Name: repression of multiple myeloma cell growth in vivo by single-wall carbon nanotube (swcnt)-delivered malat1 antisense oligos
Uploaded: 2018-12-13T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Repression of Multiple Myeloma Cell Growth In Vivo by Single-wall Carbon Nanotube SWCNT-delivered MALAT1 Antisense Oligos at JoVE.com

The authors thank the Lerner Research Institute proteomic, genomic, and imaging cores for their assistance and support. Funding: This work was financially supported by NIH/NCI grant R00 CA172292 (to J.J.Z.) and start-up funds (to J.J.Z.) and the Clinical and Translational Science Collaborative (CTSC) of Case Western Reserve University Core Utilization Pilot Grant (to J.J.Z.). This work utilized the Leica SP8 confocal microscope that was purchased with funding from National Institutes of Health SIG grant 1S10OD019972-01.

All experiments involving animals were pre-approved by the Cleveland Clinic IACUC (Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee).
1. Synthesis of Functionalized SWCNTs
<ol>
	<li>Mix 1 mg of SWCNTs, 5 mg of DSPE-PEG2000-Amine, and 5 mL of sterilized nuclease-free water in a glass scintillation vial (20 mL). Shake it well to dissolve all reagents completely.</li>
	<li>Sonicate the vial in a water bath sonicator at a power level of 40 W for 1 h at room temperature (RT, 20 min x 3, change the wat...

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Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epigenetic+silencing+of+a+long+non-coding+RNA+KIAA0495+in+multiple+myeloma.">Epigenetic silencing of a long non-coding RNA KIAA0495 in multiple myeloma.</a> Molecular Cancer. 14, 175 (2015).</li><li>Schmidt, L. 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F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MALAT1+long+non-coding+RNA+is+overexpressed+in+multiple+myeloma+and+may+serve+as+a+marker+to+predict+disease+progression.">MALAT1 long non-coding RNA is overexpressed in multiple myeloma and may serve as a marker to predict disease progression.</a> BMC Cancer. 14, 809 (2014).</li><li>Handa, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Long+non-coding+RNA+MALAT1+is+an+inducible+stress+response+gene+associated+with+extramedullary+spread+and+poor+prognosis+of+multiple+myeloma.">Long non-coding RNA MALAT1 is an inducible stress response gene associated with extramedullary spread and poor prognosis of multiple myeloma.</a> British Journal of Haematology. 179 (3), 449-460 (2017).</li><li>Hu, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Targeting+the+MALAT1/PARP1/LIG3+complex+induces+DNA+damage+and+apoptosis+in+multiple+myeloma.">Targeting the MALAT1/PARP1/LIG3 complex induces DNA damage and apoptosis in multiple myeloma.</a> Leukemia. , (2018).</li><li>Lennox, K. 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Evidence has shown that lncRNAs take part in the regulation of numerous physiological and pathophysiological procedures in cancers, including MM7,8,9; they have the potential to be targeted for cancer treatment, which can be realized by antisense oligonucleotides20,21,22. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved several ...

The SWCNT is a novel nanomaterial that can deliver various types of drugs, such as proteins, small molecules, and nucleic acids, stably and efficiently with ideal tolerability and minimum toxicity in vitro1 and in vivo2. A functionalized SWCNT has great biocompatibility and water solubility, can be used as a shuttle for smaller molecules, and can carry them to penetrate the cell membrane3,4,5.
lncRNAs are a cluster of RNA (&#62;200 nt) that are transcribed from the genome to mRNA but cannot be translated to proteins. Increasing evidence has shown that lncRNAs participate in the regulation of gene expression6 and are involved in the initiation and progression of most types of cancer, including MM7,8,9. MALAT1 is a nuclear-enriched noncoding transcript 2 (NEAT2) and a highly conserved lncRNA10. MALAT1 is initially recognized in metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC)11, but has been overexpressed in numerous tumors5,12,13; it is one of the most highly expressed lncRNAs and is correlated with a poor prognosis in MM8,14. The expression level of MALAT1 is significantly higher in fatal course extramedullary MM patients compared to those only diagnosed as MM15.
In a previous study, we have confirmed that anti-MALAT1 oligos robustly lead to DNA damage and apoptosis in MM16 by using gapmer DNA antisense oligonucleotides targeting MALAT1 (anti-MALAT1) in MM cells. The gapmer DNA is composed of antisense DNA and linked by 2&#39;-OMe-RNAs, which could prompt MALAT1 cleavage by RNase H activity once bound17. The in vivo delivery efficiency of antisense oligos still limits its clinical usage.
To test the delivery effect of SWCNT for anti-MALAT1 gapmer oligos, the anti-MALAT1 gapmer DNA is conjugated to DSPE-PEG2000-amine functionalized SWCNT. The SWCNT-anti-MALAT1 is then injected intravenously into an MM disseminated mouse model; a striking inhibition is observed after four treatments.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:1168px;" width="1167">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:324px;">SWCNTs</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Millipore-Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">704113</td>
			<td style="width:436px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">DSPE-PEG2000-Amine</td>
			<td>Avanti Polar Lipids</td>
			<td>880128</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">bath sonicator</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>97043-992</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">4 mL centrifugal filter</td>
			<td>Millipore-Sigma</td>
			<td>Z740208-8EA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">UV/VIS spectrometer</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>accuSkan GO UV/Vis Microplate Spectrophotometer</td>
			<td>extinction coefficient of 0.0465 L/mg/cm at 808 nm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Sulfo-LC-SPDP</td>
			<td>ProteoChem</td>
			<td>c1118</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">DTT solution</td>
			<td>Millipore-Sigma</td>
			<td>43815</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">NAP-5 column</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td>17-0853-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">in vivo imaging system</td>
			<td>PerkinElmer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">NOD.CB17-Prkdcscid/J mice</td>
			<td>Charles River lab</td>
			<td>250</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Flow cytometer</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinso</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Lipofectamine</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>11668019</td>
			<td>Lipofectamine2000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Fetal bovine serum (FBS)</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>10437-028</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">RMPI-1640 medium</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>11875-093</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">MALAT1-QF:</td>
			<td>synthesized by IDT Company</td>
			<td style="width:209px;"></td>
			<td>5&#8217;- GTTCTGATCCCGCTGCTATT - 3&#8217;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">MALAT1-QR:</td>
			<td>synthesized by IDT Company</td>
			<td style="width:209px;"></td>
			<td>5&#8217;- TCCTCAACACTCAGCCTTTATC - 3&#8217;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">GAPDH-QF:</td>
			<td>synthesized by IDT Company</td>
			<td style="width:209px;"></td>
			<td>5&#8217;- CAAGAGCACAAGAGGAAGAGAG - 3&#8217;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">GAPDH-QR:</td>
			<td>synthesized by IDT Company</td>
			<td style="width:209px;"></td>
			<td>5&#8217;- CTACATGGCAACTGTGAGGAG - 3&#8217;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Quantitative PCR using SYBR Green PCR master mix</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A25780</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">RevertAid first-stand cDNA synthesis kit</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>K1621</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">anti-MALAT1</td>
			<td>synthesized by IDT Company</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>5&#8217;-mC*mG*mA*mA*mA*C*A*T*T 
			*G*G*C*A*C*A*mC*mA*mG*mC*mA-3&#8217;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Cell Viability Assay Kit</td>
			<td>Promega Corporation</td>
			<td>G7570</td>
			<td>CellTiter-GloLuminescent Cell Viability Assay Kit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">accuSkan GO UV/Vis Microplate Spectrophotometer</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">centrifugal filter</td>
			<td>Millipore-Sigma</td>
			<td>UFC910008</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">SPSS software</td>
			<td>IBM</td>
			<td>version 24.0</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">D-Luciferin</td>
			<td>Millipore-Sigma</td>
			<td>L9504</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

repression of multiple myeloma cell growth in vivo by single-wall carbon nanotube (swcnt)-delivered malat1 antisense oligos

The single-wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT) is a new type of nanoparticle, which has been used to deliver multiple kinds of drugs into cells, such as proteins, oligonucleotides, and synthetic small-molecule drugs. The SWCNT has customizable dimensions, a large superficial area, and can flexibly bind with drugs through different modifications on its surface; therefore, it is an ideal system to transport drugs into cells. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a cluster of noncoding RNA longer than 200 nt, which cannot be translated to protein but play an important role in biological and pathophysiological processes. Metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1) is a highly conserved lncRNA. It was demonstrated that higher MALAT1 levels are related to the poor prognosis of various cancers, including multiple myeloma (MM). We have revealed that MALAT1 regulates DNA repair and cell death in MM; thus, MALAT1 can be considered as a therapeutic target for MM. However, the efficient delivery of the antisense oligo to inhibit/knockdown MALAT1 in vivo is still a problem. In this study, we modify the SWCNT with PEG-2000 and conjugate an anti-MALAT1 oligo to it, test the delivery of this compound in vitro, inject it intravenously into a disseminated MM mouse model, and observe a significant inhibition of MM progression, which indicates that SWCNT is an ideal delivery shuttle for anti-MALAT1 gapmer DNA.

To demonstrate the inhibition effect of anti-MALAT1 gapmer DNA in MM, we knocked down the expression of MALAT1 and used it in H929 and MM.1S cells. Forty-eight hours later, cells were collected for the analysis of knock-down efficiency and the apoptosis status in cells transfected with anti-MALAT1 gapmer or control DNA. qRT-PCR results showed that anti-MALAT1 gapmer DNA knocked down the MALAT1 expression in H929 and MM.1S cells efficiently (Figure 2A<...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Repression of Multiple Myeloma Cell Growth In Vivo by Single-wall Carbon Nanotube SWCNT-delivered MALAT1 Antisense Oligos at JoVE.com

Repression of Multiple Myeloma Cell Growth In Vivo by Single-wall Carbon Nanotube SWCNT-delivered MALAT1 Antisense Oligos

This manuscript describes the synthesis of a single-wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT)-conjugated MALAT1 antisense gapmer DNA oligonucleotide (SWCNT-anti-MALAT1), which demonstrates the reliable delivery of the SWCNT and the potent therapeutic effect of anti-MALAT1 in vitro and in vivo. Methods used for synthesis, modification, conjugation, and injection of SWCNT-anti-MALAT1 are described.

Repression of Multiple Myeloma Cell Growth In Vivo by Single-wall Carbon Nanotube (SWCNT)-delivered MALAT1 Antisense Oligos

The single-wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT) is a new type of nanoparticle, which has been used to deliver multiple kinds of drugs into cells, such as ...

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