Vacuum-Forced Agroinfiltration for In planta Transformation of Recalcitrant Plants: Cacao as a Case Study

Summary

Here, we present the first protocol for localized vacuum infiltration for in vivo studies of the genetic transformation of large-sized plants. Using this methodology, we achieved for the first time the Agrobacterium-mediated in planta transient transformation of cacao.

Abstract

Transient in planta transformation is a fast and cost-effective alternative for plant genetic transformation. Most protocols for in planta transformation rely on the use of Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. However, the protocols currently in use are standardized for small-sized plants due to the physical and economic constraints of submitting large-sized plants to a vacuum treatment. This work presents an effective protocol for localized vacuum-based agroinfiltration customized for large-sized plants. To assess the efficacy of the proposed method, we tested its use in cacao plants, a tropical plant species recalcitrant to genetic transformation. Our protocol allowed applying up to 0.07 MPa vacuum, with repetitions, to a localized aerial part of cacao leaves, making it possible to force the infiltration of Agrobacterium into the intercellular spaces of attached leaves. As a result, we achieved the Agrobacterium-mediated transient in planta transformation of attached cacao leaves expressing for the RUBY reporter system. This is also the first Agrobacterium-mediated in planta transient transformation of cacao. This protocol would allow the application of the vacuum-based agroinfiltration method to other plant species with similar size constraints and open the door for the in planta characterization of genes in recalcitrant woody, large-size species.

Introduction

Plant genetic transformation methods are essential for testing the biological functions of genes and are especially useful today given the large number of uncharacterized genes predicted in the post-genomic era¹. These methods can be used to obtain fully transformed lines or to express genes transiently. Stable transformation occurs when the foreign DNA the host has taken up becomes fully and irreversibly integrated into the host genome, and the genetic modifications are passed down to subsequent generations. Transient expression, known as transient transformation, occurs from the multiple copies of T-DNA transferred by Agrobacterium i....

Protocol

1. Agrobacterium tumefaciens culture

1. Thaw electrocompetent cells of Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain LBA4404.
2. Add 1 mL of Yeast Malt (YM; Table 1) broth to a 17 mm x 100 mm culture tube. Save this tube for later, and keep it at room temperature (RT).
3. In a 1.5 mL microfuge tube, add 30 µL of the thawed Agrobacterium cells and 100-250 ng (up to 5 µL) of the DNA containing 35S:RUBY. Mix gently.

Discussion

In this work, we presented an efficient, low-cost agroinfiltration protocol for the in planta transient transformation of woody plants, using cacao plants as an example. Given the well-known constraint that the cuticle of leaves represents for the transformation of plant tissues, we concentrated on developing a strategy to facilitate agroinfiltration by vacuum in woody plants, which are usually recalcitrant to this procedure.

The achieved vacuum pressure inside the vacuum chamber was .......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
35S:RUBY plasmid	Addgene	160908	http://n2t.net/addgene:160908 ; RRID:Addgene_160908
1 mm electroporation cuvette	Thermo Fisher Scientific	FB101	Fisherbrand Electroporation Cuvettes Plus
Desiccator	Bel-Art SP SCIENCEWARWE	F42400-2121
Freeze dryer	LABCONCO	700402040
K2HPO4	Sigma Aldrich	P8281-500G	For YM medium add 0.38 g/L
LBA4404 ElectroCompetent Agrobacterium	Intact Genomics USA	1285-12	https://intactgenomics.com/product/lba4404-electrocompetent-agrobacterium/
Mannitol	Sigma Aldrich	63560-250G-F	For YM medium add 10 g/L
MES	Sigma Aldrich	PHG0003	(For LB, YM and resuspension medium) add 1.95 g/L (10mM)
MgCl2	Sigma Aldrich	M8266	For resuspension medium add 0.952 g/L (10 mM)
MgSO4·7H20	Sigma Aldrich	63138-1KG	For YM medium add 0.204 g/L
MicroPulser Electroporation Apparatus	Biorad	165-2100
NaCl	Karal	60552	For LB medium add 5 g/L; For YM medium add 0.1 g/L
NanoDrop One Microvolume UV-Vis Spectrophotometer	Thermo Fisher Scientific	13-400-518
President Silicone Impression material	COLTENE	60019938
Rifampicin	Gold-Bio	R-120-1	(100 mg/mL)
Silicone Impression material gun	Andent	TBT06
Spectinomycin	Gold-Bio	S-140-SL10	(100 mg/mL)
Streptomycin	Gold-Bio	S-150-SL10	(100 mg/mL)
Tryptone enzymatic digest from casein	Sigma Aldrich	95039-1KG-F	For LB medium add 10 g/L
Yeast extract	MCD LAB	9031	For LB medium add 5 g/L; For YM medium add 0.4 g/L