The authors do not have any acknowledgements.

Todos los procedimientos descritos deben realizarse de acuerdo con las directrices y normas para el uso de los animales vertebrados, incluyendo la aprobación previa del Comité local de Animal Institucional de Cuidado y Uso. 1. Preparación de disección Instrumentos y Medios de Cultivo <ol><li> Prelavado todos los instrumentos que se utilizarán en la disección con peróxido de hidrógeno 3% y luego autoclave a 121 ° C durante 20 min. Filtra medios BGJb con solución antibiótica y antimicótica usando un filtro de 0,22 micras de poro mediano con succión al vacío en una campana. </li></ol> 2. Preparación del Equipo de Cultura <ol><li> Cortar filtros de membrana de policarbonato que apoyarán los órganos palatinas en pequeños triángulos, rocíe con un 70% de alcohol y dejar que se sequen. Preparar Center-Well Organ Culture Dish (60x15 mm) mediante la colocación de una rejilla limpio y esterilizado equilátero de forma triangular de alambre (20 mm) sobre la placa de cultivo de órganos. Luego llene el pozo con 1 ml de BGJB medios de cultivo medios. NOTA: Los medios de comunicación deberían ser suficientes para alcanzar el nivel de la red sin sumergir los paladares. Coloque los filtros de membrana, el lado brillante hacia abajo, sobre la parte superior de la rejilla (3-4 membranas por cuadrícula) .Depending en el experimento, de tratamiento (proteínas, anticuerpos o inhibidores) se pueden añadir a los medios de comunicación </li></ol> 3. embrión de ratón Recogida y preparación para la Cultura <ol><li> Para obtener salvaje embriones de ratón de tipo, el uso programado 13.5 embarazada CD-1 de ratón cepa antecedentes genéticos. Limpiar la zona de disección con etanol al 70%. NOTA: Otras cepas de ratones pueden ser utilizados. Preferimos ratones CD-1 debido a la cantidad de arena más grande. </li><li> La eutanasia a los ratones embarazadas en E13.5 dpc (días después del coito) con 5% isoflurano seguido por dislocación cervical para asegurar la muerte a través de protocolos aprobados. </li><li> Pulverizar etanol al 70% en la superficie abdominal ventral para evitar que el palillo del pelo abdominal de los instrumentos. A continuación, abra la cavidad abdominal ventralutilizando una de bordes romos tijeras de operación y pinzas de micro-disección para localizar el útero. Utilizando las pinzas, levantar todo el útero y separarlo del cuerpo mediante el corte en el cuerpo uterino y en las puntas de los cuernos uterinos con una luz tijeras de funcionamiento. </li><li> Coloque el útero sobre una toalla de papel limpia sobre hielo (De acuerdo con la guía de protocolo para el cuidado y uso de animales de laboratorio). Cubra el útero con otra toalla de papel limpia para evitar la contaminación. Esterilizar los instrumentos que utilizan el 70% de etanol aerosol antes de usar más. El útero y los embriones pueden ser transportados al laboratorio en hielo. </li><li> En una campana de flujo laminar abierta, hacer cuidadosamente una pequeña abertura en el saco vitelino con unas tijeras de funcionamiento de bordes romos y pinzas de micro-disección. Haga la mayor apertura y luego empuje suavemente a exteriorizar el embrión desde el saco vitelino. </li><li> La transferencia de los embriones inmediatamente a una placa Petri con fría tamponada con fosfato salino 1X (PBS) pH 7,4. Para asegurar el escenario adecuado, examina El embrión bajo un microscopio de disección para el cuerpo, tamaño de la cabeza y la integridad física morfología. NOTA: Los embriones que no son en la etapa correcta del desarrollo no se utilizan para el experimento. </li></ol><img alt="Figura 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/53063/53063fig2.jpg" /> Figura 2. Limb Bud Morfología. La proa y extremidades traseras se comprueba el grado de sangrado membrana entre los dígitos. En E13.5, todas las condensaciones dígitos son prominentes, con la cincha y hendiduras distales entre los dígitos que aparecen muy distinta. Los dígitos traseras están detrás de un medio-día 12 Fila superior:. Extremidad anterior, fila inferior: extremidad posterior. 4. Boca Disección <ol><li> Coloque un embrión a la vez en una placa de Petri con PBS bajo el microscopio de disección. Usando pequeñas tijeras de disección y pinzas separar la cabeza del cuerpo de los embriones. </li><li> Sosteniendo con cuidado el cráneo del ratón sobre el nivel del ojo con pinzas (evitandoel proceso maxilar) hacer dos incisiones en ambos lados de la línea del labio. A continuación, retire la mandíbula y la lengua. Aislar la región maxilar proceso haciendo un corte a nivel del ojo y quitar el cerebro, los ojos, tabique nasal y el tejido adyacente. </li></ol><img alt="Figura 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/53063/53063fig3.jpg" /> Figura tejido 3. Boca obtiene de 13,5 embriones, cuando los estantes de paladar habían elevados pero no hizo contacto. Los palatinos se colocaron en cultivo de órganos en un filtro en la interfaz de medios aéreos durante 72 horas en el modelo estático. (A) Nivel de disección de embriones E13.5. (B) Azul estrellas demarcan áreas para mantener el tejido con pinzas durante la disección. (C) Vista de palatinos disecados colocados sobre una membrana de filtro trapezoidal. (D) Vista lateral de la placa de cultivo después de la colocación del paladares diseccionaron y adición de medios de cultivo. <ol start="3"><li> Coloque el lado oral, paladar y quitar el tabique nasal y el tejido que lo rodea, manteniendo el paladar primario unido para ayudar a orientar de anterior a posterior. Use una espátula de cuchara y transferir con mucho cuidado los procesos palatinos (lado nasal abajo) para los filtros preparados en las rejillas de las placas de cultivo. NOTA: Ajuste el volumen de los medios de comunicación para permitir adecuada interfaz aire-media. </li><li> Bajo el microscopio estereoscópico, diseccionar el paladar primario y utilizar pinzas para colocar los procesos palatinos cerca uno del otro. Los estantes de paladar no se fusionan si no se ponen en contacto. Cortar el filtro de membrana triangular donde se encuentra la parte anterior del paladar. La forma trapezoidal ayudará en la localización de la porción anterior del paladar. </li><li> Cultura de los procesos palatinos individual o con dos o tres en la misma placa de cultivo de órganos usando BGJb medios de cultivo. </li></ol> 5. Estantes cultivo ratón palatinos <ol><li> Incubar la tissues a 37 ° C en una mezcla de gas humidificado (5% de CO2 y 95% de aire) durante 72 horas, y cambian el medio cada 24 horas. </li></ol> 6. Paladar procesamiento para el análisis histológico <ol><li> Fijar los paladares después de 72 horas en cultivo con formaldehído al 4% / buffer fosfato salino O / N a los 4 ° &#160; C. Luego, suavemente con una pipeta de transferencia lavar el tejido en la placa de cultivo con PBS. Envuelva los paladares en un pedazo de toallitas de laboratorio y lugar en la incrustación de casetes. NOTA: Envolver los paladares en toallitas de laboratorio a prevenir su pérdida durante el proceso de deshidratación. </li><li> Deshidratar el tejido después de 70%, 80% y hasta el 100% lavados de etanol durante 1 hora, seguido por el procedimiento ordinario inclusión en parafina. Para incrustar, coloque la parte anterior del paladar hacia la bandeja. </li><li> Cortar serie 6 micras secciones en la orientación coronal de anterior a posterior. Una sección paladar completa producirá 350-450 sections. Teñir las secciones con hematoxilina y eosina (H &amp; E). Cada sección 20ª utilizando el descrito anteriormente Mean Fusión Puntuación (MFS) escala de 10 Score (Tabla 1). 8 </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Nawshad, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Palatal+seam+disintegration+to+die+or+not+to+die+that+is+no+longer+the+question.">Palatal seam disintegration to die or not to die that is no longer the question.</a> Developmental dynamics an official publication of the American Association of Anatomists. 237, 2643-2656 (2008).</li><li>Strong, E. B., Buckmiller, L. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Management+of+the+cleft+palate.">Management of the cleft palate.</a> Facial plastic surgery clinics of North America. 9, 15-25 (2001).</li><li>Witt, P. D., Marsh, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Advances+in+assessing+outcome+of+surgical+repair+of+cleft+lip+and+cleft+palate.">Advances in assessing outcome of surgical repair of cleft lip and cleft palate.</a> Plastic and reconstructive surgery. 100, 1907-1917 (1997).</li><li>4miloro, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> principles of oral and maxillofafcial surgery. 209, 231-249 (1984).</li><li>Mima, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulation+of+the+epithelial+adhesion+molecule+CEACAM1+is+important+for+palate+formation.">Regulation of the epithelial adhesion molecule CEACAM1 is important for palate formation.</a> PloS one. 8, e61653 (2013).</li><li>Carette, M. J., Ferguson, M. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+fate+of+medial+edge+epithelial+cells+during+palatal+fusion+in+vitro+an+analysis+by+DiI+labelling+and+confocal+microscopy.">The fate of medial edge epithelial cells during palatal fusion in vitro an analysis by DiI labelling and confocal microscopy.</a> Development (Cambridge, England). 114, 379-388 (1992).</li><li>Ferguson, M. W., Honig, L. S., Slavkin, H. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differentiation+of+cultured+palatal+shelves+from+alligator+chick+and+mouse+embryos.">Differentiation of cultured palatal shelves from alligator chick and mouse embryos.</a> The Anatomical record. 209, 231-249 (1984).</li><li>San Miguel, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ephrin+reverse+signaling+controls+palate+fusion+via+a+PI3+kinase+dependent+mechanism.">Ephrin reverse signaling controls palate fusion via a PI3 kinase dependent mechanism.</a> Developmental dynamics an official publication of the American Association of Anatomists. 240, 357-364 (2011).</li><li>Kang, P., Svoboda, K. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=PI+3+kinase+activity+is+required+for+epithelial+mesenchymal+transformation+during+palate+fusion.">PI 3 kinase activity is required for epithelial mesenchymal transformation during palate fusion.</a> Developmental dynamics an official publication of the American Association of Anatomists. 225, 316-322 (2002).</li><li>RD, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Histopathologic Technic and Practical Histochemistry. , (1965).</li><li>Kaufman, M. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> The Atlas of Mouse Development. , (1992).</li><li>Taher, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Global+gene+expression+analysis+of+murine+limb+development.">Global gene expression analysis of murine limb development.</a> PloS one. 6, e28358 (2011).</li></ol>

The authors do not have any competing financial interests.

El protocolo en este artículo proporciona un método de disección palatinos de los embriones en el día embrionario 13.5. Palatinos de embriones de ratón se cultivaron en un medio de cultivo libre de suero en una atmósfera de 95% de O 2 5% de CO 2 a 37 ° C. Disección palatina éxito depende fundamentalmente de factores múltiples en cada paso durante el procedimiento desde el momento embrionario de los ratones sacrificados a la finalización de la cultura. Uno de los factores más importantes...

Hendiduras orofaciales son los defectos congénitos craneofaciales más predominantes. Además, tomando en consideración todos los posibles defectos craneofaciales, se trata de la segunda anomalía de nacimiento más común en los recién nacidos 2. Paladar hendido ocurren en aproximadamente 1 de cada 700 nacimientos en los Estados Unidos (US) todos los años, la incidencia de paladar hendido es igual a 475 niños nacidos con paladar hendido al mes o 15 niños con hendiduras por día 3. Aproximadamente el 1% de los niños nacidos en todo el mundo cada año presentan algún tipo de dismorfología craneofacial. Las hendiduras del paladar y el labio necesitan un procedimiento muy costoso y complicado con implicaciones para toda la vida para los pacientes con esta anomalía. El costo estimado para cada paciente con fisura oral es de aproximadamente $ 100.000 4. El tratamiento de un paciente con labio leporino y paladar hendido requiere un equipo de médicos, incluyendo craneofaciales cirujanos, otorrinolaringólogos, genetistas, anestesiólogos,patólogos del habla-lenguaje, nutricionistas, ortodoncistas, protesistas, psicólogos, neurocirujanos y oftalmólogos. En palatogénesis, paladar secundario surge como excrecencias pareadas, que inicialmente crecen verticalmente y se someten a la elevación estante palatina sobre el dorso de la lengua. A raíz de la elevación, los palatinos pareadas crecen hacia la línea media (en E14.5 -E15 en ratones y la semana 9 en los seres humanos). El epitelio borde medial (MEE) que cubre la punta estante se adhiere formando la costura epitelial línea media. Esto es seguido por epitelial a mesenquimal transición y / o apoptosis para permitir la confluencia mesenquimales. Adhesión de oponerse MEE es un evento esencial cuya alteración provoca paladar hendido. Sin embargo, sólo unos pocos estudios investigaron la adhesión inicial de palatinos 5. Las formas de paladar duro por la diferenciación de las células mesenquimales en osteoblastos. El desarrollo anormal del paladar puede producir cleft paladares con o sin la participación del labio. Técnicas de cultivo de órganos Paladar habían utilizado ampliamente durante muchos laboratorios en los últimos 30 años 6,7. En este protocolo se describe en detalle un método de la disección del paladar y de la cultura de órganos estática. La ventaja de un cultivo de órganos inmóvil es que permite palatinos se fusionen. Esta técnica se ha utilizado con éxito en nuestro laboratorio para muchos de fusión y de señalización experimentos 8,9. Sin embargo, el ámbito de aplicación de la técnica es muy amplia y se puede utilizar siempre que se requiera el sistema de cultivo de órganos estática, incluyendo la evaluación de las respuestas a los agentes químicos exógenos, los efectos de los factores de crecimiento de regulación en diferentes vías y proteínas específicas. <img alt="Figura 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/53063/53063fig1.jpg" /> Figura 1. Ratón palatogénesis. Etapas de desarrollo del paladar ratones. (BF) ele Escaneomicrografías ctron (SEM) del paladar secundario en tiempos de desarrollo representativas. Flechas rojas: muestran la parte inicial de la adhesión del paladar y la fusión. Flechas amarillas: punto al espacio entre los paladares de primaria y secundaria que desaparecerán después de la fusión (Tomado de Kaufman 11 con permiso de PLoS ONE).

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			<td>BGJb</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
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			<td>Penicillin/Streptomycin</td>
			<td>Lonza Inc.</td>
			<td>17-602E</td>
			<td>100X</td>
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			<td>Petri dishes</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>25384-088</td>
			<td>100x15mm</td>
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			<td>Center-well organ culture dish</td>
			<td>Falcon&#160;</td>
			<td>#353037</td>
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			<td>Wire triangular grid</td>
			<td>Custom made with stainless steel wire mesh to fit the organ culture dish well.&#160;&#160;</td>
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			<td>Polycarbonate filter</td>
			<td>GE&#38; Water and Process Technologies</td>
			<td>K04BP04700</td>
			<td>Black 0.4 micron, 47 mm</td>
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			<td>Stereo microscope</td>
			<td>ZEISS&#160; Stemi SR</td>
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			<td>Culture hood</td>
			<td>NUAIRE Laminar Flow</td>
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			<td>Microdissecting forceps</td>
			<td>Dumont Medical&#160;</td>
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			<td>Kent Scientific Corporation</td>
			<td>INS14003-G</td>
			<td>Vannas Scissors, straight, 8cm long, 0.1mm tips, 5mm blades, German made</td>
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			<td>Microdissecting scissors</td>
			<td>Kent Scientific Corporation</td>
			<td>INS500086</td>
			<td>Vannas Scissors, straight, 8.5cm long, 0.025mm x 0.015mm tips, 7mm blades</td>
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			<td rowspan="2">Microdissecting scissors</td>
			<td rowspan="2">Kent Scientific Corporation</td>
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			<td>Surgical currete (spoon spatula)</td>
			<td>Hu-friedy</td>
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			<td>Protector laboratory hood</td>
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			<td>Farma</td>
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			<td>Series11 water Jacket</td>
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			<td>PBS&#160;</td>
			<td>GIBCO</td>
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method of studying palatal fusion using static organ culture

El labio leporino y el paladar se encuentran entre los más comunes de todos los defectos congénitos. Las formas de paladar secundario de estantes mesenquimales cubiertas de epitelio que se adhiere al formar la costura epiteliales de la línea media (MES). Las teorías sugieren que las células MES siguen un epitelio de transición mesenquimal (EMT), la apoptosis y la migración, haciendo un paladar fusionado 1. La desintegración completa de la economía de mercado es la fase esencial definitiva de confluencia del paladar y la zona células mesenquimales. Ofrecemos un método para cultivo de órganos paladar. La desarrollado protocolo in vitro permite el estudio de los procesos biológicos y moleculares durante la fusión. Las aplicaciones de esta técnica son numerosas, incluyendo la evaluación de las respuestas a los agentes químicos exógenos, efectos de los factores de regulación y de crecimiento y proteínas específicas. Cultivo de órganos Palatal tiene una serie de ventajas, incluyendo la manipulación en diferentes etapas de desarrollo que no es posible utilizando los estudios in vivo.

La técnica se puede aplicar a diferentes tipos de experiments.The siguiente estudio fue diseñado para probar el efecto teratogénico de la nicotina in vitro en la fusión palatal. Dos cepas de ratones fueron utilizados para este experimento, CD1 y el tejido C57.Palatal se trató con concentraciones mM de hemisulfato de nicotina 0,06 y 6. Se observó que los patrones de fusión palatinas y el momento eran diferentes en las dos cepas diferentes. En ratones CD1, estantes palatales del grupo de control continuaro...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Method of Studying Palatal Fusion using Static Organ Culture at JoVE.com

Method of Studying Palatal Fusion using Static Organ Culture

Los estudios sobre el desarrollo del paladar están motivados por la incidencia de paladar hendido, un defecto de nacimiento que impone una carga de salud tremenda y puede dejar la desfiguración permanente. Se demuestra aquí una técnica para estantes cultura palatinas que se pueden utilizar para estudiar diferentes vías de señalización implicadas en el desarrollo de paladar y la fusión.

Método de estudio palatina Fusión usando estático Organ Culture

Cleft lip and palate are among the most common of all birth defects. The secondary palate forms from mesenchymal shelves covered with epithelium that ...

method-of-studying-palatal-fusion-using-static-organ-culture

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

8.7K vistas.  Texas A&M University Baylor College of Dentistry.  Los estudios sobre el desarrollo del paladar están motivados por la incidencia de paladar hendido, un defecto de nacimiento que impone una carga de salud tremenda y puede dejar la desfiguración permanente. Se demuestra aquí una técnica para estantes cultura palatinas que se pueden utilizar para estudiar diferentes vías de señalización implicadas en el desarrollo de paladar y la fusión. 

Video: Method of Studying Palatal Fusion using Static Organ Culture

Studying Wnt Signaling During Patterning of Conducting Airways

Wnt signaling pathways play critical roles during development of the respiratory tract. Defining precise mechanisms of differentiation and morphogenesis controlled by Wnt signaling is required to understand how tissues are patterned during normal development. This knowledge is also critical to determine the etiology of birth defects such as lung hypoplasia and tracheobronchomalacia. Analysis of earliest stages of development of respiratory tract imposes challenges, as the limited amount of tissue prevents the performance of standard protocols better suited for postnatal studies. In this paper, we discuss methodologies to study cell differentiation and proliferation in the respiratory tract. We describe techniques such as whole mount staining, processing of the tissue for confocal microscopy and immunofluorescence in paraffin sections applied to developing tracheal lung. We also discuss methodologies for the study of tracheal mesenchyme differentiation, in particular cartilage formation. Approaches and techniques discussed in the current paper circumvent the limitation of material while working with embryonic tissue, allowing for a better understanding of the patterning process of developing conducting airways.

The use of reporter mice coupled to whole mount and section staining, microscopy and in vivo assays facilitates the analysis of mechanisms underlying the normal patterning of the respiratory tract. Here we describe how these techniques contributed to the analysis of Wnt signaling during tracheal development.

El estudio de la señalización Wnt Durante Patrones de llevar a cabo Airways

Wnt signaling pathways play critical roles during development of the respiratory tract. Defining precise mechanisms of differentiation and morphogenesis ...

Investigación

Biología del Desarrollo

Generation of Parabiotic Zebrafish Embryos by Surgical Fusion of Developing Blastulae

Surgical parabiosis of two animals of different genetic backgrounds creates a unique scenario to study cell-intrinsic versus cell-extrinsic roles for candidate genes of interest, migratory behaviors of cells, and secreted signals in distinct genetic settings. Because parabiotic animals share a common circulation, any blood or blood-borne factor from one animal will be exchanged with its partner and vice versa. Thus, cells and molecular factors derived from one genetic background can be studied in the context of a second genetic background. Parabiosis of adult mice has been &#160;used extensively to research aging, cancer, diabetes, obesity, and brain development. More recently, parabiosis of zebrafish embryos has been used to study the developmental biology of hematopoiesis. In contrast to mice, the transparent nature of zebrafish embryos permits the direct visualization of cells in the parabiotic context, making it a uniquely powerful method for investigating fundamental cellular and molecular mechanisms. The utility of this technique, however, is limited by a steep learning curve for generating the parabiotic zebrafish embryos. This protocol provides a step-by-step method on how to surgically fuse the blastulae of two zebrafish embryos of different genetic backgrounds to investigate the role of candidate genes of interest. In addition, the parabiotic zebrafish embryos are tolerant to heat shock, making temporal control of gene expression possible. This method does not require a sophisticated set-up and has broad applications for studying cell migration, fate specification, and differentiation in vivo during embryonic development.

This protocol provides step-by-step instruction on how to generate parabiotic zebrafish embryos of different genetic backgrounds. When combined with the unparalleled imaging capabilities of the zebrafish embryo, this method provides a uniquely powerful means to investigate cell-autonomous versus non-cell-autonomous functions for candidate genes of interest.

Generación de Parabiotic embriones de pez cebra por fusión quirúrgica de Desarrollar blástulas

Surgical parabiosis of two animals of different genetic backgrounds creates a unique scenario to study cell-intrinsic versus cell-extrinsic roles for ...

Large-Scale Production of Cardiomyocytes from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells Using a Highly Reproducible Small Molecule-Based Differentiation Protocol

Maximizing the benefit of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) for research, disease modeling, pharmaceutical and clinical applications requires robust methods for the large-scale production of functional cell types, including cardiomyocytes. Here we demonstrate that the temporal manipulation of WNT, TGF-&#946;, and SHH signaling pathways leads to highly efficient cardiomyocyte differentiation of single-cell passaged hPSC lines in both static suspension and stirred suspension bioreactor systems. Employing this strategy resulted in ~ 100% beating spheroids, consistently containing &#62; 80% cardiac troponin T-positive cells after 15 days of culture, validated in multiple hPSC lines. We also report on a variation of this protocol for use with cell lines not currently adapted to single-cell passaging, the success of which has been verified in 42 hPSC lines. Cardiomyocytes generated using these protocols express lineage-specific markers and show expected electrophysiological functionalities. Our protocol presents a simple, efficient and robust platform for the large-scale production of human cardiomyocytes.

Here, we present a robust, fast and scalable cardiomyocyte differentiation protocol for human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). Cardiomyocytes derived using this large-scale method can provide sufficient cell numbers for their effective use in human cardiovascular disease modeling, high-throughput drug screening, and potentially clinical applications.

La producción a gran escala de los cardiomiocitos de células madre pluripotentes utilizando un pequeño protocolo de diferenciación basada en la molécula altamente reproducible

Maximizing the benefit of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) for research, disease modeling, pharmaceutical and clinical applications requires robust ...

Organ Culture and Whole Mount Immunofluorescence Staining of Mouse Wolffian Ducts

Tubal morphogenesis is a fundamental requirement for the development of most mammalian organs, including the male reproductive system. The epididymis, an integral part of the male reproductive tract, is responsible for sperm storage, maturation, and transport. The adult epididymis is a highly coiled tube that develops from a simple and straight embryonic precursor known as Wolffian duct (WD). Proper coiling of the epididymis is essential for male fertility, as sperm in the testis are unable to fertilize an oocyte. However, the mechanism responsible for epididymal development and coiling remains unclear, partially due to the lack of whole organ culture and imaging methods. In this study, we describe an in vitro culture system and whole mount immunofluorescence protocol to better visualize the process of WD coiling and development, which may also be applied to study other tubular organs.

We present a method for isolation and culture of the mouse Wolffian duct (WD). We also demonstrate a detailed procedure for whole mount immunostaining of cultured/freshly isolated WDs with fluorescently tagged antibodies. Together, these techniques enable the study of WD development, coiling, and differentiation.

Cultura de órganos y todo el montaje Inmunofluorescencia La tinción de mouse de Wolff Conductos

Tubal morphogenesis is a fundamental requirement for the development of most mammalian organs, including the male reproductive system. The epididymis, an ...

Live Imaging of Mouse Secondary Palate Fusion

The fusion of the secondary palatal shelves to form the intact secondary palate is a key process in mammalian development and its disruption can lead to cleft secondary palate, a common congenital anomaly in humans. Secondary palate fusion has been extensively studied leading to several proposed cellular mechanisms that may mediate this process. However, these studies have been mostly performed on fixed embryonic tissues at progressive timepoints during development or in fixed explant cultures analyzed at static timepoints. Static analysis is limited for the analysis of dynamic morphogenetic processes such a palate fusion and what types of dynamic cellular behaviors mediate palatal fusion is incompletely understood. Here we describe a protocol for live imaging of ex vivo secondary palate fusion in mouse embryos. To examine cellular behaviors of palate fusion, epithelial-specific Keratin14-cre was used to label palate epithelial cells in ROSA26-mTmGflox reporter embryos. To visualize filamentous actin, Lifeact-mRFPruby reporter mice were used. Live imaging of secondary palate fusion was performed by dissecting recently-adhered secondary palatal shelves of embryonic day (E) 14.5 stage embryos and culturing in agarose-containing media on a glass bottom dish to enable imaging with an inverted confocal microscope. Using this method, we have detected a variety of novel cellular behaviors during secondary palate fusion. An appreciation of how distinct cell behaviors are coordinated in space and time greatly contributes to our understanding of this dynamic morphogenetic process. This protocol can be applied to mutant mouse lines, or cultures treated with pharmacological inhibitors to further advance understanding of how secondary palate fusion is controlled.

Here, we present a protocol for live imaging of mouse secondary palate fusion using confocal microscopy. This protocol can be used in combination with a variety of fluorescent reporter mouse lines, and with pathway inhibitors for mechanistic insight. This protocol can be adapted for live imaging in other developmental systems.

Imágenes en vivo de la fusión secundaria del paladar del ratón

The fusion of the secondary palatal shelves to form the intact secondary palate is a key process in mammalian development and its disruption can lead to ...

Organotypic Culture Method to Study the Development Of Embryonic Chicken Tissues

The embryonic chicken is commonly used as a reliable model organism for vertebrate development. Its accessibility and short incubation period makes it ideal for experimentation. Currently, the study of these developmental pathways in the chicken embryo is conducted by applying inhibitors and drugs at localized sites and at low concentrations using a variety of methods. In vitro tissue&#160;culturing is a technique that enables the study of tissues separated from the host organism, while simultaneously bypassing many of the physical limitations present when working with whole embryos, such as the susceptibility of embryos to high doses of potentially lethal chemicals. Here, we present an organotypic culturing protocol for culturing the embryonic chicken half head in vitro, which presents new opportunities for the examination of developmental processes beyond the currently established methods.

Here, we present an organotypic culturing protocol to grow embryonic chicken organs in vitro. Using this method, the development of embryonic chicken tissue can be studied, while maintaining a high degree of control over the culture environment.

Cultura Organotypic método para estudiar el desarrollo de tejidos de embrión de pollo

The embryonic chicken is commonly used as a reliable model organism for vertebrate development. Its accessibility and short incubation period makes it ...

Three-dimensional Angiogenesis Assay System using Co-culture Spheroids Formed by Endothelial Colony Forming Cells and Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Studies in the field of angiogenesis have been aggressively growing in the last few decades with the recognition that angiogenesis is a hallmark of more than 50 different pathological conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis, oculopathy, cardiovascular diseases, and tumor metastasis. During angiogenesis drug development, it is crucial to use in vitro assay systems with appropriate cell types and proper conditions to reflect the physiologic angiogenesis process. To overcome limitations of current in vitro angiogenesis assay systems using mainly endothelial cells, we developed a 3-dimensional (3D) co-culture spheroid sprouting assay system. Co-culture spheroids were produced by two human vascular cell precursors, endothelial colony forming cells (ECFCs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) with a ratio of 5 to 1. ECFCs+MSCs spheroids were embedded into type I collagen matrix to mimic the in vivo extracellular environment. A real-time cell recorder was utilized to continuously observe the progression of angiogenic sprouting from spheroids for 24 h. Live cell fluorescent labeling technique was also applied to tract the localization of each cell type during sprout formation. Angiogenic potential was quantified by counting the number of sprouts and measuring the cumulative length of sprouts generated from the individual spheroids. Five randomly-selected spheroids were analyzed per experimental group. Comparison experiments demonstrated that ECFCs+MSCs spheroids showed greater sprout number and cumulative sprout length compared with ECFCs-only spheroids. Bevacizumab, an FDA-approved angiogenesis inhibitor, was tested with the newly-developed co-culture spheroid assay system to verify its potential to screen anti-angiogenic drugs. The IC50 value for ECFCs+MSCs spheroids compared to the ECFCs-only spheroids was closer to the effective plasma concentration of bevacizumab obtained from the xenograft tumor mouse model. The present study suggests that the 3D ECFCs+MSCs spheroid angiogenesis assay system is relevant to physiologic angiogenesis, and can predict an effective plasma concentration in advance of animal experiments.

Three-dimensional co-culture spheroid angiogenesis assay system is designed to mimic the physiologic angiogenesis. Co-culture spheroids are formed by two human vascular cell precursors, ECFCs and MSCs, and embedded in collagen gel. The new system is effective for evaluating angiogenic modulators, and provides more relevant information to the in vivo study.

Sistema de ensayo de angiogénesis tridimensional utilizando esferoides de cocultura formados por células formadoras de colonias endoteliales y células madre mesenquimales

Studies in the field of angiogenesis have been aggressively growing in the last few decades with the recognition that angiogenesis is a hallmark of more ...

A Static Self-Directed Method for Generating Brain Organoids from Human Embryonic Stem Cells

Human brain organoids differentiated from embryonic stem cells offer the unique opportunity to study complicated interactions of multiple cell types in a three-dimensional system. Here we present a relatively straightforward and inexpensive method that yields brain organoids. In this protocol human pluripotent stem cells are broken into small clusters instead of single cells and grown in basic media without a heterologous basement membrane matrix or exogenous growth factors, allowing the intrinsic developmental cues to shape the organoid&#39;s growth. This simple system produces a diversity of brain cell types including glial and microglial cells, stem cells, and neurons of the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. Organoids generated from this protocol also display hallmarks of appropriate temporal and spatial organization demonstrated by brightfield images, histology, immunofluorescence and real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Because these organoids contain cell types from various parts of the brain, they can be utilized for studying a multitude of diseases. For example, in a recent paper we demonstrated the use of organoids generated from this protocol for studying the effects of hypoxia on the human brain. This approach can be used to investigate an array of otherwise difficult to study conditions such as neurodevelopmental handicaps, genetic disorders, and neurologic diseases.

This protocol was generated as a means to produce brain organoids in a simplified, low cost manner without exogenous growth factors or basement membrane matrix while still maintaining the diversity of brain cell types and many features of cellular organization.

Un método autodirigido estático para generar organoides cerebrales a partir de células madre embrionarias humanas

Human brain organoids differentiated from embryonic stem cells offer the unique opportunity to study complicated interactions of multiple cell types in a ...

Cell-cell Fusion of Genome Edited Cell Lines for Perturbation of Cellular Structure and Function

Life is spatially partitioned within lipid membranes to allow the isolated formation of distinct molecular states inside cells and organelles. Cell fusion is the merger of two or more cells to form a single cell. Here we provide a protocol for cell fusion of two different cell types. Fused hybrid cells are enriched by flow cytometry-based sorting, followed by fluorescence microscopy of hybrid cell structure and function. Fluorescently tagged proteins generated by genome editing are imaged inside fused cells, allowing cellular structures to be identified based on fluorescence emission and referenced back to the cell type of origin. This robust and general method can be applied to different cell types or organelles of interest, to understand cellular structure and function across a range of fundamental biological questions.

The purpose of this protocol is to fuse two different cell types to create hybrid cells. Fluorescence microscopy analysis of fused cells is used to track the cell of origin of cellular organelles. This assay can be used to explore how cellular structure and function respond to perturbation by cell fusion.

Célula-célula Fusión de Líneas Celulares Editadas genoma para la Perturbación de la Estructura Celular y la Función

Life is spatially partitioned within lipid membranes to allow the isolated formation of distinct molecular states inside cells and organelles. Cell fusion ...

Efficient Neural Differentiation using Single-Cell Culture of Human Embryonic Stem Cells

In vitro differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) has transformed the ability to study human development on both biological and molecular levels and provided cells for use in regenerative applications. Standard approaches for hESC culture using colony type culture to maintain undifferentiated hESCs and embryoid body (EB) and rosette formation for differentiation into different germ layers are inefficient and time-consuming. Presented here is a single-cell culture method using hESCs instead of a colony-type culture. This method allows maintenance of the characteristic features of undifferentiated hESCs, including expression of hESC markers at levels comparable to colony type hESCs. In addition, the protocol presents an efficient method for neural progenitor cell (NPC) generation from single-cell type hESCs that produces NPCs within 1 week. These cells highly express several NPC marker genes and can differentiate into various neural cell types, including dopaminergic neurons and astrocytes. This single-cell culture system for hESCs will be useful in investigating the molecular mechanisms of these processes, studies of certain diseases, and drug discovery screens.

Presented here is a protocol for the generation of a single-cell culture of human embryonic stem cells and their subsequent differentiation into neural progenitor cells. The protocol is simple, robust, scalable, and suitable for drug screening and regenerative medicine applications.

Diferenciación neuronal eficiente utilizando el cultivo monocelular de células madre embrionarias humanas

In vitro differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) has transformed the ability to study human development on both biological and molecular ...