Name: patient-derived orthotopic xenograft models for human urothelial cell carcinoma and colorectal cancer tumor growth and spontaneous metastasis
Uploaded: 2019-05-12T14:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Patient-derived Orthotopic Xenograft Models for Human Urothelial Cell Carcinoma and Colorectal Cancer Tumor Growth and Spontaneous Metastasis Video at JoVE.co

The authors thank Brian Reuter, Danielle Bertoni, Peter Miller, and Shannon McChesney who helped to initiate these studies for their excellent technical support. The authors also thank Heather Green Matrana, Margaret Variano, Sunil Talwar, and Maria Latsis for assistance in consenting patients and providing tumor specimens.

All methods described in these animal studies were conducted under the approved guidelines of the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Ochsner Health System and in accordance with animal research guidelines. All patient tumors for this study were collected from consented patients undergoing cancer resection surgeries in accordance with the Ochsner Health System Investigative Review Board and the ethical standards of the Institutional Committee on Human Experimentation. Board-certified pathologists at Ochsner He...

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Metastatic disease is responsible for most cancer patient mortalities. In pre-clinical therapeutic tests, it is crucial to establish mouse models that most closely emulate human tumor growth with spontaneous distant organ metastases. Using murine models with implanted patient tumor derived cancer cells (xenografts) allows for a better understanding of tumor biology and predictive biomarkers as well as testing and prediction of antineoplastic effects of novel therapies18. Many models have been used...

It has been shown that lymph node (LN) metastasis is a poor prognostic indicator in many solid organ malignancies, including high-grade urothelial cell carcinoma (UCC) of the bladder and colorectal cancer (CRC)1,2. Over half of the patients with muscle-invasive UCC (MIUCC), despite curative therapy for clinically-localized disease, will develop metastases and die within 5 years. Metastatic CRC is a leading cause of cancer-related death in the US.
An estimated 81,190 new patients and 17,240 cancer specific deaths are expected to occur in 2018 in the United States due to UCC of the bladder3,4. While patients will predominantly (70%) present with non-muscle invasive disease, 30% will have MIUCC5. Despite the curative therapy (radical cystectomy [RC] with or without systemic chemotherapy) for clinically localized disease, half of the patients with MIUCC of the bladder will still develop metastases and die within 5 years3. Lymph node involvement is found in approximately 20%&#8722;25% of patients having undergone RC6,7,8. Five-year survival rate in LN positive patients is less than 35% even after RC, suggesting LN involvement as a crucial negative predictor for the prognosis in UCC patients.
Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer diagnosed in both men and women in the United States. The patient outcomes largely depend on tumor characteristics and tumor microenvironment, such as depth of invasion, LN involvement, and distant organ metastases. Although the mortality rate in CRC decreased in the last decade due to screening and effective surgeries, it is estimated that almost 50% of CRC patients will develop metastases or recurrent disease9.
Small animal models provide an expeditious, reproducible, and modifiable platform to study tumor progression and different metastatic patterns. There are currently no described xenograft models that consistently mimic CRC and UCC metastasis seen in patients. The primary route of cancer distant metastasis is via lymphatic spread. New research suggests that the LNs&#160;provide tumors with a unique microenvironment, and are not only simply stationary targets where cancer cells transiently pass, but also play an integral role by interacting with cancer cells in the metastatic process. Indeed, our studies discovered that, in addition to educating and promoting tumor progression and metastases, the LN stromal microenvironment is also responsible for drug resistance in CRC10,11. Our lab recently confirmed the tumorigenic effects of LN stromal cells (LNSCs) on CRC and UCCs using patient-derived orthotopic xenograft (PDOX) mouse models12,13.

Developing PDOX models provides an important platform for translational cancer research14,15. By maintaining the principal histologic&#160;and genetic characteristics of their donor tumor, PDOX models&#160;remain stable across passages and make good platforms for translational cancer research12,15. PDOX models are being used for preclinical drug evaluation, biomarker identification, and preclinical evaluation of personalized medicine strategies allowing for prediction of clinical outcomes. Currently, there are no described xenograft models that consider the importance of LN involvement and are capable of consistently reproducing primary tumor and distant organ metastasis in CRC and UCC. In this study, we describe the development of PDOX models in NOD/SCID mice with reproduction of metastatic CRC and UCC diseases with LNSC involvement.&#160;

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Avidin-biotin-peroxidase</td>
			<td>Vector Labs Inc</td>
			<td>PK-6100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Biotinylated secondary antibody</td>
			<td>Vector Labs Inc</td>
			<td>BA-1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagenase IV (1.5 mg/mL)</td>
			<td>Worthington Biochemical Corporation</td>
			<td>LS004189</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Deoxyribonuclease I (0.1 mg/mL)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>D4263</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>D-Luciferin (150 mg/kg)</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer</td>
			<td>122796</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Formalin (10% neutral buffered)</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>46129</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>glutamine (2 nM)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>35050061</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hair Removal Cream</td>
			<td>Church &#38; Dwight Co., Inc</td>
			<td>1 (800) 248-8820</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hanks Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>SH30016.02</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hyaluronidase (20 mg/mL)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>H3884</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflurane</td>
			<td>Henry Schein Animal Health</td>
			<td>108333</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luc/RFP-lentivirus</td>
			<td>From our collaborators. See reference 13: Gills, J. et al. A patient-derived orthotopic xenograft model enabling human high-grade urothelial cell carcinoma of the bladder tumor implantation, growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Oncotarget. 9, 32718-32729, doi:10.18632/oncotarget.26024 (2018).</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>McCoy&#8217;s medium</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>110862</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>penicillin/streptomycin 100 mL (100 U/mL)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>15140-122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RPMI-1640 Medium</td>
			<td>American Type Culture Collection</td>
			<td>110636</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypan Blue</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>T6146</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin/EDTA</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>15400-054</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gas </td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100% Oxygen</td>
			<td>Airgas Inc</td>
			<td>OX USP200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100% CO2</td>
			<td>Airgas Inc</td>
			<td>CD USPE</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mice</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6-8 week old NOD/SCID Mice (male)</td>
			<td>Jackson Lab</td>
			<td>001303</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6-8 week old NOD/SCID Mice (female)</td>
			<td>Jackson Lab</td>
			<td>001303</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Immunohistochemistry</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hematoxylin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>GHS232</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ki-67 Rabbit Monoclonal Antibody</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>RM-9106-S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tools</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>40 &#181;m cell strainer</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>08-771-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100 &#181;m cell strainer</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>08-771-19</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>15 mL Conical Tube</td>
			<td>Sarstedt</td>
			<td>11799</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50 mL Conical tube</td>
			<td>Sarstedt</td>
			<td>15762</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>150 mm Tissue Culture Dish</td>
			<td>USA Scientific Inc</td>
			<td>CC7682-3614</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>96 Well plate</td>
			<td>USA Scientific Inc</td>
			<td>CC7682-7596</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Forceps</td>
			<td>Symmetry Surgical Inc</td>
			<td>06-0011</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgical scissors</td>
			<td>Symmetry Surgical Inc</td>
			<td>02-2011</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Equipment</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5% CO2 humidified incubator</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>3110</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bioluminescent (BLI) Imaging Machine</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer</td>
			<td>CLS136334</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BLI Imaging Machine Software</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer</td>
			<td>CLS136334</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge</td>
			<td>Beckman</td>
			<td>366830</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Deconvoluting Microscope</td>
			<td>Intelligent Imaging Innovations</td>
			<td>Marianas</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Deconvoluting Microscope Imaging Software</td>
			<td>Intelligent Imaging Innovations</td>
			<td>+1 (303) 607-9429 x1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Digital caliper</td>
			<td>Fowler Tools and Instruments</td>
			<td>54-115-330</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dissecting microscope</td>
			<td>Precision Instruments LLC</td>
			<td>(504) 228-0076</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electrosurgical generator</td>
			<td>ValleyLab</td>
			<td>FORCE1C20</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflurane Induction Chamber</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer</td>
			<td>119038</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microtome</td>
			<td>American Optical Corporation</td>
			<td>829</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipet Aid</td>
			<td>Fisher Healthcare</td>
			<td>13-681-15E</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Serological pipet (10 mL)</td>
			<td>Sarstedt</td>
			<td>86.1254.001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

patient-derived orthotopic xenograft models for human urothelial cell carcinoma and colorectal cancer tumor growth and spontaneous metastasis

Cancer patients have poor prognoses when lymph node (LN) involvement is present in both high-grade urothelial cell carcinoma (HG-UCC) of the bladder and colorectal cancer (CRC). More than 50% of patients with muscle-invasive UCC, despite curative therapy for clinically-localized disease, will develop metastases and die within 5 years, and metastatic CRC is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the US. Xenograft models that consistently mimic UCC and CRC metastasis seen in patients are needed. This study aims to generate patient-derived orthotopic xenograft (PDOX) models of UCC and CRC for primary tumor growth and spontaneous metastases under the influence of LN stromal cells mimicking the progression of human metastatic diseases for drug screening. Fresh UCC and CRC tumors were obtained from consented patients undergoing resection for HG-UCC and colorectal adenocarcinoma, respectively. Co-inoculated with LN stromal cell (LNSC) analog HK cells, luciferase-tagged UCC cells were intra-vesically (IB) instilled into female non-obese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency (NOD/SCID) mice, and CRC cells were intra-rectally (IR) injected into male NOD/SCID mice. Tumor growth and metastasis were monitored weekly using bioluminescence imaging (BLI). Upon sacrifice, primary tumors and mouse organs were harvested, weighed, and formalin-fixed for Hematoxylin and Eosin and immunohistochemistry staining. In our unique PDOX models, xenograft tumors resemble patient pre-implantation tumors. In the presence of HK cells, both models have high tumor implantation rates measured by BLI and tumor weights, 83.3% for UCC and 96.9% for CRC, and high distant organ metastasis rates (33.3% detected liver or lung metastasis for UCC and 53.1% for CRC). In addition, both models have zero mortality from the procedure. We have established unique, reproducible PDOX models for human HG-UCC and CRC, which allow for tumor formation, growth, and metastasis studies. With these models, testing of novel therapeutic drugs can be performed efficiently and in a clinically-mimetic manner.

In the UCC PDOX model, UCC patients&#39; BlCaPt15 or BlCaPt37 cells were intra-vesically (IB) instilled in the presence of HK cells into female NOD/SCID mouse bladder (Figure 1A). Twenty-five out of thirty (83.3%) animals generated primary tumors and displayed time dependent primary tumor growth based on weekly BLI (Figure 1B,C and Table 1). Similarly, in the CRC PDOX model, 31 out of 32 (96.9%) ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Patient-derived Orthotopic Xenograft Models for Human Urothelial Cell Carcinoma and Colorectal Cancer Tumor Growth and Spontaneous Metastasis Video at JoVE.co

Patient-derived Orthotopic Xenograft Models for Human Urothelial Cell Carcinoma and Colorectal Cancer Tumor Growth and Spontaneous Metastasis Video (Video) | JoVE

This protocol describes the generation of patient-derived orthotopic xenograft models by intra-vesically instilling high-grade urothelial cell carcinoma cells or intra-rectally injecting colorectal cancer cells into non-obese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency (NOD/SCID) mice for primary tumor growth and spontaneous metastases under the influence of lymph node stromal cells, which mimics the progression of human metastatic diseases.

Patient-derived Orthotopic Xenograft Models for Human Urothelial Cell Carcinoma and Colorectal Cancer Tumor Growth and Spontaneous Metastasis

Cancer patients have poor prognoses when lymph node (LN) involvement is present in both high-grade urothelial cell carcinoma (HG-UCC) of the bladder and ...

Research

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Cancer Research

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