomolecules. 8 (4), 151 (2018).</li></ol>

Matthew Willetts and Melvin A. Park are employees of Bruker Daltonics Inc, the manufacturer of the timsTOF commercial instrument. The authors declare no competing financial interest.

When assessing the use of this protocol, it is essential to ensure the DIA-PASEF and MS/MS parameters are applicable to the triglycerides in question. Specifically, mobility windows and window width should follow the pattern of the triglycerides. This can be determined with a previous run using the DDA method. When tracking the triglycerides in the internal standard, the windows for the DIA set up should cover all the pre-identified molecules of interest. The windows should all be of equal sizes, and the ranges fall with...

When analyzing lipid data, stable isotope labeling (SIL) is an effective method to assess metabolic pathways in living organisms. In this method, atoms within an analyte are replaced by stable isotopes containing 13C or 2H. These isotopes are further incorporated into precursors, which are later embedded within the fatty acids, labeling the areas in which they reside. With these isotopes, one is able to identify the distribution and metabolism of lipids, as they will contrast against the unlabeled background1. Common mass spectrometry platforms are not able to distinguish the signal coming from endogenous molecules2. The success of SIL requires the use of ultrahigh-resolution analytical tools. Liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution trapped ion mobility spectrometry-parallel accumulation sequential fragmentation-time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (LC-TIMS-PASEF-TOF-MS/MS) allows the separation of labeled and nonlabelled species2. The advantage of LC-TIMS-PASEF-TOF-MS/MS analysis is that the MS signal can be filtered by the retention time (RT) and mobility, thus reducing potential interferences of endogenous molecules, as well as quantification and separation of all desired species2. In TIMS, an ion is first held stationary against a gas-mobile phase and subsequently released according to its mobility. This provides high-resolution mobilograms while operating at a lower voltage than earlier IMS instrumentation3. Mobilograms are plots of mass to charge versus drift time that can be used to distinguish between compounds based off of their drift time and amount of overlap4.
By using an additional PASEF technique, sequencing speed is greatly increased without sacrificing sensitivity5. The PASEF theory involves the accumulation of ions followed by their sequential release in the order of their mobility. This is done by accumulating ions in parallel alignment to their mobility. The accumulation in this fashion prevents ion loss. Furthermore, the precursor ion selection occurs simultaneously with the accumulation and release of the ions. With this method, PASEF selects multiple precursors in series during each TIMS scan, rather than the individual precursors per scan typical of a TIMS instrument that does not use PASEF. When the precursor ions are concurrently accumulated and released in 2 ms peaks within a TIMS scan of approximately 100 ms per frame, the signal is amplified by over one order of magnitude, therefore increasing the signal-to-noise ratio3. The PASEF addition to the TIMS increases the efficiency of the MS/MS. As the TIMS-PASEF is coupled with MS/MS, a more efficient fragmentation is possible. Unlike conventional MS/MS detection, the precursor signal is compressed from the TIMS-PASEF, and the fragment ions are detected simultaneously to the TIMS elution time and ion mobility position of the precursor3.
When acquiring data from a mass spectrometer, there are options in the scan mode desired. Data dependent acquisition (DDA) selects precursor ions from the MS1 scan based on their abundances, before fragmenting them and performing the MS2 scan. This scan mode fragments as many precursors as possible. The DDA approach is targeted, and results will depend on the ion selection3. However, DDA-PASEF often has problems in the reproducibility between replicates. While DDA is a great tool in a focused analysis, complex mixtures have greater difficulty in their data acquisition6. This is because only a small amount of ions can be monitored simultaneously3. Data independent acquisition (DIA) is a method where preselected windows of m/z are fragmented independently from their intensity, and all are scanned within the range7. With this scan mode, entire ion clouds are transmitted from the IMS to the mass spectrometer3. In proteomics studies this results in greater amounts of proteins being quantified in a shorter time span compared to DDA. In addition, DIA misses fewer m/z values compared to DDA. Therefore, this alternative has shown great improvements in data reproducibility in signal to noise ratio and better quantification than DDA. In this present work, our goal is to implement DIA to the method reported by Tose et al.2. We improved the reproducibility and intensity of signals, yielding further and more conclusive information on SIL lipids mobilization, distribution and metabolism in biological samples taking advantage of DDA and DIA acquisition.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Accucore C30 colum</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>27826-252130</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bruker Compass Data Analysis</td>
			<td>Bruker Daltonics Inc</td>
			<td>2363525870</td>
			<td>Version 5.2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>d-Glucose-13C6</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich&#160;</td>
			<td>389374</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>eppendorf tubes</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>14-282-300</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EquiSplash Lipidomix</td>
			<td>Avanti Polar Lipids</td>
			<td>330731-1EA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>glass vials</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>11-417-236</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>heavy water (2H2O)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich&#160;</td>
			<td>1.13366</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>polypropylene pestles</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BAF199230001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Prominence LC-20 CE ultrafast liquid chromatograph</td>
			<td>Shimadzu</td>
			<td>L20234651907</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>silanized glass inserts</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>03-251-826</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sucrose-13C12</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich&#160;</td>
			<td>605417</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>timsTOF</td>
			<td>Bruker Daltonics Inc</td>
			<td>1.84443E+11</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tuning Mix Calibration Standard</td>
			<td>Agilent Technologies</td>
			<td>36</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

tracing de novo lipids using stable isotope labeling lc-tims-tof ms/ms

Lipids are highly diverse, and small changes in lipid structures and composition can have profound effects on critical biological functions. Stable isotope labeling (SIL) offers several advantages for the study of lipid distribution, mobilization, and metabolism, as well as de novo lipid synthesis. The successful implementation of the SIL technique requires the removal of interferences from endogenous molecules. In the present work, we describe a high-throughput analytical protocol for the screening of SIL lipids from biological samples; examples will be shown of lipid de novo identification during mosquito ovary development. The use of complementary liquid chromatography trapped ion mobility spectrometry and mass spectrometry allows for the separation and lipids assignment from a single sample in a single scan (&lt;1 h). The described approach takes advantage of recent developments in data-dependent acquisition and data-independent acquisition, using parallel accumulation in the mobility trap followed by sequential fragmentation and collision-induced dissociation. The measurement of SIL at the fatty acid chain level reveals changes in lipid dynamics during the ovary development of mosquitoes. The lipids de novo structures are confidently assigned based on their retention time, mobility, and fragmentation pattern.

Author Spotlight: Quantification of Complex Lipidomic Samples Using Stable Isotope Labeling

Tracing de novo Lipids using Stable Isotope Labeling LC-TIMS-TOF MS/MS

This research intends to implement more specific quantification in lipidomic samples using stable isotope labeling. This allows us to understand lipid panels and highly diverse samples from insects to humans. There currently is a gap in this field regarding the standardization of LC, TIMS, Top, MS/MS in lipidomic investigations.Here we provide a method for tracking biomass remains for this purpose. In the future, our research will involve the investigation of epigenetics and metabolomics present in the biological process using the LC team staff, MS/MS, involve DDA and DIA methods.

The stable isotope labeling facilitates the visualization of triglycerides in lipid dynamics studies of female mosquito ovaries. In the 2D mobility domain, the triglyceride 48:1 is displayed in a region with a specific retention time in relation to mobility 1/K0. The intensity of the triglyceride can be visualized by a darker blue line. Other spots represent additional triglycerides found within the ovary. The retention times and mobilities vary due to the differences in masses and structures, therefore appear...

Presented here is a method for screening lipid structures through stable isotope labeling by using their retention time, mobility, and fragmentation.

Lipids are highly diverse, and small changes in lipid structures and composition can have profound effects on critical biological functions. Stable ...

tracing-de-novo-lipids-using-stable-isotope-labeling-lc-tims-tof-msms

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

Calibration of the Mass Spectrometer for Screening Lipids with Stable Isotope Labeling by LC-TIMS-TOF MS/MS

To begin the mass spectrometer, or MS calibration for LC-TIMS-TOF-MS/MS, open the TIMS control software, and under the calibration sub-tab, click on m/z, select tuning mix from the Dropbox, and click calibrate at the bottom right corner. Continue to click calibrate until a score of 100%is achieved. Now select the mobility tab, and follow the same steps as demonstrated until the 100%calibration score is reached.To generate each calibration point in the calibration curve, spike the lipid internal standard mixture with 10 microliters of deuterated internal standard mixture. Prepare seven such spiked samples for seven calibration points in the desired range. Using the data analysis software, manually annotate the fatty acid chains based on the passive MS/MS patterns.To determine the stable isotope labeling, or SIL efficiency, calculate the ratio of the area of the SIL-containing isotopes to the area of the non-SIL-containing isotopes. Calculate the theoretical pattern by determining the probability of finding a labeled atom at any site. Calculate SIL enrichment by fitting the experimental isotope profiles with the theoretical pattern simulated on data analysis software.To start the run, activate the column oven by clicking the thermometer button, and activate the pumps by clicking the valve button. Set the MS method to the appropriate method saved earlier. Verify that the injection volume is five microliters, and line one target's vial 20 to one, and save the sample list.Start the sequence, and confirm successful injection by the message stating injected, displayed on the system. Copy line one, and paste it below to generate a new line two. Populate line two with samples depending on the experiment.Ensure that the correct position in the autosampler is used. If the mobile phases are fresh, first perform a peak shape test with the lipid mixture standards from the manufacturer, to compare it with previous results. The lipid mixture and the standards are displayed on the screen.Make sure new lines have the correct separation method, and not the preconditioning method used in line one. Ensure that MS method entered is correct. Check that the correct processing method is loaded, and the run automated process is enabled.Save the sample list to ensure samples are analyzed after the current run finishes.

LC-TIMS-TOF MS/MS Data Analysis for Screening Lipids with Stable Isotope Labeling

To begin, open the data analysis software. At the top left corner, click on the file button and select open. To select the files of choice, right click on the file name and select properties.Then select calibration status. At the dropdown box, select internal calibration for the mass spectrometer. Ensure that all errors are less than one parts per million.After that, select internal mobility calibration and confirm that the error is less than one part per million. Next, right click on chromatogram and select edit chromatogram. At type, click the dropdown box and select extracted ion chromatogram.Under filter, select all MS, and for scan mode, select all to view the peaks for the molecule of interest rather than only its fragments. There are two filter options for molecule selection, masses or formula. If masses is selected, choose the theoretical M over Z of the molecule of interest, which in this case is 829.7985.If formula is selected, choose the formula for the molecule and the ion forms of interest, which in this case is ammonium. For width, select plus or minus one. For polarity, ensure that it maintains the positive mode.Under mobility, select 1.455 to 1.465 to isolate the molecule of interest and filter out molecules not falling within these values. Once the parameters are selected, click change followed by okay at the top right. After a brief time, the software will process the selections and output a chromatogram.Right click at the baseline of the origin of the peak of interest and drag while holding to the end of the peak to obtain a live mass spectrum of fragments within that retention time. Right click at the left of the screen on mobilogram and select edit mobilogram. A window named edit mobilogram traces will appear.Follow the steps demonstrated previously. For retention time, input the retention time of the peak of interest. Once the parameters are selected, click add, and okay at the top right.Wait till the software processes the selections and outputs a chromatogram. For extracting ions, repeat the steps demonstrated previously until a list of ions is formed. At the bottom of the MS window, select profile MS and fragment MS to allow a spectrum view of ions from a full scan and passive.For the spectrum view, right click and select copy compound spectra. The spectrum data that appears at the right can provide more information on the compound, such as resolution resolving power, intensity, and signal-to-noise ratio. To process the data, manually integrate the chromatogram and mobility peaks to yield valuable information on the molecule of interest.Right click find and select compounds manually chromatogram or mobilogram. Left click and highlight the desired peak. The obtained information includes retention time, area, signal-to-noise ratio, and mobility.

658 Views.  Florida International University.  Presented here is a method for screening lipid structures through stable isotope labeling by using their retention time, mobility, and fragmentation.

Screening Lipid Structures Using Stable Isotope Labeling

Summary