The authors do not have any acknowledgements.

Todos os procedimentos descritos devem ser realizados de acordo com as diretrizes e regulamentos para o uso de animais vertebrados, incluindo a aprovação prévia pelo Comitê Animal Care Institucional e Use o local. 1. Preparação de Instrumentos dissecação e Meios de Cultura <ol><li> Pré-lavagem todos os instrumentos a serem usados ​​na dissecção com 3% de peróxido de hidrogénio e, em seguida, em autoclave a 121 ° C durante 20 min. Filtrar meios BGJb com solução de antibiótico e antimicótico usando um filtro de 0,22 um do tamanho de poros com sucção de vácuo em uma capa. </li></ol> 2. Preparação de Equipamentos Cultura <ol><li> Corte filtros de membrana de policarbonato que irá apoiar os órgãos palatais em pequenos triângulos, spray com 70% de álcool e deixe secar. Prepare prato Centro de Bem-Organ Culture (60x15 mm), colocando uma grade limpos e esterilizados de forma triangular equilátero fio (20 mm) sobre a placa de cultura de órgãos. Em seguida, encher o poço com 1 ml de BGJB meios de cultura de mídia. NOTA: A mídia deve ser suficiente para atingir o nível da rede sem submergir os paladares. Colocar os filtros de membrana, o lado brilhante para baixo, em cima da grelha (3-4 membranas por grade) .Depending na experiência, o tratamento (proteínas, anticorpos ou inibidores) podem ser adicionados aos meios </li></ol> 3. mouse Embryo Recolha e Preparação para a Cultura <ol><li> Para obter embriões tipo selvagem do rato, uso cronometrado 13,5 grávida CD-1 camundongo fundo genético tensão. Limpe a área de dissecção com etanol 70%. NOTA: Outras estirpes de ratos pode ser usada. Nós preferimos ratinhos CD-1 por causa do maior número de maca. </li><li> Euthanize camundongos grávidas em E13.5 DPC (dias pós-coito) com 5% de isoflurano seguido por deslocamento cervical para segurar a morte usando protocolos aprovados. </li><li> Spray de etanol a 70% sobre a superfície abdominal ventral para evitar que o pau de cabelo abdominal para os instrumentos. Em seguida, abra a cavidade abdominal ventralusando um forte franco-tesoura operacionais e micro-dissecando fórceps para localizar o útero. Usando fórceps, levantar todo o útero e separá-lo do corpo através do corte no corpo do útero e nas pontas dos cornos uterinos com uma luz de uma tesoura de funcionamento. </li><li> Coloque o útero sobre uma toalha de papel sobre o gelo (De acordo com o guia de protocolo para o cuidado e uso de animais de laboratório). Cubra o útero com outra toalha de papel limpo para evitar a contaminação. Esterilizar os instrumentos, utilizando 70% spray de etanol antes de usar ainda mais. O útero e os embriões podem ser transportadas para o laboratório em gelo. </li><li> Em uma câmara de fluxo laminar aberto, cuidadosamente fazer uma pequena abertura no saco vitelino com uma tesoura afiada-operacionais sem corte e micro-dissecando fórceps. Faça a maior abertura e, em seguida, empurre-o suavemente para exteriorizar o embrião a partir do saco vitelino. </li><li> Transferir os embriões imediatamente para uma placa de Petri com frio salino tamponado com fosfato 1X (PBS) pH 7,4. Para garantir o palco adequado, examina O embrião sob um microscópio de dissecação para o corpo, o tamanho da cabeça e membro morfologia. NOTA: Os embriões que não são na fase certa do desenvolvimento não são utilizados para o experimento. </li></ol><img alt="Figura 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/53063/53063fig2.jpg" /> Figura 2. Limb Bud Morfologia. O dianteiro e membros traseiros são verificados para o grau de recuo membrana entre os dígitos. No E13.5, todas as condensações dígitos são proeminentes, com o cinto e recortes distal entre os dígitos que aparece muito distinta. Os dígitos traseiras estão por trás por um meio-dia 12 de fileira superior:. Forelimb, fila inferior: pata traseira. 4. Palate Dissection <ol><li> Coloque um embrião de cada vez numa caixa de Petri com PBS sob o microscópio de dissecação. Usando as tesouras de dissecção pequenas pinças e separar a cabeça do corpo dos embriões. </li><li> Segurando cuidadosamente o crânio do mouse acima do nível do olho com uma pinça (evitandoo processo maxilar) fazer duas incisões em ambos os lados da linha dos lábios. Em seguida, retire a mandíbula e língua. Isolar a região processo maxilar, fazendo um corte ao nível dos olhos e remova o cérebro, olhos, septo nasal e tecido adjacente. </li></ol><img alt="Figura 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/53063/53063fig3.jpg" /> Figura 3. Palate tecido coletado de 13,5 embriões, quando as prateleiras palato tinha elevados, mas não fez contato. As lâminas palatinas foram colocados em cultura de órgão em um filtro na interface mídia de ar durante 72 horas no modelo estático. (A) Nível de dissecação em E13.5 embrião. (B) Blue estrelas demarcar áreas para segurar o tecido com uma pinça durante a dissecção. (C) Vista de lâminas palatinas dissecados colocados em uma membrana de filtro trapezoidal. (D) Vista lateral do prato de cultura após a colocação do paladares dissecados e adição de meio de cultura. <ol start="3"><li> Coloque o lado bucal palatal e remover o septo nasal eo tecido em torno dele, mantendo o palato primário anexado para ajudar a orientar no sentido antero-posterior. Use uma colher espátula e transfira com muito cuidado as lâminas palatinas (lado nasal para baixo) para os filtros preparados nas grades nas placas de cultura. NOTA: Ajustar o volume de mídia para permitir a adequada interface de mídia de ar. </li><li> Sob o microscópio estéreo, dissecar o palato primário e utilizar uma pinça para colocar as lâminas palatinas próximos uns dos outros. As lâminas palatinas não vai fundir se não forem colocados em contato. Cortar o filtro de membrana triangular em que a parte anterior do palato é localizado. A forma trapezoidal ajudará na localização da porção anterior do palato. </li><li> Cultura das lâminas palatinas individualmente ou com dois ou três na mesma placa de cultura de órgãos utilizando meios de cultura BGJb. </li></ol> 5. A cultura Prateleiras Rato Palatinas <ol><li> Incubar a tissues a 37 ° C numa mistura de gás humidificada (5% de CO 2 e 95% de ar) durante 72 horas e mudança do meio cada 24 horas. </li></ol> 6. Palate Processing para análise histológica <ol><li> Corrigir os paladares após 72 horas em cultura com 4% de formaldeído / tampão fosfato salina O / N a 4 ° C &#160; C. Em seguida, suavemente com uma pipeta de transferência para a lavagem do tecido na placa de cultura com PBS. Enrole os paladares em um pedaço de toalhetes de laboratório e lugar na incorporação de cassetes. NOTA: Envolvendo os paladares em toalhetes de laboratório evitar a sua perda durante o processo de desidratação. </li><li> Desidratar o tecido a seguir 70%, 80% e até 100% lavagens de etanol durante 1 hora, seguido pelo procedimento de parafina normal. Para a incorporação, coloque a parte anterior do palato de frente para a bandeja. </li><li> Corte de série 6 mm seções na orientação coronal de anterior para posterior. Um palato seção completa vai render 350-450 seçons. Corar as secções com hematoxilina e eosina (H &amp; E). 10 Pontuação cada 20 th seção usando o escore médio de fusão anteriormente descrito (MFS) escala (Tabela 1). 8 </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Nawshad, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Palatal+seam+disintegration+to+die+or+not+to+die+that+is+no+longer+the+question.">Palatal seam disintegration to die or not to die that is no longer the question.</a> Developmental dynamics an official publication of the American Association of Anatomists. 237, 2643-2656 (2008).</li><li>Strong, E. B., Buckmiller, L. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Management+of+the+cleft+palate.">Management of the cleft palate.</a> Facial plastic surgery clinics of North America. 9, 15-25 (2001).</li><li>Witt, P. D., Marsh, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Advances+in+assessing+outcome+of+surgical+repair+of+cleft+lip+and+cleft+palate.">Advances in assessing outcome of surgical repair of cleft lip and cleft palate.</a> Plastic and reconstructive surgery. 100, 1907-1917 (1997).</li><li>4miloro, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> principles of oral and maxillofafcial surgery. 209, 231-249 (1984).</li><li>Mima, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulation+of+the+epithelial+adhesion+molecule+CEACAM1+is+important+for+palate+formation.">Regulation of the epithelial adhesion molecule CEACAM1 is important for palate formation.</a> PloS one. 8, e61653 (2013).</li><li>Carette, M. J., Ferguson, M. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+fate+of+medial+edge+epithelial+cells+during+palatal+fusion+in+vitro+an+analysis+by+DiI+labelling+and+confocal+microscopy.">The fate of medial edge epithelial cells during palatal fusion in vitro an analysis by DiI labelling and confocal microscopy.</a> Development (Cambridge, England). 114, 379-388 (1992).</li><li>Ferguson, M. W., Honig, L. S., Slavkin, H. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differentiation+of+cultured+palatal+shelves+from+alligator+chick+and+mouse+embryos.">Differentiation of cultured palatal shelves from alligator chick and mouse embryos.</a> The Anatomical record. 209, 231-249 (1984).</li><li>San Miguel, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ephrin+reverse+signaling+controls+palate+fusion+via+a+PI3+kinase+dependent+mechanism.">Ephrin reverse signaling controls palate fusion via a PI3 kinase dependent mechanism.</a> Developmental dynamics an official publication of the American Association of Anatomists. 240, 357-364 (2011).</li><li>Kang, P., Svoboda, K. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=PI+3+kinase+activity+is+required+for+epithelial+mesenchymal+transformation+during+palate+fusion.">PI 3 kinase activity is required for epithelial mesenchymal transformation during palate fusion.</a> Developmental dynamics an official publication of the American Association of Anatomists. 225, 316-322 (2002).</li><li>RD, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Histopathologic Technic and Practical Histochemistry. , (1965).</li><li>Kaufman, M. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> The Atlas of Mouse Development. , (1992).</li><li>Taher, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Global+gene+expression+analysis+of+murine+limb+development.">Global gene expression analysis of murine limb development.</a> PloS one. 6, e28358 (2011).</li></ol>

The authors do not have any competing financial interests.

O protocolo neste artigo fornece um método de dissecação lâminas palatinas a partir de embriões no dia embrionário 13,5. Lâminas palatinas a partir de embriões de ratinho foram cultivadas num meio de cultura isento de soro, numa atmosfera de 95% de O2 5% de CO2 a 37 ° C. Dissecção palatino bem sucedido é criticamente dependente de vários factores, em cada passo durante o processo a partir do momento embrionário dos ratinhos sacrificados para a realização da cultura. Um dos factores ...

Fendas orofaciais são os defeitos de nascimento craniofaciais mais predominantes. Além disso, levando em consideração todos os possíveis defeitos craniofaciais, estes são a segunda anomalia nascimento mais comum em recém-nascidos 2. Fenda palatina ocorre em aproximadamente 1 em cada 700 nascimentos nos Estados Unidos (EUA) a cada ano, a incidência de fenda palatina é igual a 475 crianças nascidas com fissuras palatinas por mês ou 15 crianças com fissuras por dia 3. Cerca de 1% das crianças nasceram em todo o mundo a cada ano apresentam alguma forma de dysmorphology craniofacial. Fendas do palato e lábio precisa de um procedimento muito caro e complicado, com implicações ao longo da vida para os pacientes que têm essa anomalia. O custo estimado para cada paciente com fissura oral é de aproximadamente $ 100,000 4. O tratamento de um paciente com fissura labiopalatina requer uma equipe de médicos, incluindo cirurgiões craniofaciais, otorrinolaringologistas, geneticistas, anestesiologistas,fonoaudiológicas patologistas, nutricionistas, ortodontistas, prosthodontists, psicólogos, neurocirurgiões e oftalmologistas. Em palatogenesis, o palato secundário surge como conseqüências emparelhados, que inicialmente crescem verticalmente e se submetem a elevação prateleira palatal acima do dorso da língua. Após elevação, as lâminas palatinas emparelhados crescem em direcção da linha média (em E14.5 -E15 em ratinhos e em seres humanos semana 9). O epitélio borda medial (MEE), que cobre a ponta prateleira adere formar a costura linha média epitelial. Isto é seguido por epitelial para mesenquimal e / ou apoptose para permitir mesenquimais confluência. Adesão de se opor MEE é um evento essencial cuja alteração provoca fissura palatina. No entanto, poucos estudos investigaram a adesão inicial de 5 palatais prateleiras. As formas do palato duro através da diferenciação de células mesenquimais em osteoblastos. O desenvolvimento anormal do paladar pode produzir cleft paladares com ou sem envolvimento de lábio. As técnicas de cultura de órgãos paladar tinha sido amplamente utilizado para muitos laboratórios nos últimos 30 anos 6,7. Neste protocolo, descrever em detalhes um método de dissecção palatal e cultura de órgão estático. A vantagem de uma cultura de órgãos imóvel é que ele permite que lâminas palatinas para fundir. Esta técnica tinha sido usada com sucesso em nosso laboratório para muitos de fusão e de sinalização experimentos 8,9. No entanto, o âmbito da técnica é muito grande e pode ser utilizado sempre que sistema de cultura de órgão estático é necessário, incluindo a avaliação de respostas a agentes químicos exógenos, os efeitos de factores de crescimento em diferentes vias reguladoras e proteínas específicas. <img alt="figura 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/53063/53063fig1.jpg" /> Figura 1. Rato Palatogenesis. Estágios de desenvolvimento do palato camundongos. (BF) ELE Digitalizaçãomicrografias ctron (SEM) do palato secundário, por vezes, de desenvolvimento representativas. As setas vermelhas: mostrar a parte inicial da adesão palatal e fusão. Setas amarelas: Ponto para o espaço entre os paladares primárias e secundárias que irão desaparecer após a fusão (reproduzido a partir de Kaufman 11 com a permissão de PLoS ONE).

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			<td>BGJb</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Penicillin/Streptomycin</td>
			<td>Lonza Inc.</td>
			<td>17-602E</td>
			<td>100X</td>
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			<td>Petri dishes</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>25384-088</td>
			<td>100x15mm</td>
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		<tr>
			<td>Center-well organ culture dish</td>
			<td>Falcon&#160;</td>
			<td>#353037</td>
			<td>60x15 mm</td>
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			<td>Wire triangular grid</td>
			<td>Custom made with stainless steel wire mesh to fit the organ culture dish well.&#160;&#160;</td>
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			<td>Polycarbonate filter</td>
			<td>GE&#38; Water and Process Technologies</td>
			<td>K04BP04700</td>
			<td>Black 0.4 micron, 47 mm</td>
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			<td>Stereo microscope</td>
			<td>ZEISS&#160; Stemi SR</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Culture hood</td>
			<td>NUAIRE Laminar Flow</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Microdissecting forceps</td>
			<td>Dumont Medical&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>#5</td>
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		<tr>
			<td>Microdissecting scissors</td>
			<td>Kent Scientific Corporation</td>
			<td>INS14003-G</td>
			<td>Vannas Scissors, straight, 8cm long, 0.1mm tips, 5mm blades, German made</td>
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		<tr>
			<td>Microdissecting scissors</td>
			<td>Kent Scientific Corporation</td>
			<td>INS500086</td>
			<td>Vannas Scissors, straight, 8.5cm long, 0.025mm x 0.015mm tips, 7mm blades</td>
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		<tr>
			<td rowspan="2">Microdissecting scissors</td>
			<td rowspan="2">Kent Scientific Corporation</td>
			<td rowspan="2">INS14127-G</td>
			<td rowspan="2">Spring scissors curved curved, 10.5cm long, 8mm blades, German made</td>
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			<td>Surgical currete (spoon spatula)</td>
			<td>Hu-friedy</td>
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			<td>CM 2/4</td>
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			<td>Protector laboratory hood</td>
			<td>Labconco</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td rowspan="3">Incubator</td>
			<td rowspan="3">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td rowspan="3"></td>
			<td>Farma</td>
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			<td>Series11 water Jacket</td>
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		<tr>
			<td>Co2 incubator</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS&#160;</td>
			<td>GIBCO</td>
			<td>10010-023&#160;</td>
			<td>1X</td>
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			<td>Fiber optic Light source</td>
			<td>Fiber-light&#160; Dolan-Jenner</td>
			<td>PL-750</td>
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			<td>Embedding cassette&#160;</td>
			<td>Statlab</td>
			<td>EC301</td>
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			<td rowspan="2">Kim Wipes</td>
			<td rowspan="2">VWR</td>
			<td rowspan="2">470173-504</td>
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method of studying palatal fusion using static organ culture

A fissura labiopalatina estão entre os mais comuns de todos os defeitos de nascimento. As formas palato secundário de prateleiras mesenquimais cobertas com epitélio que adere para formar a costura linha média epitelial (MES). As teorias sugerem que as células MES seguir um epitelial para mesenquimal (EMT), apoptose e migração, fazendo um paladar fundido 1. Desintegração completa dos MES é a fase essencial final de palatal confluência com áreas células mesenquimais. Nós fornecemos um método de cultura de órgãos paladar. O protocolo desenvolvido em vitro permite o estudo de processos biológicos e moleculares durante a fusão. As aplicações desta técnica são numerosos, incluindo avaliando respostas aos agentes químicos exógenos, efeitos de fatores de regulação e de crescimento e proteínas específicas. Palatal cultura de órgãos tem um número de vantagens, incluindo a manipulação em diferentes fases de desenvolvimento que não é possível, utilizando estudos in vivo.

A técnica pode ser aplicada a diferentes tipos de experiments.The seguinte estudo foi concebido para testar o efeito teratogénico de nicotina in vitro em fusão palatino. Duas estirpes de ratos foram utilizados para esta experiência, CD1 e tecido C57.Palatal foi tratada com 0,06 e 6 mM concentrações de hemissulfato de nicotina. Observou-se que os padrões de fusão palatal e tempo foram diferentes nas duas estirpes diferentes. Em ratinhos CD1, lâminas palatinas do grupo controle continuou fusão no tempo ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Method of Studying Palatal Fusion using Static Organ Culture at JoVE.com

Method of Studying Palatal Fusion using Static Organ Culture

Estudos de desenvolvimento palato são motivadas pela incidência de fenda palatina, um defeito de nascença que impõe uma carga tremenda de saúde e pode deixar desfiguração duradoura. Nós demonstramos aqui uma técnica para prateleiras palatinas cultura que podem ser utilizados para estudar diferentes vias de sinalização envolvidos no desenvolvimento do palato e de fusão.

Método de Estudar Palatal Fusão usando estático Órgão Cultura

Cleft lip and palate are among the most common of all birth defects. The secondary palate forms from mesenchymal shelves covered with epithelium that ...

method-of-studying-palatal-fusion-using-static-organ-culture

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

8.7K visualizações.  Texas A&M University Baylor College of Dentistry.  Estudos de desenvolvimento palato são motivadas pela incidência de fenda palatina, um defeito de nascença que impõe uma carga tremenda de saúde e pode deixar desfiguração duradoura. Nós demonstramos aqui uma técnica para prateleiras palatinas cultura que podem ser utilizados para estudar diferentes vias de sinalização envolvidos no desenvolvimento do palato e de fusão. 

Vídeo: Method of Studying Palatal Fusion using Static Organ Culture

Culture and Co-Culture of Mouse Ovaries and Ovarian Follicles

The mammalian ovary is composed of ovarian follicles, each follicle consisting of a single oocyte surrounded by somatic granulosa cells, enclosed together within a basement membrane. A finite pool of follicles is laid down during embryonic development, when oocytes in meiotic arrest form a close association with flattened granulosa cells, forming primordial follicles. By or shortly after birth, mammalian ovaries contain their lifetime&#8217;s supply of primordial follicles, from which point onwards there is a steady release of follicles into the growing follicular pool.
The ovary is particularly amenable to development in vitro, with follicles growing in a highly physiological manner in culture. This work describes the culture of whole neonatal ovaries containing primordial follicles, and the culture of individual ovarian follicles, a method which can support the development of follicles from an immature through to the preovulatory stage, after which their oocytes are able to undergo fertilization in vitro. The work outlined here uses culture systems to determine how the ovary is affected by exposure to external compounds. We also describe a co-culture system, which allows investigation of the interactions that occur between growing follicles and the non-growing pool of primordial follicles.

This protocol describes the primary culture/co-culture of mouse ovarian tissue, using ovaries from neonatal mice and individual ovarian follicles from prepubertal mice. The culture techniques support development in a highly physiological manner, allowing investigation of the effect of extrinsic agents on the ovary, and of interactions between ovarian follicles.

Cultura e Co-Culture of Mouse ovários e folículos ovarianos

The mammalian ovary is composed of ovarian follicles, each follicle consisting of a single oocyte surrounded by somatic granulosa cells, enclosed together ...

Biologia do Desenvolvimento

Studying Wnt Signaling During Patterning of Conducting Airways

Wnt signaling pathways play critical roles during development of the respiratory tract. Defining precise mechanisms of differentiation and morphogenesis controlled by Wnt signaling is required to understand how tissues are patterned during normal development. This knowledge is also critical to determine the etiology of birth defects such as lung hypoplasia and tracheobronchomalacia. Analysis of earliest stages of development of respiratory tract imposes challenges, as the limited amount of tissue prevents the performance of standard protocols better suited for postnatal studies. In this paper, we discuss methodologies to study cell differentiation and proliferation in the respiratory tract. We describe techniques such as whole mount staining, processing of the tissue for confocal microscopy and immunofluorescence in paraffin sections applied to developing tracheal lung. We also discuss methodologies for the study of tracheal mesenchyme differentiation, in particular cartilage formation. Approaches and techniques discussed in the current paper circumvent the limitation of material while working with embryonic tissue, allowing for a better understanding of the patterning process of developing conducting airways.

The use of reporter mice coupled to whole mount and section staining, microscopy and in vivo assays facilitates the analysis of mechanisms underlying the normal patterning of the respiratory tract. Here we describe how these techniques contributed to the analysis of Wnt signaling during tracheal development.

Estudar Wnt Signaling Durante Padronização de conduzir Airways

Wnt signaling pathways play critical roles during development of the respiratory tract. Defining precise mechanisms of differentiation and morphogenesis ...

Generation of Parabiotic Zebrafish Embryos by Surgical Fusion of Developing Blastulae

Surgical parabiosis of two animals of different genetic backgrounds creates a unique scenario to study cell-intrinsic versus cell-extrinsic roles for candidate genes of interest, migratory behaviors of cells, and secreted signals in distinct genetic settings. Because parabiotic animals share a common circulation, any blood or blood-borne factor from one animal will be exchanged with its partner and vice versa. Thus, cells and molecular factors derived from one genetic background can be studied in the context of a second genetic background. Parabiosis of adult mice has been &#160;used extensively to research aging, cancer, diabetes, obesity, and brain development. More recently, parabiosis of zebrafish embryos has been used to study the developmental biology of hematopoiesis. In contrast to mice, the transparent nature of zebrafish embryos permits the direct visualization of cells in the parabiotic context, making it a uniquely powerful method for investigating fundamental cellular and molecular mechanisms. The utility of this technique, however, is limited by a steep learning curve for generating the parabiotic zebrafish embryos. This protocol provides a step-by-step method on how to surgically fuse the blastulae of two zebrafish embryos of different genetic backgrounds to investigate the role of candidate genes of interest. In addition, the parabiotic zebrafish embryos are tolerant to heat shock, making temporal control of gene expression possible. This method does not require a sophisticated set-up and has broad applications for studying cell migration, fate specification, and differentiation in vivo during embryonic development.

This protocol provides step-by-step instruction on how to generate parabiotic zebrafish embryos of different genetic backgrounds. When combined with the unparalleled imaging capabilities of the zebrafish embryo, this method provides a uniquely powerful means to investigate cell-autonomous versus non-cell-autonomous functions for candidate genes of interest.

Geração de parabiótica embriões Zebrafish por Fusion cirúrgica de Desenvolvimento blástulas

Surgical parabiosis of two animals of different genetic backgrounds creates a unique scenario to study cell-intrinsic versus cell-extrinsic roles for ...

Large-Scale Production of Cardiomyocytes from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells Using a Highly Reproducible Small Molecule-Based Differentiation Protocol

Maximizing the benefit of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) for research, disease modeling, pharmaceutical and clinical applications requires robust methods for the large-scale production of functional cell types, including cardiomyocytes. Here we demonstrate that the temporal manipulation of WNT, TGF-&#946;, and SHH signaling pathways leads to highly efficient cardiomyocyte differentiation of single-cell passaged hPSC lines in both static suspension and stirred suspension bioreactor systems. Employing this strategy resulted in ~ 100% beating spheroids, consistently containing &#62; 80% cardiac troponin T-positive cells after 15 days of culture, validated in multiple hPSC lines. We also report on a variation of this protocol for use with cell lines not currently adapted to single-cell passaging, the success of which has been verified in 42 hPSC lines. Cardiomyocytes generated using these protocols express lineage-specific markers and show expected electrophysiological functionalities. Our protocol presents a simple, efficient and robust platform for the large-scale production of human cardiomyocytes.

Here, we present a robust, fast and scalable cardiomyocyte differentiation protocol for human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). Cardiomyocytes derived using this large-scale method can provide sufficient cell numbers for their effective use in human cardiovascular disease modeling, high-throughput drug screening, and potentially clinical applications.

Produção em larga escala de cardiomiócitos a partir de células-tronco pluripotentes humanas utilizando um altamente reprodutível pequeno-Based Molecule Protocolo de Diferenciação

Maximizing the benefit of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) for research, disease modeling, pharmaceutical and clinical applications requires robust ...

Organ Culture and Whole Mount Immunofluorescence Staining of Mouse Wolffian Ducts

Tubal morphogenesis is a fundamental requirement for the development of most mammalian organs, including the male reproductive system. The epididymis, an integral part of the male reproductive tract, is responsible for sperm storage, maturation, and transport. The adult epididymis is a highly coiled tube that develops from a simple and straight embryonic precursor known as Wolffian duct (WD). Proper coiling of the epididymis is essential for male fertility, as sperm in the testis are unable to fertilize an oocyte. However, the mechanism responsible for epididymal development and coiling remains unclear, partially due to the lack of whole organ culture and imaging methods. In this study, we describe an in vitro culture system and whole mount immunofluorescence protocol to better visualize the process of WD coiling and development, which may also be applied to study other tubular organs.

We present a method for isolation and culture of the mouse Wolffian duct (WD). We also demonstrate a detailed procedure for whole mount immunostaining of cultured/freshly isolated WDs with fluorescently tagged antibodies. Together, these techniques enable the study of WD development, coiling, and differentiation.

Órgão Cultura e Whole Mount Imunofluorescência Coloração de rato Wolff Dutos

Tubal morphogenesis is a fundamental requirement for the development of most mammalian organs, including the male reproductive system. The epididymis, an ...

Live Imaging of Mouse Secondary Palate Fusion

The fusion of the secondary palatal shelves to form the intact secondary palate is a key process in mammalian development and its disruption can lead to cleft secondary palate, a common congenital anomaly in humans. Secondary palate fusion has been extensively studied leading to several proposed cellular mechanisms that may mediate this process. However, these studies have been mostly performed on fixed embryonic tissues at progressive timepoints during development or in fixed explant cultures analyzed at static timepoints. Static analysis is limited for the analysis of dynamic morphogenetic processes such a palate fusion and what types of dynamic cellular behaviors mediate palatal fusion is incompletely understood. Here we describe a protocol for live imaging of ex vivo secondary palate fusion in mouse embryos. To examine cellular behaviors of palate fusion, epithelial-specific Keratin14-cre was used to label palate epithelial cells in ROSA26-mTmGflox reporter embryos. To visualize filamentous actin, Lifeact-mRFPruby reporter mice were used. Live imaging of secondary palate fusion was performed by dissecting recently-adhered secondary palatal shelves of embryonic day (E) 14.5 stage embryos and culturing in agarose-containing media on a glass bottom dish to enable imaging with an inverted confocal microscope. Using this method, we have detected a variety of novel cellular behaviors during secondary palate fusion. An appreciation of how distinct cell behaviors are coordinated in space and time greatly contributes to our understanding of this dynamic morphogenetic process. This protocol can be applied to mutant mouse lines, or cultures treated with pharmacological inhibitors to further advance understanding of how secondary palate fusion is controlled.

Here, we present a protocol for live imaging of mouse secondary palate fusion using confocal microscopy. This protocol can be used in combination with a variety of fluorescent reporter mouse lines, and with pathway inhibitors for mechanistic insight. This protocol can be adapted for live imaging in other developmental systems.

Imagem ao vivo do mouse Fusão do palato secundário

The fusion of the secondary palatal shelves to form the intact secondary palate is a key process in mammalian development and its disruption can lead to ...

Organotypic Culture Method to Study the Development Of Embryonic Chicken Tissues

The embryonic chicken is commonly used as a reliable model organism for vertebrate development. Its accessibility and short incubation period makes it ideal for experimentation. Currently, the study of these developmental pathways in the chicken embryo is conducted by applying inhibitors and drugs at localized sites and at low concentrations using a variety of methods. In vitro tissue&#160;culturing is a technique that enables the study of tissues separated from the host organism, while simultaneously bypassing many of the physical limitations present when working with whole embryos, such as the susceptibility of embryos to high doses of potentially lethal chemicals. Here, we present an organotypic culturing protocol for culturing the embryonic chicken half head in vitro, which presents new opportunities for the examination of developmental processes beyond the currently established methods.

Here, we present an organotypic culturing protocol to grow embryonic chicken organs in vitro. Using this method, the development of embryonic chicken tissue can be studied, while maintaining a high degree of control over the culture environment.

Cultura de organotypic método para estudar o desenvolvimento de tecidos embrionários de galinha

The embryonic chicken is commonly used as a reliable model organism for vertebrate development. Its accessibility and short incubation period makes it ...

Three-dimensional Angiogenesis Assay System using Co-culture Spheroids Formed by Endothelial Colony Forming Cells and Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Studies in the field of angiogenesis have been aggressively growing in the last few decades with the recognition that angiogenesis is a hallmark of more than 50 different pathological conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis, oculopathy, cardiovascular diseases, and tumor metastasis. During angiogenesis drug development, it is crucial to use in vitro assay systems with appropriate cell types and proper conditions to reflect the physiologic angiogenesis process. To overcome limitations of current in vitro angiogenesis assay systems using mainly endothelial cells, we developed a 3-dimensional (3D) co-culture spheroid sprouting assay system. Co-culture spheroids were produced by two human vascular cell precursors, endothelial colony forming cells (ECFCs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) with a ratio of 5 to 1. ECFCs+MSCs spheroids were embedded into type I collagen matrix to mimic the in vivo extracellular environment. A real-time cell recorder was utilized to continuously observe the progression of angiogenic sprouting from spheroids for 24 h. Live cell fluorescent labeling technique was also applied to tract the localization of each cell type during sprout formation. Angiogenic potential was quantified by counting the number of sprouts and measuring the cumulative length of sprouts generated from the individual spheroids. Five randomly-selected spheroids were analyzed per experimental group. Comparison experiments demonstrated that ECFCs+MSCs spheroids showed greater sprout number and cumulative sprout length compared with ECFCs-only spheroids. Bevacizumab, an FDA-approved angiogenesis inhibitor, was tested with the newly-developed co-culture spheroid assay system to verify its potential to screen anti-angiogenic drugs. The IC50 value for ECFCs+MSCs spheroids compared to the ECFCs-only spheroids was closer to the effective plasma concentration of bevacizumab obtained from the xenograft tumor mouse model. The present study suggests that the 3D ECFCs+MSCs spheroid angiogenesis assay system is relevant to physiologic angiogenesis, and can predict an effective plasma concentration in advance of animal experiments.

Three-dimensional co-culture spheroid angiogenesis assay system is designed to mimic the physiologic angiogenesis. Co-culture spheroids are formed by two human vascular cell precursors, ECFCs and MSCs, and embedded in collagen gel. The new system is effective for evaluating angiogenic modulators, and provides more relevant information to the in vivo study.

Sistema tridimensional do ensaio da angiogênese usando spheroids da co-cultura dados forma pela colônia endothelial que dá forma a pilhas e às pilhas de haste mesenchymal

Studies in the field of angiogenesis have been aggressively growing in the last few decades with the recognition that angiogenesis is a hallmark of more ...

A Static Self-Directed Method for Generating Brain Organoids from Human Embryonic Stem Cells

Human brain organoids differentiated from embryonic stem cells offer the unique opportunity to study complicated interactions of multiple cell types in a three-dimensional system. Here we present a relatively straightforward and inexpensive method that yields brain organoids. In this protocol human pluripotent stem cells are broken into small clusters instead of single cells and grown in basic media without a heterologous basement membrane matrix or exogenous growth factors, allowing the intrinsic developmental cues to shape the organoid&#39;s growth. This simple system produces a diversity of brain cell types including glial and microglial cells, stem cells, and neurons of the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. Organoids generated from this protocol also display hallmarks of appropriate temporal and spatial organization demonstrated by brightfield images, histology, immunofluorescence and real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Because these organoids contain cell types from various parts of the brain, they can be utilized for studying a multitude of diseases. For example, in a recent paper we demonstrated the use of organoids generated from this protocol for studying the effects of hypoxia on the human brain. This approach can be used to investigate an array of otherwise difficult to study conditions such as neurodevelopmental handicaps, genetic disorders, and neurologic diseases.

This protocol was generated as a means to produce brain organoids in a simplified, low cost manner without exogenous growth factors or basement membrane matrix while still maintaining the diversity of brain cell types and many features of cellular organization.

Um método estática auto-direcionado para gerar organoides cerebrais a partir de células-tronco embrionárias humanas

Human brain organoids differentiated from embryonic stem cells offer the unique opportunity to study complicated interactions of multiple cell types in a ...

Cell-cell Fusion of Genome Edited Cell Lines for Perturbation of Cellular Structure and Function

Life is spatially partitioned within lipid membranes to allow the isolated formation of distinct molecular states inside cells and organelles. Cell fusion is the merger of two or more cells to form a single cell. Here we provide a protocol for cell fusion of two different cell types. Fused hybrid cells are enriched by flow cytometry-based sorting, followed by fluorescence microscopy of hybrid cell structure and function. Fluorescently tagged proteins generated by genome editing are imaged inside fused cells, allowing cellular structures to be identified based on fluorescence emission and referenced back to the cell type of origin. This robust and general method can be applied to different cell types or organelles of interest, to understand cellular structure and function across a range of fundamental biological questions.

The purpose of this protocol is to fuse two different cell types to create hybrid cells. Fluorescence microscopy analysis of fused cells is used to track the cell of origin of cellular organelles. This assay can be used to explore how cellular structure and function respond to perturbation by cell fusion.

Fusão célula-célula de linhas celulares editados do genoma para perturbação da estrutura celular e função

Life is spatially partitioned within lipid membranes to allow the isolated formation of distinct molecular states inside cells and organelles. Cell fusion ...