In-Vivo Calcium Imaging of Sensory Neurons in the Rat Trigeminal Ganglion

Summary

Genetically encoded calcium indicators (GECI) enable a robust, population-level analysis of sensory neuron signaling. Here, we have developed a novel approach that allows for in vivo GECI visualization of rat trigeminal ganglia neuron activity.

Abstract

Genetically encoded calcium indicators (GECIs) enable imaging techniques to monitor changes in intracellular calcium in targeted cell populations. Their large signal-to-noise ratio makes GECIs a powerful tool for detecting stimulus-evoked activity in sensory neurons. GECIs facilitate population-level analysis of stimulus encoding with the number of neurons that can be studied simultaneously. This population encoding is most appropriately done in vivo. Dorsal root ganglia (DRG), which house the soma of sensory neurons innervating somatic and visceral structures below the neck, are used most extensively for in vivo imaging because these structures are accessed relatively easily. More recently, this technique was used in mice to study sensory neurons in the trigeminal ganglion (TG) that innervate oral and craniofacial structures. There are many reasons to study TG in addition to DRG, including the long list of pain syndromes specific to oral and craniofacial structures that appear to reflect changes in sensory neuron activity, such as trigeminal neuralgia. Mice are used most extensively in the study of DRG and TG neurons because of the availability of genetic tools. However, with differences in size, ease of handling, and potentially important species differences, there are reasons to study rat rather than mouse TG neurons. Thus, we developed an approach for imaging rat TG neurons in vivo. We injected neonatal pups (p2) intraperitoneally with an AAV encoding GCaMP6s, resulting in >90% infection of both TG and DRG neurons. TG was visualized in the adult following craniotomy and decortication, and changes in GCaMP6s fluorescence were monitored in TG neurons following stimulation of mandibular and maxillary regions of the face. We confirmed that increases in fluorescence were stimulus-evoked with peripheral nerve block. While this approach has many potential uses, we are using it to characterize the subpopulation(s) of TG neurons changed following peripheral nerve injury.

Introduction

Somatosensation, the neural encoding of mechanical, thermal, and chemical stimuli impinging on the skin or other bodily structures, including muscles, bone, and viscera, starts with activity in primary afferent neurons that innervate these structures¹. Single unit based electrophysiological approaches have provided a wealth of information about the afferent subtypes involved in this process as well as how their stimulus-responses properties may change over time^1,2,3. However, while there remains strong evidence in support of the labeled line theory, wh....

Protocol

All experiments involving the use of animals in research were performed in accordance with standards put forth by the National Institutes of Health and the International Association for the Study of Pain and were approved by the University of Pittsburgh Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (protocol #22051100). At the end of each experiment, rats were euthanized via exanguination with cardiac perfusion of ice-cold phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), an approach approved by the American Veterinary Medical Association .......

Discussion

Here, we demonstrate a quick, non-invasive way of generating a GECI rat for imaging the TG. We chose a CAG promotor to drive and maintain high levels of gene expression. While previous studies suggest that other AAV serotypes may efficiently drive gene expression in DRG neurons³⁹, our results are consistent with a recent study involving intraperitoneal injection of AAV in neonates³², indicating that the AAV9 serotype is highly efficient in the infection of rat neonatal sens.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
AAV9-CAG-WPRE-GCaMP6s-SV40	Addgene	100844-AAV9	AAV9-GCaMP6s virus
ACEpromazine maleate	Covetrus	11695-0095-5	10 mg/mL
AnaSed (Xylazine) injection	AKORN Animal Health	23076-35-9	20 mg/mL
CTR5500 Electronics box	Leica	11 888 820	Power Supply
Cutwell burr drill bit	Ransom & Randolph		¼ round
DM 6000 FS	Leica	11 888 928	Base Stand
EL6000	Leica	EL6000	Light source with 120 W mercury bulb
Forceps	FST	11252-00	Dumont No. 05
Friedman rongeurs	FST	16000-14	2.5 mm cup size
Friedman-Pearson rongeurs	FST	16021-14	1 mm cup size
Heating pad (Temperature therapy pad)	STRYKER	8002-062-022
Ketamine hydrochloride	Covetrus	1695-0703-1	100 mg/mL
Plan Fluor 20x/0.40	Leica	MRH00105	20x objective, 0.4 NA10.8 mm WD
Power handle high-temp cautery pen	Bovie	HIT1	handheld Change-A-Tip cautery pen
Prime 95B	Photometrics	Prime 95B	CMOS Camera
Saline	Fisher Scientific	NC0291799	0.9% Sterile Saline
Scalpel blade	Fisher Scientific	22-079-701	size 15 disposable blade
Spatula	BRI	48-1460	brain spatula
Spring scissors	FST	91500-09	Student Vannas, 5 mm cutting edge
Spring scissors	FST	15012-12	Noyes, 14 mm cutting edge
STP6000 Smart touch panel	Leica	11 501 255	Control Panel
Syringe	Hamilton	80201	25 μL Model 1702 Luer Tip syringe
Water heater	Adroit	HTP-1500